Effects of fermented fluted pumpkin leaf (Telfaria occidentalis) on the growth and nutrient utilization of Clarias (Clarias gariepinus)

Clarias (Clarias gariepinus) (Burshell, 1821) fingerlings were fed isonitrogenous diets (38.9% crude protein) with fermented fluted pumpkin leaves (FFPL) replacing different proportion (0,50,75,100%) of extruded soybean meal (ESM) for 8 weeks. Growth responses at the different substitution levels measured. Increasing FFPL intake resulted in better weight gains and higher specific growth rates (SGR) of 0.29, 0.36 and 0.38% per day respectively. The increase in growth from feeding diets containing 75% and 100% of the ESM replaced with FFPL were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other diets. Further more fish tissue protein deposition consistently increased with increasing level of FFPL concentration in their diets. Fish fed diets where whole ESM was replace 100% FFPL gave the best overall response in terms of their weight gain, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate. Economic considerations indicate the replacement of ESM with FFPL, which is a cheaper ingredient in feeds for Clarias

An economic air pollution control model-application : photochemical smog in Los Angeles County in 1975

<p>An economic air pollution control model, which determines the least cost of reaching various air quality levels, is formulated. The model takes the form of a general, nonlinear, mathematical programming problem. Primary contaminant emission levels are the independent variables. The objective function is the cost of attaining various emission levels and is to be minimized subject to constraints that given air quality levels be attained.</p> <p>The model is applied to a simplified statement of the photochemical smog problem in Los Angeles County in 1975 with emissions specified by a two-dimensional vector, total reactive hydrocarbon, (RHC), and nitrogen oxide, (NO_x), emissions. Air quality, also two-dimensional, is measured by the expected number of days per year that nitrogen dioxide, (NO₂), and mid-day ozone, (O₃), exceed standards in Central Los Angeles.</p> <p>The minimum cost of reaching various emission levels is found by a linear programming model. The base or "uncontrolled" emission levels are those that will exist in 1975 with the present new car control program and with the degree of stationary source control existing in 1971. Controls, basically "add-on devices", are considered here for used cars, aircraft, and existing stationary sources. It is found that with these added controls, Los Angeles County emission levels [(1300 tons/day RHC, 1000 tons /day NO_x) in 1969] and [(670 tons/day RHC, 790 tons/day NO_x) at the base 1975 level], can be reduced to 260 tons/day RHC (minimum RHC program) and 460 tons/day NO_x (minimum NO_x program).</p> <p>"Phenomenological" or statistical air quality models provide the relationship between air quality and emissions. These models estimate the relationship by using atmospheric monitoring data taken at one (yearly) emission level and by using certain simple physical assumptions, (e. g., that emissions are reduced proportionately at all points in space and time). For NO₂, (concentrations assumed proportional to NO_x emissions), it is found that standard violations in Central Los Angeles, (55 in 1969), can be reduced to 25, 5, and 0 days per year by controlling emissions to 800, 550, and 300 tons /day, respectively. A probabilistic model reveals that RHC control is much more effective than NO_x control in reducing Central Los Angeles ozone. The 150 days per year ozone violations in 1969 can be reduced to 75, 30, 10, and 0 days per year by abating RHC emissions to 700, 450, 300, and 150 tons/day, respectively, (at the 1969 NO_x emission level).</p> <p>The control cost-emission level and air quality-emission level relationships are combined in a graphical solution of the complete model to find the cost of various air quality levels. Best possible air quality levels with the controls considered here are 8 O₃ and 10 NO₂ violations per year (minimum ozone program) or 25 O₃ and 3 NO₂ violations per year (minimum NO₂ program) with an annualized cost of $230,000,000 (above the estimated $150,000,000 per year for the new car control program for Los Angeles County motor vehicles in 1975).</p>

Determination of optimum stocking density of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae using multiple feed in a commercial hatchery at Cox���s Bazar, Bangladesh

