A recent shellfish toxin investigation in China

A shellfish toxin investigation along the Chinese coast has recently been conducted using both HPLC and mouse assay methods. The results showed that DSP was widely distributed in different shellfish species in China. 26 out of 89 samples had DTX1 (dinophysistoxin-1) or OA (okadaic acid) but the DSP content in most shellfish samples did not reach the regulatory limit for human consumption adopted in many countries (20 mu g/100 g soft tissue). PSP was also found in 5 out of 96 samples along the coast. One sample, Chlamys nobilis from Hong Kong contained high levels of PSP (320 mu g STX equivalent/100 g soft tissue), compared to the regulatory limit (80 mu g STX equivalent/100 g soft tissue). After the recent outbreak of red tide in Hong Kong waters, three further shellfish samples were collected within 40 days to investigate the impacts of this event, It was shown that high levels of PSP continued to exist in Hong Kong waters. This report provides the first report of DSP and PSP distribution along the Chinese coast. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved.

New records of Paraprionospio (Annelida: Spionidae) from Chinese waters, with the description of a new species

Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901), a poorly known and potentially cosmopolitan polychaete, was examined from museum specimens and from collections in Jiaozhou Bay, the Yellow Sea. New observations indicate that previous Chinese records of P. pinnata are doubtful, and that Chinese waters contain at least three valid species of Paraprionospio, two are known and one is new. Paraprionospio inaequibranchia (Caullery, 1914) and Paraprionospio coora Wilson, 1990, previously misidentified as P. pinnata, are reported from Chinese waters for the first time. Paraprionospio crist'ata. new species, is characterized by having brown pigment patches on the prostomium, ventral crests on chaetigers 9 and 10, dorsal crests on the middle part of the body (from chaetigers 21-23, not beyond chaetiger 29). thin filaments on chaetiger 3, and bifoliate branchial lamellae.

Synthesis and Bioactivity of Novel Benzisothiazolone Derivatives as Potential Microbiocides

Novel microbiocides 2-(hydroxymethyl)benzo[d)isothiazol-3(2H)-one (7) and (3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl)methyl benzencarboxylates (11a-c) were synthesized in good yields, and their structures were characterized by means of H-1 NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The new compounds were tested preliminarily in laboratory assays against the aquicolous bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphyloccus aurueus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Bacillus subtilis. The results show all the synthesized compounds have good antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of all the tested compounds against all test bacteria is >96.6% at the concentration of 10(-2) mg mL(-1). These compounds can be further developed for effective microbiocides in the future.

矮嵩草草甸土壤温湿度对植被盖度变化的响应

利用5-9月植物生长期间所观测的不同植被盖度条件下土壤温、湿度资料,分析了矮嵩草草甸植被盖度对土壤温、湿度的影响.结果表明:有植被覆盖区随季节进程,植被盖度增加,土壤温度升高,湿度下降;8:00-19:00土壤温度随植被盖度的增加而增加,14:00土壤温度随植被盖度增加而降低;不论是早晚还是中午,土壤湿度都随植被盖度的增加而增加.

不同类型高寒草地群落物种特征和均匀度的重要性

通过对不同类型草地生产力与物种特征（重要值）、均匀度之间的关系研究，结果表明：群落物种特征（重要值）与生产力之间呈极显著的线性关系；物种均匀度与生产力之间呈负线性关系，但差异不显著。在自然生态系统中，由于物种间的相互作用（资源的竞争利用），物种数目在不同类型草地群落的物种组成上的不均匀分布，导致不同生境条件下均匀度的异同。

根田鼠对不同类型栖息地的利用

为研究根田鼠(Microtus oeconomus)对不同类型栖息地的利用强度,于2002-2003年的7-9月在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区采用样方法测定了4种类型栖息地(人工耕作地、真草甸、沼泽化草甸、金露梅灌丛)中的3个根田鼠活动强度变量(跑道长度、跑道分叉数、洞口数).除了跑道长度和跑道分叉数在真草甸和沼泽化草甸间差异不显著外,3活动强度变量在不同类型栖息地间均差异显著,而且变化趋势一致;根田鼠对4类栖息地的利用强度从大到小依次为金露梅灌丛、沼泽化草甸、真草甸、人工耕作地.整体上根田鼠表现为偏好利用食物资源丰富、没有竞争性啮齿类栖息、较为郁闭的栖息地.

