An analysis of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests and the Diagnostic Reading Scales for use with hearing-impaired children

This paper examines two individually administered diagnostic reading tests, the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests and the Diagnostic Reading Scales, to determine their value for use with hearing-impaired children.

Incentivos fiscales para la protección del medio ambiente a nivel municipal en el Ecuador (tasas)

Parte del análisis conceptual de medio ambiente, con el propósito de velar por su tutela por parte de los municipios que como gobiernos locales en el Ecuador, en uso de su poder tributario pueden expedir ordenanzas orientadas al establecimiento de tasas e incentivos de carácter ambiental, para cuyo efecto, se analizan las disposiciones de la Constitución Política, de la Ley Orgánica de Régimen Municipal, la Ley de Gestión Ambiental y la Ley Especial de Descentralización del Estado y de Participación Social. A continuación, se analiza que son las tasas ambientales y sus fines extrafiscales, y se realiza un estudio de algunos tipos de ordenanzas ambientales, expedidas por los municipios, que fijan tasas, a fin de establecer si cumplen con los principios que informan el régimen tributario, de acuerdo con la normatividad vigente y el criterio de la doctrina especializada. Finalmente, se determina que son los incentivos fiscales de tipo ambiental, y se cumple una revisión de algunos de aquellos fijados por los gobiernos municipales en el Ecuador, mediante ordenanzas.

Las estéticas de Jorge Icaza y Pablo Palacio bajo el signo de lo barroco y lo cinematográfico

Las narrativas de Jorge Icaza y Pablo Palacio, tradicionalmente, han sido abordadas por la crítica como propuestas estéticas contrarias, sin considerar las significativas cercanías de su representación artística de la realidad. Sin embargo, este libro plantea que la narrativa icaciana y la palaciana coinciden en la recreación del tiempo y el espacio modernos, y, sobre todo, en la incorporación de otros lenguajes en sus textos. Icaza se apoya en el lenguaje teatral: el discurso dramático, la realidad concebida como una gran farsa social y la estética barroca en la representación del mundo son características que develan una trayectoria particularmente intensa en la obra del escritor quiteño. Palacio construye su narrativa a partir de la incorporación irónica de los lenguajes filosófico, científico, periodístico, político, cinematográfico y literario, para revelar los mecanismos de la construcción discursiva de la literatura y la realidad. Su escritura está marcada –como gran parte del arte moderno– por el lenguaje cinematográfico, lo que permite al autor muchas posibilidades para la recreación artística de un momento histórico complejo y un espacio social en acelerada reconfigura ción.

The ship as symbol in the prehistory of Scandinavia and south-east Asia

The ship is the dominant element in the visual culture of the South Scandinavian Bronze Age, appearing in several different media, including rock carvings, decorated metalwork and above-ground monuments. Discussion has divided between those scholars who interpret this imagery in terms of long-distance exchange networks and those who emphasize its more local significance, including its deployment in mortuary ritual. A strikingly similar system is identified in Southeast Asia and part of Melanesia and can be interpreted through archaeological and ethnographic sources, but in this case there is no need to distinguish between 'practical' and 'symbolic' interpretations of the depictions of ships. This paper summarizes the evidence from this region and suggests that it can offer a fruitful source of comparison for archaeologists working in northern Europe.

The effect of ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) on Ashes series results in Australia

An analysis of the results of those "Ashes" cricket test matches between England and Australia which are played in Australia suggests a correlation between these results and the El-Niño Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. In those years with a positive ENSO, results favour Australia, whereas in those years with a negative ENSO, results are more even. A potential mechanism is presented for this apparent correlation.

Correlations between microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus and the state of the atmosphere

By making use of TOVS Path-B satellite retrievals and ECMWF reanalyses, correlations between bulk microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus (visible optical thickness between 0.7 and 3.8) and thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the surrounding atmosphere have been studied on a global scale. These clouds constitute about half of all high clouds. The global averages (from 60°N to 60°S) of mean ice crystal diameter, De, and ice water path (IWP) of these clouds are 55 μm and 30 g m−2, respectively. IWP of these cirrus is slightly increasing with cloud-top temperature, whereas De of cold cirrus does not depend on this parameter. Correlations between De and IWp of large-scale cirrus seem to be different in the midlatitudes and in the tropics. However, we observe in general stronger correlations between De and IWP and atmospheric humidity and winds deduced from the ECMWF reanalyses: De and IWP increase both with increasing atmospheric water vapour. There is also a good distinction between different dynamical situations: In humid situations, IWP is on average about 10 gm−2 larger in regions with strong large-scale vertical updraft only that in regions with strong large-scale horizontal winds only, whereas the mean De of cold large-scale cirrus decreases by about 10 μm if both strong large-scale updraft and horizontal winds are present.

Some factors affecting variation in milk yield in crossbred dairy cows on smallholder farms in north-east Tanzania

A 2-year longitudinal survey was carried out to investigate factors affecting milk yield in crossbred cows on smallholder farms in and around an urban centre. Sixty farms were visited at approximately 2-week intervals and details of milk yield, body condition score (BCS) and heart girth measurements were collected. Fifteen farms were within the town (U), 23 farms were approximately 5 km from town (SU), and 22 farms approximately 10 km from town (PU). Sources of variation in milk yield were investigated using a general linear model by a stepwise forward selection and backward elimination approach to judge important independent variables. Factors considered for the first step of formulation of the model included location (PU, SU and U), calving season, BCS at calving, at 3 months postpartum and at 6 months postpartum, calving year, herd size category, source of labour (hired and family labour), calf rearing method (bucket and partial suckling) and parity number of the cow. Daily milk yield (including milk sucked by calves) was determined by calving year (p < 0.0001), calf rearing method (p = 0.044) and BCS at calving (p < 0.0001). Only BCS at calving contributed to variation in volume of milk sucked by the calf, lactation length and lactation milk yield. BCS at 3 months after calving was improved on farms where labour was hired (p = 0.041) and BCS change from calving to 6 months was more than twice as likely to be negative on U than SU and PU farms. It was concluded that milk production was predominantly associated with BCS at calving, lactation milk yield increasing quadratically from score 1 to 3. BCS at calving may provide a simple, single indicator of the nutritional status of a cow population.