Experimental stocking density of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in larval rearing was conducted in A.G. Aqua Hatchery, Chakaria, Bangladesh to study the effect of different stocking densities on growth, survival rate and diseases stress under hatchery condition. The research work was conducted using six cemented rectangular tanks having 3m3 capacity (1.5mX2mX1m) each. Stocking density were maintained in three experimental setup as 200, 150 and 100ind/L of the T1, T2 and T3 respectively with one replicate each. The larvae were fed with Artemia nauplii, Custard, Maxima and brine shrimp flakes. Water quality was maintained by exchanging 20-30% (12ppt saline water) daily. During the study period, temperature, pH, DO, salinity, nitrite-nitrogen, ammonia and alkalinity were maintained from 28.5-31.5��C, 7.5-7.8, 5.8-5.9mg/L, 12-13ppt, 0.14-0.2 mg/L, 0.22-0.3mg/L, and 140-160mg/L respectively. The growth rates of larvae at 11th stage were recorded in terms of body length 0.115, 0.136, and 0.169 mm/day whereas body weight were observed 0.000115, 0.000180, and 0.000240g/day. The survival rate of larvae were found 21.8%, 30.4% and 51.3% in treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively. PL was obtained as 43, 45, and 51PL/L and days required of 41, 38 and 34 days in stocking density of 200, 150, and 100ind/L respectively. It was found that the minimum of 34 days was required to attain the PL (12th stage) using the stocking density of 100 individuals/L. Cannibalism, Zoothamnium, Exuvia Entrapment Disease (EED), and Bacterial Necrosis (BN) were found to be the threat to the commercial hatchery operation that might responsible for potential larval damages which can be reduced by lowering the stocking densities in larval rearing tank that also increased the survival and growth rate.

Quantum Mechanics Studies of Fuel Cell Catalysts and Proton Conducting Ceramics with Validation by Experiment