雪后海北高寒草甸地区根田鼠种群特征的变化

根田鼠(Micortus oeconomus)是一种分布广泛的小型哺乳动物，在海北高寒草甸地区，根田鼠是优势小型啮齿动物之一，主要分布于植被较好的草甸和灌丛中，有关其自然以及实验状态下种群数量动态的研究相对较多，但是对该地区冬季恶劣自然条件下，其种群动态的研究尚未见报道。研究冬季根田鼠种群特征的变化有助于对其整个生活史过程的全面理解，也便于了解冬降劣气候条件对其越冬留存率的影响进而又是如何影响翌年的种群数量。

退化草地暗沃寒冻雏形土CO_2释放的日变化和季节动态

采用CI-301PS红外CO2分析仪，测定了退化草地暗沃寒冻雏形土CO2排放速率。研究结果表明：（1）CO2排放速率具有明显的日变化，日最大排放速率在12：00～14：00时出现，最低值出现于凌晨4：00～8：00。白天大于夜晚。（2）植物生长季，CO2释放速率有明显的季节变化和物候变化，日平均释放速率为（320.86±130.49）mg/ m2·h，CO2释放速率的物候变异为草盛期＞草枯黄期＞草返青期。（3）CO2释放速率的日变化进程主要受气温和地表温度制约，而季节动态与气温及0～30cm地温均呈极显著正相关关系。（4）退化草地上CO2释放速率较低。

Infrared heater arrays for warming ecosystem field plots

There is a need for methodology to warm open-field plots in order to study the likely effects of global warming on ecosystems in the future. Herein, we describe the development of arrays of more powerful and efficient infrared heaters with ceramic heating elements. By tilting the heaters at 45 degrees from horizontal and combining six of them in a hexagonal array, good uniformity of warming was achieved across 3-m-diameter plots. Moreover, there do not appear to be obstacles (other than financial) to scaling to larger plots. The efficiency [eta(h) (%); thermal radiation out per electrical energy in] of these heaters was higher than that of the heaters used in most previous infrared heater experiments and can be described by: eta(h) = 10 + 25exp(-0.17 u), where u is wind speed at 2 m height (m s(-1)). Graphs are presented to estimate operating costs from degrees of warming, two types of plant canopy, and site windiness. Four such arrays were deployed over plots of grass at Haibei, Qinghai, China and another at Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA, along with corresponding reference plots with dummy heaters. Proportional integral derivative systems with infrared thermometers to sense canopy temperatures of the heated and reference plots were used to control the heater outputs. Over month-long periods at both sites, about 75% of canopy temperature observations were within 0.5 degrees C of the set-point temperature differences between heated and reference plots. Electrical power consumption per 3-m-diameter plot averaged 58 and 80 kW h day(-1) for Haibei and Cheyenne, respectively. However, the desired temperature differences were set lower at Haibei (1.2 degrees C daytime, 1.7 degrees C night) than Cheyenne (1.5 degrees C daytime, 3.0 degrees C night), and Cheyenne is a windier site. Thus, we conclude that these hexagonal arrays of ceramic infrared heaters can be a successful temperature free-air-controlled enhancement (T-FACE) system for warming ecosystem field plots.

Enhancement of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for the determination of free and glycine-conjugated bile acids in human serum

A highly sensitive and accurate method based on the precolumn derivatization of bile acids (BA) with a high ionization efficiency labeling reagent 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl-benzenesulfonate (BDEBS) coupled with LC/MS has been developed. After derivatization, BA molecules introduced a weak basic nitrogen atom into the molecular core structure that was readily ionized in commonly used acidic HPLC mobile phases. Derivatives were sufficiently stable to be efficiently analyzed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS/MS in positive-ion mode. The MS/MS spectra of BA derivatives showed an intense protonated molecular ion at m/z [M + H](+). The collision-induced dissociation of the molecular ion produced fragment ions at [MH - H2O](+), [MH - 2H(2)O](+), [MH - 3H(2)O](+). The characteristic fragment ions were at m/z 320.8, 262.8, and 243.7 corresponding to a cleavage of N - CO, O - CO, and C - OCC, respectively, and bonds of derivatized molecules. The selected reaction monitoring, based on the m/z [M + H]+ -> [MH - H2O](+), [MH - H2O](+), [MH - 2H(2)O](+), [MH-3H(2)O](+), 320.8, 262.8, and 243.7 transitions, was highly specific for the BA derivatives. The LODs for APCI in a positive-ion mode, at an S/N of 5, were 44.36-153.6 fmol. The validation results showed high accuracy in the range of 93-107% and the mean interday precision for all standards was < 15% at broad linear dynamic ranges (0.0244-25nmol/mL). Good linear responses were observed with coefficients of > 0.9935 in APCI/MS detection. Therefore, the facile BDEBS derivatization coupled with mass spectrometric analysis allowed the development of a highly sensitive and specific method for the quantitation of trace levels of the free and glycine-conjugated BA from human serum samples.

Stability of alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is considered to be sensitive to climate change. An understanding of the alpine meadow ecosystem is therefore important for predicting the response of ecosystems to climate change. In this study, we use the coefficients of variation (Cv) and stability (E) obtained from the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station to characterize the ecosystem stability. The results suggest that the net primary production of the alpine meadow ecosystem was more stable (Cv = 13.18%) than annual precipitation (Cv = 16.55%) and annual mean air temperature (Cv= 28.82%). The net primary production was insensitive to either the precipitation (E = 0.0782) or air temperature (E = 0.1113). In summary, the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is much stable. Comparison of alpine meadow ecosystem stability with other five natural grassland ecosystems in Israel and southern African indicates that the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is the most stable ecosystem. The alpine meadow ecosystem with relatively simple structure has high stability, which indicates that community stability is not only correlated with biodiversity and community complicity but also with environmental stability. An average oscillation cycles of 3-4 years existed in annual precipitation, annual mean air temperature, net primary production and the population size of consumers at the Haibei natural ecosystem. The high stability of the alpine meadow ecosystem may be resulting also from the adaptation of the ecosystem to the alpine environment.

