Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback and Motor training for Parkinson’s Disease: Randomised Trial

Objective: Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback (NF) uses feedback of the patient’s own brain activity to self-regulate brain networks which in turn could lead to a change in behaviour and clinical symptoms. The objective was to determine the effect of neurofeedback and motor training and motor training (MOT) alone on motor and non-motor functions in Parkinson’s disease (PD) in a 10-week small Phase I randomised controlled trial. Methods: 30 patients with PD (Hoehn & Yahr I-III) and no significant comorbidity took part in the trial with random allocation to two groups. Group 1 (NF: 15 patients) received rt-fMRI-NF with motor training. Group 2 (MOT: 15 patients) received motor training alone. The primary outcome measure was the Movement Disorder Society – Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-Motor scale (MDS-UPDRS-MS), administered pre- and post-intervention ‘off-medication’. The secondary outcome measures were the ‘on-medication’ MDS-UPDRS, the Parkinson’s disease Questionnaire-39, and quantitative motor assessments after 4 and 10 weeks. Results: Patients in the NF group were able to upregulate activity in the supplementary motor area by using motor imagery. They improved by an average of 4.5 points on the MDS-UPDRS-MS in the ‘off-medication’ state (95% confidence interval: -2.5 to -6.6), whereas the MOT group improved only by 1.9 points (95% confidence interval +3.2 to -6.8). However, the improvement did not differ significantly between the groups. No adverse events were reported in either group. Interpretation: This Phase I study suggests that NF combined with motor training is safe and improves motor symptoms immediately after treatment, but larger trials are needed to explore its superiority over active control conditions. Clinical Trial website : Unique Identifier: NCT01867827 URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01867827?term=NCT01867827&rank=1

Sillas de ruedas eléctricas. Opciones de mandos de control y cambios de postura

En una persona con movilidad reducida, el desplazamiento en una silla de ruedas con motor es equiparable a caminar, porque facilita la igualdad de acceso para: elegir y tomar decisiones, acceder a la información, participar en la educación, el empleo, el ocio y la vida familiar. Hasta hace pocos años, una persona que no podía propulsar una silla de ruedas manual y tampoco podía manejar el joystick de una silla de ruedas eléctrica, se veía obligado a que fuera otra persona quien le "llevara", o le cambiara de postura. Hoy en día las sillas de ruedas eléctricas han evolucionado tanto, que muchas personas pueden desplazarse, ponerse más erguidas, reclinarse o ponerse de pie en la silla, incluso sin el movimiento de las manos. El propósito de este documento es ofrecer asesoramiento sobre los aspectos a tener en cuenta al valorar el acceso más eficaz para controlar la silla de ruedas eléctrica y proporcionar información sobre los diferentes mandos de control y opciones de cambios de postura que hoy día están disponibles en el mercado nacional.

Control de emociones en el trabajo, el juego de los sentimientos organizacionales

Día a día nos enfrentamos a emociones propias y ajenas, muchas veces hemos sentido o vivido cómo las emociones toman el control de nuestras acciones, o cómo personas en sus lugares de trabajo, se sienten incómodas, insatisfechas, tristes, alegres, motivadas, o simplemente pasan de la ira al entusiasmo, de la frustración a la satisfacción, entre otro sinfín de emociones, las cuales se manifiestan continuamente, estas emociones pueden hacer que el clima laboral sea agradable y placentero, o por el contrario, se puede convertir en un pesadilla, una de la cual sólo quieres despertar y que no se vuelva a repetir cuando cierres de nuevo los ojos. Pero… ¿cómo se puede luchar contra algo que es igual desde hace más de 200 mil años? Las emociones en el ser humano no han cambiado, simplemente se han ajustado a al ambiente en los que éste se desempeña diariamente, y uno de esos ambientes en los cuales pasamos gran parte de nuestro tiempo es el laboral. Un espacio en donde nos relacionamos e interactuamos con otros individuos y en los cuales debemos realizar actividades encaminadas a cumplir un objetivo o meta solicitada por la organización; muchas veces son nuestras emociones las culpables de nuestros aciertos o desaciertos en donde la rabia o la tranquilidad pueden ser el motor de la toma de decisiones correctas. La clave está en aprender a identificar estas emisiones y en canalizarlas para que trabajen en nuestro beneficio, de modo que nos ayuden a controlar nuestro comportamiento y nuestro pensamiento buscando mejores resultados, además de los resultados de las personas que tenemos a cargo si fuese el caso, ya que cada uno de nosotros influye en el estado de ánimo de los demás para bien o para mal; algo que hacemos continuamente; somos portadores de un “virus social” que genera reacción en los demás. Esto quiere decir que no sólo debemos aprender a controlar nuestras emociones, sino también a “manipular” las de los demás, siendo éste un método de protección ya que permite asegurar que las tareas asignadas sean las adecuadas y en el momento adecuado. Lo más importante es lograr que las personas se sientan bien como seres humanos, y trabajar para que puedan entender el poder que tienen sus emociones en sus acciones. Es así pues que las emociones controladas y seleccionadas adecuadamente son el comienzo de una serie de reacciones que permiten alcanzar las metas planteadas de una manera estratégica y controlada.