<p>We carried out quantum mechanics (QM) studies aimed at improving the performance of hydrogen fuel cells. This led to predictions of improved materials, some of which were subsequently validated with experiments by our collaborators.</p> <p>In part I, the challenge was to find a replacement for the Pt cathode that would lead to improved performance for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) while remaining stable under operational conditions and decreasing cost. Our design strategy was to find an alloy with composition Pt3M that would lead to surface segregation such that the top layer would be pure Pt, with the second and subsequent layers richer in M. Under operating conditions we expect the surface to have significant O and/or OH chemisorbed on the surface, and hence we searched for M that would remain segregated under these conditions. Using QM we examined surface segregation for 28 Pt₃M alloys, where M is a transition metal. We found that only Pt₃Os and Pt₃Ir showed significant surface segregation when O and OH are chemisorbed on the catalyst surfaces. This result indicates that Pt₃Os and Pt3Ir favor formation of a Pt-skin surface layer structure that would resist the acidic electrolyte corrosion during fuel cell operation environments. We chose to focus on Os because the phase diagram for Pt-Ir indicated that Pt-Ir could not form a homogeneous alloy at lower temperature. To determine the performance for ORR, we used QM to examine all intermediates, reaction pathways, and reaction barriers involved in the processes for which protons from the anode reactions react with O₂ to form H₂O. These QM calculations used our Poisson-Boltzmann implicit solvation model include the effects of the solvent (water with dielectric constant 78 with pH 7 at 298K). We found that the rate determination step (RDS) was the O_ad hydration reaction (O_ad + H₂O_ad -&#62; OH_ad + OH_ad) in both cases, but that the barrier for pure Pt of 0.50 eV is reduced to 0.48 eV for Pt₃Os, which at 80 degrees C would increase the rate by 218%. We collaborated with the Pu-Wei Wu���s group to carry out experiments, where we found that the dealloying process-treated Pt2Os catalyst showed two-fold higher activity at 25 degrees C than pure Pt and that the alloy had 272% improved stability, validating our theoretical predictions.</p> <p>We also carried out similar QM studies followed by experimental validation for the Os/Pt core-shell catalyst fabricated by the underpotential deposition (UPD) method. The QM results indicated that the RDS for ORR is a compromise between the OOH formation step (0.37 eV for Pt, 0.23 eV for Pt_2ML/Os core-shell) and H₂O formation steps (0.32 eV for Pt, 0.22 eV for Pt_2ML/Os core-shell). We found that Pt_2ML/Os has the highest activity (compared to pure Pt and to the Pt₃Os alloy) because the 0.37 eV barrier decreases to 0.23 eV. To understand what aspects of the core shell structure lead to this improved performance, we considered the effect on ORR of compressing the alloy slab to the dimensions of pure Pt. However this had little effect, with the same RDS barrier 0.37 eV. This shows that the ligand effect (the electronic structure modification resulting from the Os substrate) plays a more important role than the strain effect, and is responsible for the improved activity of the core- shell catalyst. Experimental materials characterization proves the core-shell feature of our catalyst. The electrochemical experiment for Pt_2ML/Os/C showed 3.5 to 5 times better ORR activity at 0.9V (vs. NHE) in 0.1M HClO₄ solution at 25 degrees C as compared to those of commercially available Pt/C. The excellent correlation between experimental half potential and the OH binding energies and RDS barriers validate the feasibility of predicting catalyst activity using QM calculation and a simple Langmuir���Hinshelwood model.</p> <p>In part II, we used QM calculations to study methane stream reforming on a Ni-alloy catalyst surfaces for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application. SOFC has wide fuel adaptability but the coking and sulfur poisoning will reduce its stability. Experimental results suggested that the Ni4Fe alloy improves both its activity and stability compared to pure Ni. To understand the atomistic origin of this, we carried out QM calculations on surface segregation and found that the most stable configuration for Ni₄Fe has a Fe atom distribution of (0%, 50%, 25%, 25%, 0%) starting at the bottom layer. We calculated that the binding of C atoms on the Ni4Fe surface is 142.9 Kcal/mol, which is about 10 Kcal/mol weaker compared to the pure Ni surface. This weaker C binding energy is expected to make coke formation less favorable, explaining why Ni₄Fe has better coking resistance. This result confirms the experimental observation. The reaction energy barriers for CHx decomposition and C binding on various alloy surface, Ni₄X (X=Fe, Co, Mn, and Mo), showed Ni₄Fe, Ni₄Co, and Fe₄Mn all have better coking resistance than pure Ni, but that only Ni₄Fe and Fe₄Mn have (slightly) improved activity compared to pure Ni.</p> <p>In part III, we used QM to examine the proton transport in doped perovskite-ceramics. Here we used a 2x2x2 supercell of perovskite with composition Ba₈X₇M₁(OH)₁O₂₃ where X=Ce or Zr and M=Y, Gd, or Dy. Thus in each case a 4⁺ X is replace by a 3⁺ M plus a proton on one O. Here we predicted the barriers for proton diffusion allowing both includes intra-octahedron and inter-octahedra proton transfer. Without any restriction, we only observed the inter-octahedra proton transfer with similar energy barrier as previous computational work but 0.2 eV higher than experimental result for Y doped zirconate. For one restriction in our calculations is that the O_donor-O_acceptor atoms were kept at fixed distances, we found that the barrier difference between cerates/zirconates with various dopants are only 0.02~0.03 eV. To fully address performance one would need to examine proton transfer at grain boundaries, which will require larger scale ReaxFF reactive dynamics for systems with millions of atoms. The QM calculations used here will be used to train the ReaxFF force field.</p>

Excitation energies and decay properties of T = 3/2 states in ^(17)O, ^(17)F and ^(21)Na