Origin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau endemic Milula (Liliaceae): further insights from karyological comparisons with Allium

Milula, a monotypic genus endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, was found to be nested deeply within Allium by the molecular phylogeny despite the aberrant morphology. It remains unknown what had contributed to the rapid evolution of morphology and origin of this exceptional species. In contrast to a previous report of its karyotypes with 2n = 16 = 8M+8SM (2SAT), similar to most species of Allium, a rather different karyotype, 2n = 20 = 4M +10SM+6T (2SAT), was found in examined 31 individuals from 6 populations of M. spicata distributed in the central Tibet. Karyotypes of 7 Allium species occurring in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were further reported. The basic number x = 8 was confirmed for all of them and their karyotypes consist mainly of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes with rare subterminal and terminal chromosomes. The karyotype of M. spicata is distinctly different from that of most Allium species occurring in the plateau through a complete comparison of all available species in this region and adjacent areas. However, the same chromosome number and similar karyotypic structure were found in A. fasciculatum of Sect. Bromatorrhiza, indicating a possible close relationship between them. But this similarity is contradictory to the preliminary molecular phylogenetic analysis that Milula was closely related to A. cyathophorum of Sect. Bromatorrhiza with x=8, but the other species with x=10 and 11 in this section were clearly placed in the other clade. We therefore suggested that the paralleling evolution from x=8 to x=9, 10 and 11 with increasing asymmetry of karyotype possibly due to the chromosomal Robertsonian translocation might occur separately in the two recognized phylogenetic lineages of Allium. In addition to aneuploidy and following change of the chromosomal structures, the habitat isolation due to the recent uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Quaternary climatic oscillation, plays a greater role in origin of Milula and other endemic species (genera) with aberrant morphology from their progenitors.

基于运动描述语言的轮式移动机器人控制

介绍了一种基于运动描述语言的轮式移动机器人控制方法.运动描述语言不仅可以有效地描述机器人系统中离散和连续动力学过程的相互作用,而且可以定量地描述操纵机器人的复杂性.利用该方法对具有非完整约束的轮式移动机器人的位姿镇定问题进行了研究,仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性.

2.0 GPa 块状斜长角闪岩部分熔融——时间和温度的影响

利用多顶砧压机,以青藏高原北喜马拉雅构造带的天然斜长角闪岩为样品,在2.0GPa,800~1000℃条件下进行了两个系列的块状样品脱水部分熔融实验:(1)保持压力p=2.0GPa,加热时间t=12h不变,改变温度(800℃~1000℃)的实验;(2)保持压力p=2.0GPa,温度T=850℃不变,改变加热时间(12~200h)的实验.结果表明,2.0GPa,加热12h的条件下,随温度升高,斜长角闪岩中依次生成了石榴石、熔体和单斜辉石,熔体的成分呈英云闪长质-花岗闪长质-英云闪长质的演化趋势.2.0GPa,850℃条件下,随加热时间增加,斜长角闪岩中依次生成了石榴石、熔体和单斜辉石,熔体的成分由英云闪长质向花岗闪长质演化.当块状岩石样品中熔体体积百分比的含量达到5%时,熔体已经相互连通.温度大于850℃的条件下生成的熔体其粘度在104Pas量级,已经满足了在地质时间尺度上熔体分凝形成岩浆的粘度要求.因此,可以认为在增厚地壳的下部,斜长角闪岩的脱水部分熔融可以形成英云闪长质-花岗质岩浆.

太湖五里湖表层沉积物中不同形态磷的分布特征

利用连续提取法(SEDEX) 详细调查了太湖五里湖表层沉积物中不同形态磷的组成和分布特征。结果显示:其中磷的含量较高,受人为污染输入的影响较大,并且已经有了一定的释放。总磷的变化范围为2105～4105 mg/ g ,平均约为2180 mg/ g。总磷主要由无机磷组成(70 %～90 %) ,大多数无机磷为CDB 溶液提取的铁结合态磷(75 %～85 %) 。CDB 溶液的n ( Fe) / n ( P) 都较小(210～513) ,说明CDB 溶液提取的铁主要是以无定形态存在的,并且铁与磷酸盐之间的吸附可能已经达到了平衡状态。除底部个别样品以外,多数样品n (Corg) / n (Norg) 较小(818～1016) ,所有样品的n (Corg) / n ( Porg) 都较大(135～320) ,表明沉积物在早期成岩作用过程中,湖泊内源自生有机质降解时有机磷优先释放。无机磷,特别是铁结合态磷,在氧化还原条件变化的情况下,能够通过沉积物—水体界面被再次释放到水体中去,这可能对湖泊的水体质量和营养状况有一定的影响。