An Economic Approach to Motor Vehicle Theft

Motor vehicle theft costs dearly to the Australian economy. Conservative estimates have put the annual cost of this form of illegal activity at 654 million during 1996. A number of initiatives aimed at reducing the incidence and cost of car theft have been implemented in recent years, yet statistics indicate that car theft is on the increase. Several authors have proposed an integrated approach to the regulation of markets for stolen property. Understanding property crime as a market is central to identifying approaches to its control. This paper discusses an industry model of crime and develops it on Australian data. Our model is an adaptation of one originally proposed by Vandeale (1978). It considers a production sector that uses inputs from a market of illegal labour to generate a supply of illegal goods that are traded in a product market. These sectors interact with each other and with a criminal justice sector. The model is applied to the analysis of car theft in Queensland.

Plaguicidas organofosforados y efecto neuropsicológico y motor en la Región del Maule, Chile

Objetivo: Evaluar la exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados y el desempeño neuropsicológico y motor de trabajadores/as agrícolas y no agrícolas de la Región del Maule, Chile. Método: Estudio transversal analítico con 93 trabajadores/as agrícolas expuestos/as a plaguicidas organofosforados y 84 trabajadores/as no agrícolas no expuestos/as. Se administró una batería de cuatro pruebas neuropsicológicas junto con un examen físico neuromotor. Resultados: Los/las trabajadores/as agrícolas expuestos/as tuvieron un menor desempeño en la escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para Adultos (WAIS-IV) en comprensión verbal (Β = -3,2; p = 0,034), en velocidad de procesamiento (Β = -4,4; p = 0,036) y en la escala total (Β = -4; p = 0,016); sensibilidad discriminativa (Β = 1, p = 0,009) ajustada por años de educación o edad en comparación con los controles. Conclusiones: Se sugiere el desarrollo de políticas en materia de control, venta y uso de plaguicidas organofosforados, y de intervenciones con la población expuesta respecto a medidas de seguridad.

Quantification of the human postural control system to perturbations

Human standing posture is inherently unstable. The postural control system (PCS), which maintains standing posture, is composed of the sensory, musculoskeletal, and central nervous systems. Together these systems integrate sensory afferents and generate appropriate motor efferents to adjust posture. The PCS maintains the body center of mass (COM) with respect to the base of support while constantly resisting destabilizing forces from internal and external perturbations. To assess the human PCS, postural sway during quiet standing or in response to external perturbation have frequently been examined descriptively. Minimal work has been done to understand and quantify the robustness of the PCS to perturbations. Further, there have been some previous attempts to assess the dynamical systems aspects of the PCS or time evolutionary properties of postural sway. However those techniques can only provide summary information about the PCS characteristics; they cannot provide specific information about or recreate the actual sway behavior. This dissertation consists of two parts: part I, the development of two novel methods to assess the human PCS and, part II, the application of these methods. In study 1, a systematic method for analyzing the human PCS during perturbed stance was developed. A mild impulsive perturbation that subjects can easily experience in their daily lives was used. A measure of robustness of the PCS, 1/MaxSens that was based on the inverse of the sensitivity of the system, was introduced. 1/MaxSens successfully quantified the reduced robustness to external perturbations due to age-related degradation of the PCS. In study 2, a stochastic model was used to better understand the human PCS in terms of dynamical systems aspect. This methodology also has the advantage over previous methods in that the sway behavior is captured in a model that can be used to recreate the random oscillatory properties of the PCS. The invariant density which describes the long-term stationary behavior of the center of pressure (COP) was computed from a Markov chain model that was applied to postural sway data during quiet stance. In order to validate the Invariant Density Analysis (IDA), we applied the technique to COP data from different age groups. We found that older adults swayed farther from the centroid and in more stochastic and random manner than young adults. In part II, the tools developed in part I were applied to both occupational and clinical situations. In study 3, 1/MaxSens and IDA were applied to a population of firefighters to investigate the effects of air bottle configuration (weight and size) and vision on the postural stability of firefighters. We found that both air bottle weight and loss of vision, but not size of air bottle, significantly decreased balance performance and increased fall risk. In study 4, IDA was applied to data collected on 444 community-dwelling elderly adults from the MOBILIZE Boston Study. Four out of five IDA parameters were able to successfully differentiate recurrent fallers from non-fallers, while only five out of 30 more common descriptive and stochastic COP measures could distinguish the two groups. Fall history and the IDA parameter of entropy were found to be significant risk factors for falls. This research proposed a new measure for the PCS robustness (1/MaxSens) and a new technique for quantifying the dynamical systems aspect of the PCS (IDA). These new PCS analysis techniques provide easy and effective ways to assess the PCS in occupational and clinical environments.