<p>The two lowest T = 3/2 levels in ²¹Na have been studied in the ¹⁹F(³He, n), ²⁰Ne (p,p) and ²⁰Ne (p,p���) reactions, and their excitation energies, spins, parities and widths have been determined. In a separate investigation, branching ratios were measured for the isospin-nonconserving particle decays of the lowest T = 3/2 levels in ¹⁷O and ¹⁷F to the ground state and first two excited states of ¹⁶O, by studying the ¹⁵N(³He,n) ¹⁷F*(p) ¹⁶O and ¹⁸O(³He, ��)¹⁷O*(n) ¹⁶O reactions.</p> <p>The ¹⁹F(³He,n) ²¹Na reaction was studied at incident energies between 4.2 and 5.9 MeV using a pulsed-beam neutron-time-of-flight spectrometer. Two T = 3/2 levels were identified at excitation energies of 8.99 �� 0.05 MeV (J > ��) and 9.22 �� 0.015 MeV (J^�� = ��⁺, �� �� 40 keV). The spins and parities were determined by a comparison of the measured angular distributions with the results of DWBA calculations. </p> <p>These two levels were also obsesrved as isospin-forbidden resonances in the ²⁰Ne(p,p) and ²⁰Ne(p,p���) reactions. Excitation energies were measured and spins, parities, and widths were determined from a single level dispersion theory analysis. The following results were obtained:</p> <p>E_x = 8.973 �� 0.007 MeV, J^�� = 5/2 ⁺ or 3/2⁺, �� ��� 1.2 keV,</p> <p>^��p_o = 0.1 �� 0.05 keV; E_x = 9.217 �� 0.007 MeV, J^�� = �� ⁺,</p> <p> �� = 2.3 �� 0.5 keV, ^��p_o = 1.1 �� 0.3 keV.</p> <p>Isospin assignments were made on the basis of excitation energies, spins, parities, and widths.</p> <p>Branching ratios for the isospin-nonconserving proton decays of the 11.20 MeV, T = 3/2 level in ¹⁷F were measured by the ¹⁵N(³He,n) ¹⁷ F*(p) ¹⁶O reaction to be 0.088 �� 0.016 to the ground state of ¹⁶O and 0.22 �� 0.04 to the unresolved 6.05 and 6.13 MeV levels of ¹⁶O. Branching ratios for the neutron decays of the analogous T = 3/2 level, at 11.08 MeV in ¹⁷O, were measured by the ¹⁶O(³He, ��)¹⁷O*(n)¹⁶O reaction to be 0.91 �� 0.15 to the ground state of ¹⁶O and 0.05 �� 0.02 to the unresolved 6.05 and 6.13 MeV states. By comparing the ratios of reduced widths for the mirror decays, the form of the isospin impurity in the T = 3/2 levels is shown to depend on T_z.</p>

MOFs basados en metaloporfirinas: dise��o estructural orientado a la biomimetizaci��n de sus propiedades naturales

La Ciencia y Tecnolog��a de Materiales tiene el reto permanente de desarrollar y mejorar materiales multifuncionales y respetuosos con el medio ambiente. En este sentido, los materiales de tipo MOF (Metal-Organic Framework) est��n siendo objeto de un gran inter��s, ya que las redes s��lidas de coordinaci��n (especialmente, las porosas) presentan aplicaciones en campos en los que la sociedad manifiesta una demanda creciente de ciencia y tecnolog��a, como el almacenamiento y transporte de energ��a, la captura de gases con efecto invernadero, la cat��lisis heterog��nea y la liberaci��n controlada de f��rmacos, entre otros. En este contexto, el presente trabajo se plante�� con el objetivo de desarrollar nuevos materiales de tipo MOF basados en metaloporfirinas, al objeto de mimetizar las funciones que desempe��an las mismas en los sistemas biol��gicos, con el fin de reproducirlas en el estado s��lido. Para ello, se han escogido biometales como el hierro y el cobalto: caracter��sticos de estos sistemas, de bajo coste y medioambientalmente respetuosos. Por otra parte, las porfirinas seleccionadas han sido las siguientes: TPP (meso-tetra-4-fenilporfirina), TCPP (meso-tetra-4-carboxifenilporfirina) y TPPS (meso-tetra-4-sulfonatofenilporfirina). Estas tres mol��culas conforman un conjunto de ligandos que difieren ligeramente en sus grupos funcionales. Asimismo, en ocasiones, se ha utilizado un ligando secundario dipirid��nico (4,4��-bipiridina) que ha actuado como espaciador. El dise��o de las s��ntesis se ha centrado tanto en las combinaciones adecuadas de metales y ligandos como en la selecci��n de las t��cnicas de s��ntesis. As��, se han obtenido cinco nuevos compuestos, que se han sintetizado en condiciones solvotermales suaves o mediante radiaci��n microondas. La caracterizaci��n preliminar de los mismos se ha llevado a cabo mediante an��lisis cuantitativo, espectroscopia infrarroja y Raman, difracci��n y fluorescencia de rayos X y medidas de densidad. El estudio estructural se ha realizado mediante difractometr��a de rayos X y el estudio t��rmico se ha llevado a cabo mediante termogravimetr��a y termodifractometr��a. En los casos en que ha resultado procedente, tambi��n se han caracterizado los compuestos mediante espectroscopia ultravioleta-visible (UV-Vis), M��ssbauer y resonancia paramagn��tica electr��nica (EPR) y mediante medidas de la susceptibilidad magn��tica. Asimismo, ocasionalmente, se han realizado c��lculos mecano-cu��nticos basados en la teor��a del funcional de la densidad (DFT) y medidas catal��ticas. El primero de los cinco compuestos obtenidos, de f��rmula [FeTCPP], es quiral y destaca por ser la tercera estructura 2D publicada basada en esta porfirina. La formaci��n de este compuesto est�� condicionada por la oxidaci��n de los iones de hierro y por la existencia de grupos carbox��licos en la porfirina. Por otra parte, con la participaci��n del espaciador 4,4��-bipiridina (bipy) se han obtenido tres redes 1D. As��, la estructura cristalina del compuesto ([FeTPPbipy]���)n se explica mediante la formaci��n de radicales neutros que se estabilizan en un empaquetamiento que permite la formaci��n de enlaces entre los grupos fen��licos de distintas cadenas. La formaci��n de estos enlaces queda corroborada por la existencia de significativas interacciones antiferromagn��ticas. Por otra parte, en el compuesto [CoTPP(bipy)]���([CoTPP])0.22���(TPP)0.78, la disposici��n de las cadenas deja grandes huecos en la red que se ocupan con porfirinas tanto coordinadas como sin coordinar. El tercero de estos compuestos 1D presenta la f��rmula [CoTPPS0.5(bipy)(H2O)2]���6H2O y destaca porque la extensi��n de las cadenas se produce por la alternancia de dos tipos de octaedros de CoII. La naturaleza de los grupos sulfonato de la porfirina TPPS es determinante para comprender la intrincada red de enlaces de hidr��geno de este compuesto, que propician la formaci��n de una red interpenetrada caracterizada por su gran estabilidad t��rmica (hasta los 370��C). Finalmente, con la porfirina TCPP se ha obtenido un segundo compuesto de f��rmula ���-O-[FeTCPP]2���nDMF (n��� 16; DMF = dimetilformamida). El mismo presenta grandes cavidades (47% de porosidad) que diluyen la matriz magn��tica, caracterizada por fuertes interacciones antiferromagn��ticas intradim��ricas. Todo ello revela una inusual estructura superhiperfina, observada por espectroscopia EPR. El trabajo que se recoge en esta memoria constituye, por lo tanto, un ���viaje��� de mayor a menor dimensionalidad en las estructuras cristalinas. La gu��a de este viaje ha sido la b��squeda de propiedades catal��ticas en sistemas heterog��neos. As��, el [CoTPP(bipy)]���([CoTPP])0.22���(TPP)0.78 obedece el enfoque de inmovilizar o anclar el catalizador en los huecos de la red. Sin embargo, la estrategia alternativa seguida para el compuesto m-O-[FeTCPP]2���nDMF (es decir, que el propio MOF act��e de catalizador) es la que ha aportado mejores y m��s prometedores resultados en lo que a cat��lisis heterog��nea se refiere.

Beam collimation of high-power laser diode array with graded-index fiber lens array

Graded-index (GRIN) fiber lens arrays are fabricated from commercial GRIN fibers to collimate a high-power laser diode array. The beam divergence angles are reduced to 4.2 and 14.7 mrad in the fast and slow axes, respectively. The influences of smile and fluctuation in fiber length are discussed. Using an aspherical focal lens system, about 74% power can be launched into a fiber with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.22 and a core diameter of 400 mu m. (c) 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Um problema de interfer��ncias qu��nticas: segrega����o de impurezas em sistemas met��licos nanoestruturados