Keep up the good work Lexington County! : RECYCLE USED MOTOR OIL, FILTERS, BOTTLES & TIRES!

This document describes the kinds of items accepted for recycling at Lexington County recycling centers.

Amphetamine increases blood pressure and heart rate but has no effect on motor recovery or cerebral haemodynamics in ischaemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN 36285333)

Amphetamine enhances recovery after experimental ischaemia and has shown promise in small clinical trials when combined with motor or sensory stimulation. Amphetamine, a sympathomimetic, might have haemodynamic effects in stroke patients, although limited data have been published. Subjects were recruited 3-30 days post ischaemic stroke into a phase II randomised (1:1), double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects received dexamphetamine (5mg initially, then 10mg for 10 subsequent doses with 3 or 4 day separations) or placebo in addition to inpatient physiotherapy. Recovery was assessed by motor scales (Fugl-Meyer, FM), and functional scales (Barthel index, BI and modified Rankin score, mRS). Peripheral blood pressure (BP), central haemodynamics and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity were assessed before, and 90 minutes after, the first 2 doses. 33 subjects were recruited, age 33-88 (mean 71) years, males 52%, 4-30 (median 15) days post stroke to inclusion. 16 patients were randomised to placebo and 17 amphetamine. Amphetamine did not improve motor function at 90 days; mean (standard deviation) FM 37.6 (27.6) vs. control 35.2 (27.8) (p=0.81). Functional outcome (BI, mRS) did not differ between treatment groups. Peripheral and central systolic BP, and heart rate, were 11.2 mmHg (p=0.03), 9.5 mmHg (p=0.04) and 7 beats/minute (p=0.02) higher respectively with amphetamine, compared with control. A non-significant reduction in myocardial perfusion (Buckberg Index) was seen with amphetamine. Other cardiac and cerebral haemodynamics were unaffected. Amphetamine did not improve motor impairment or function after ischaemic stroke but did significantly increase BP and heart rate without altering cerebral haemodynamics.

Robust CDM and pole placement PID based thrust controllers for multirotor motor-rotor simplified model

Positioning and orientation precision of a multirotor aerial robot can be increased by using additional control loops for each of the driving units. As a result, one can eliminate lack of balance between true thrust forces. A control performance comparison of two proposed thrust controllers, namely robust controller designed with coefficient diagram method (CDM) and proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller tuned with pole-placement law, is presented in the paper. The research has been conducted with respect to model/plant matching uncertainty and with the use of antiwindup compensators for a simple motor-rotor model approximated by first-order inertia plus delay. From the obtained simulation results one concludes that appropriate choice of AWC compensator improves tracking performance and increases robustness against parametric uncertainty.

Validity and reliability of a pictorial instrument for assessing perceived motor competence in Portuguese children

It is important to assess young children's perceived Fundamental Movement Skill (FMS) competence in order to examine the role of perceived FMS competence in motivation toward physical activity. Children's perceptions of motor competence may vary according to the culture/country of origin; therefore, it is also important to measure perceptions in different cultural contexts. The purpose was to assess the face validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability and construct validity of the 12 FMS items in the Pictorial Scale for Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children (PMSC) in a Portuguese sample. Methods Two hundred one Portuguese children (girls, n = 112), 5 to 10 years of age (7.6 ± 1.4), participated. All children completed the PMSC once. Ordinal alpha assessed internal consistency. A random subsamples (n = 47) were reassessed one week later to determine test–retest reliability with Bland–Altman method. Children were asked questions after the second administration to determine face validity. Construct validity was assessed on the whole sample with a Bayesian Structural Equation Modelling (BSEM) approach. The hypothesized theoretical model used the 12 items and two hypothesized factors: object control and locomotor skills. Results The majority of children correctly identified the skills and could understand most of the pictures. Test–retest reliability analysis was good, with an agreement ration between 0.99 and 1.02. Ordinal alpha values ranged from acceptable (object control 0.73, locomotor 0.68) to good (all FMS 0.81). The hypothesized BSEM model had an adequate fit. Conclusions The PMSC can be used to investigate perceptions of children's FMS competence. This instrument can also be satisfactorily used among Portuguese children.