Neste trabalho estudamos o problema da segrega����o de impurezas substitucionais em sistemas nanoestruturados met��licos formados pela justaposi����o de camadas (multicamadas). Utilizamos o modelo de liga����es fortes (tight-binding) com um orbital por s��tio para calcular a estrutura eletr��nica desses sistemas, considerando a rede cristalina cubica simples em duas dire����es de crescimento: (001) e (011). Devido �� perda de simetria do sistema, escrevemos o hamiltoniano em termos de um vetor de onda k, paralelo ao plano, e um &#305;ndice l que denota um plano arbitrario do sistema. Primeiramente, calculamos a estrutura eletr��nica do sistema considerando-o formado por ��tomos do tipo A e, posteriormente, investigamos as modifica����es nessa estrutura eletr��nica ao introduzirmos uma impureza do tipo B em um plano arbitr��rio do sistema. Calculamos o potencial introduzido por esta impureza levando-se em conta a neutralidade de carga atrav��s da regra de soma de Friedel. Calculamos a varia����o da energia eletr��nica total &#916;El como fun����o da posi����o da impureza. Como substrato, consideramos sistemas com ocupa����es iguais a 0.94 e 0.54 el��trons por banda, o que dentro do modelo nos permite cham��-los de Nie Cr. As impurezas sao tambem metais de transi����o - Mn, Fee Co. Em todos os casos investigados, foi verificado que a varia����o de energia eletr��nica total apresenta um comportamento oscilatorio em fun����o da posi����o da impureza no sistema, desde o plano superficial, at�� v��rios planos interiores do sistema. Como resultado, verificamos a ocorrencia de planos mais favor��veis �� localiza����o da impureza. Ao considerarmos um n��mero relativamente grande de planos, um caso em particular foi destacado pelo aparecimento de um batimentono comportamento oscilat��rio de &#916;El. Estudamos tamb��m o comportamento da varia����o da energia total, quando camadas (filmes) s��o crescidas sobre o substrato e uma impureza do mesmo tipo das camadas �� colocada no substrato. Levamos em conta a diferen��a de tamanho entre os ��tomos do substrato e os ��tomos dos filmes. Analisamos ainda a influ��ncia da temperatura sobre o comportamento oscilat��rio da energia total, considerando a expans��o de Sommerfeld.

Depress��o p��s-parto e estado nutricional infantil no segundo m��s de vida

INTRODU����O: As chances de adoecer e de mortalidade s��o maiores, em crian��as com estado nutricional (EN) inadequado nos primeiros meses de vida. Fatores de risco para o EN inadequado, incluem os aspectos psicossociais maternos, como a ansiedade, a depress��o p��s-parto (DPP), a aus��ncia de suporte social. No entanto, s��o poucos os estudos sobre o papel destes fatores na determina����o do EN infantil e seus resultados controversos. OBJETIVO: Investigar a rela����o entre depress��o no p��s-parto e o estado nutricional infantil inadequado no segundo m��s de vida. M��TODOS: Trata-se de um estudo seccional com 466 crian��as aos dois meses de vida (m��dia= 65 dias; DP=0,5) oriundas de unidades b��sicas de sa��de do munic��pio do Rio de Janeiro, realizado entre junho de 2005 e dezembro de 2009. Para compor o desfecho, m��dias de peso-para-idade foram expressas em escores z e comparadas ��s informa����es da nova curva de refer��ncia WHO (2006) para menores de cinco anos. Foram classificadas como estado nutricional inadequado, crian��as com escore z abaixo de -2, baixo peso-para-idade, e crian��as com escore z acima de +2, excesso de peso-para- idade. Informa����es referentes �� DPP foram obtidas por meio da aplica����o da vers��o em portugu��s do instrumento EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). As an��lises das associa����es entre a DPP e os desfechos foram verificadas via modelos de regress��o log��stica multinomial, mediante estimativas de raz��es de chances (OR) brutas e ajustadas e seus respectivos intervalos de confian��a de 95% (IC 95). RESULTADOS: A amostra revelou escores z m��dios de -0,22 para peso-para-idade, 4,51%(n=21) apresentaram baixo peso-para- idade e 1,72% (n=8) de excesso de peso-para-idade. A preval��ncia de depress��o foi de 27,6%. Nas an��lises brutas, filhos de m��es deprimidas apresentavam 2,45 mais chance (OR=2,45; I.C. 95%=1,01-5,93;p-valor=0,050) de baixo peso-para-idade e 0,38 chance de excesso de peso-para-idade (OR=0,38;I.C. 95%=0,04-3,17;p-valor=0,38), do que os filhos de m��es n��o deprimidas, por��m esta associa����o apresentou n��vel de signific��ncia maior que 5%. Ap��s ajuste pelo peso ao nascer, condi����es ambientais, posse de utens��lios, prematuridade, idade materna e escolaridade materna a associa����o entre depress��o e estado nutricional infantil n��o apresentou signific��ncia estat��stica (OR=2,39;I.C. 95%=0,74-7,71;p- valor>0,05).CONCLUS��O: A DPP n��o foi associada ao estado nutricional infantil.