Controles por retroalimentación de salida para el motor de inducción sin sensores mecánicos

En este artículo se presentan dos controladores por retroalimentación de salida, usando un observador de velocidad que logra seguimiento exponencialmente global de la velocidad para el motor de inducción. El control propuesto utiliza mediciones de las corrientes del estator, y se denomina “sin sensores” debido a que no se requiere sensor mecánico. Se usa un benchmark para validar los controles bajo tres condiciones de operación: 1. Baja velocidad con carga nominal. 2. Alta velocidad con carga nominal. 3. En condiciones de inobservabilidad (a bajas frecuencias). El control propuesto ha sido validado en las trayectorias de referencia de este benchmark.

Control para sistemas LPV basado en la parametrización de controladores estabilizantes

Este trabajo se enfoca en el estudio del control de sistemas Multi-Entrada Multi-Salida (MIMO) Lineales con Parámetros Variantes en el Tiempo (LPV). Los parámetros son medibles y permanecen dentro de cotas conocidas. El control por retroalimentación de salida garantiza estabilidad cuadrática (QS) y desempeño, mediante el Teorema de los vértices y el Lema de Cota Real (BRL). Se proponen condiciones para que el sistema retroalimentado sea convexo cuando se utilizan controladores estabilizantes en cada vértice. El controlador LPV resulta de la interpolación de estos controladores, y se estudia la relación entre la estabilidad y el desempeño del control de los vértices, y la estabilidad y desempeño del sistema LPV. Además, se da una forma explícita del parámetro libre de la Parametrización de Todos los Controladores Estabilizantes (PTCE) que resuelve un criterio de sensibilidad mezclada cuando se tiene un modelo de incertidumbre aditivo a la salida. Los resultados se aplican a un robot planar rotacional de dos grados de libertad, a un motor de CD y a un sistema de dos masas.

Robot acuático hidrostático espectral de rayos laser, para el control larvario de mosquitos de importancia médica en Salud Pública.

Diseñar y construir un robot acuático que destruya la presencia de larvas o pupas de mosquitos en contenedores de agua. Se construyó y se diseñó un robot con materiales reciclables construido con tubos de cañería PVC, lupa, sensores de luz y barrera, motor de fuente 110 v, resistencias, LCR, cargador 9 v y focos led, para que destruya larvas de mosquitos en un contenedor de agua. Como resultado hay una cero prevalencia de índice larvario porque el robot detecta presencia larvaria con sensores y rayos laser activándose automáticamente con el efecto de succión y destrucción larvas en su interior eliminándolas desechas al utilizar filtros de 10 micras y aspas metálicas, el robot se activa por cinco a diez minutos y se apaga automáticamente hasta esperar la alarma otra vez según disposición de larvas. Conclusión el uso del robot acuático en contenedores de agua no se encuentra índices larvarios, así como pupas, que puede ser utilizado como control antilarvario para el combate transmisor de Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya entre otros.
Design and build an aquatic robot to destroy the presence of larvae or pupae of mosquitoes in water containers. It was built and a robot with recyclables built with tubes pipe PVC, magnifier, light sensors and barrier, engine power 110 v, resistors, LCR, charger 9 vy spotlights led, to destroy mosquito larvae was designed in a container of water. As a result there is a zero prevalence Larval rate because the robot detects larval presence sensors and lasers automatically activated with the suction effect and larvae destruction their killing the inner cast off using filters of 10 microns and metal blades, the robot is activated by five to ten minutes to wait automatically turns off the alarm again available as larvae. Conclusion use water in water containers robot is not larval indices and pupae, which can be used as anti larval control for transmitter combat Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya among others.

Effects of elevated calcium on motor and exploratory activities of rats

The effects of serum and brain calcium concentration on rat behavior were tested by maintaining animals on either distilled water (N = 60) or water containing 1% calcium gluconate (N = 60) for 3 days. Animals that were maintained on high calcium drinking water presented increased serum calcium levels (control = 10.12 ± 0.46 vs calcium treated = 11.62 ± 0.51 µg/dl). Increase of brain calcium levels was not statistically significant. In the behavioral experiments each rat was used for only one test. Rats that were maintained on high calcium drinking water showed increased open-field behavior of ambulation (20.68%) and rearing (64.57%). on the hole-board, calcium-supplemented animals showed increased head-dip (67%) and head-dipping (126%), suggesting increased ambulatory and exploratory behavior. The time of social interaction was normal in animals maintained on drinking water containing added calcium. Rats supplemented with calcium and submitted to elevated plus-maze tests showed a normal status of anxiety and elevated locomotor activity. We conclude that elevated levels of calcium enhance motor and exploratory behavior of rats without inducing other behavioral alterations. These data suggest the need for a more detailed analysis of several current proposals for the use of calcium therapy in humans, for example in altered blood pressure states, bone mineral metabolism disorders in the elderly, hypocalcemic states, and athletic activities.

A funcionalidade e o controlo do tronco em atletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas e a sua relação com o desempenho motor

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Fisioterapia