LBO���������1064nm���532nm������������������������������������������

������������������������������LiB3O5���LBO������������1064nm���532nm������������������������1064nm������������������0���0014������532nm������������������0���0004������������������������������������������������������������������������6���5���������1064nm������������������������0���22������532nm������������0���87������������������������������������������3���������1064nm������������������0���24������532nm������0���22������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Efeito da terapia farmacol��gica anti-hipertensiva sobre densidade capilar e fun����o endotelial microcirculat��ria

Hipertensos t��m rarefa����o capilar e disfun����o endotelial microcirculat��ria, tornando-se mais vulner��veis a les��es em ��rg��os-alvo. O estudo buscou avaliar o efeito de seis meses de tratamento farmacol��gico sobre densidade capilar e reatividade microvascular a est��mulos fisiol��gicos e farmacol��gicos em hipertensos de baixo risco cardiovascular. Secundariamente testou-se a exist��ncia de diversidade nas respostas a diferentes estrat��gias anti-hipertensivas. Foram recrutados 44 pacientes, com 46,71,3 anos e 20 normotensos com 48,01,6 anos. Avaliaram-se dados antropom��tricos e laboratoriais e dosaram-se no soro o fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF), receptor Flt-1 para VEGF e ��xido n��trico (NO). A contagem capilar foi por microscopia intravital, captando-se imagens da microcircula����o no dorso da falange do dedo m��dio e contando os capilares com programa espec��fico. Repetia-se o procedimento ap��s hiperemia reativa p��s-oclusiva (HRPO) para avaliar o recrutamento capilar. A reatividade vascular foi testada por fluxometria Laser Doppler, iontoforese de acetilcolina (Ach), HRPO e hiperemia t��rmica local (HTL). Os pacientes foram distribu��dos aleatoriamente para dois grupos de tratamento: succinato de metoprolol titulado a 100 mg di��rios ou olmesartana medoxomila titulada a 40 mg di��rios, empregando-se, se necess��rio, a hidroclorotiazida. Os controles seguiram o mesmo protocolo inicial e ap��s seis meses todos os testes foram repetidos nos hipertensos. As vari��veis cl��nicas e laboratoriais basais eram semelhantes em compara����o aos controles e entre os dois grupos de tratamento. Ap��s seis meses, havia pequenas diferen��as entre os grupos na rela����o cintura-quadril e HDL. A densidade capilar antes do tratamento era significativamente menor que no grupo controle (71,31,5 vs 80,61,8 cap/mm2 p<0,001 e HRPO 71,71,5 vs 79,52,6 cap/mm2 p<0,05) e, com o tratamento, aumentou para 75,41,1 cap/mm2 (p<0,01) no estado basal e para 76,81,1 cap/mm2 �� HRPO (p<0,05). �� reatividade vascular, a condut��ncia vascular cut��nea (CVC) em unidades de perfus��o (UP)/mmHg era similar �� HTL nos controles e hipertensos e aumentou com o tratamento nos dois subgrupos (metoprolol:1,730,2 a 1,900,2 p<0,001 e olmesartana:1,490,1 a 1,870,1 p<0,001). A CVC m��xima �� HRPO era menor nos hipertensos: 0,30(0,22-0,39) que nos controles: 0,39(0,31-0,49) com p<0,001. Ap��s tratamento, aumentou para 0,41(0,29-0,51) com p<0,001. O aumento foi significativo apenas no grupo olmesartana (0,290,02 a 0,420,04 p<0,001). A diferen��a entre o tempo para atingir o fluxo m��ximo �� HRPO aumentou no grupo metoprolol ap��s tratamento 3,0 (-0,3 a 8,8) segundos versus olmesartana 0,4 (-2,1 a 2,4) segundos p<0,001. �� iontoforese, a ��rea sob a curva de fluxo (AUC) era similar nos grupos e aumentou com o tratamento, de 6087(3857-9137) para 7296(5577-10921) UP/s p=0,04. O VEGF e receptor n��o diferiam dos controles nem sofreram varia����es. A concentra����o de NO era maior nos hipertensos que nos controles: 64,9 (46,8-117,6) vs 50,7 (42-57,5) M/dl p=0,02 e n��o variou com tratamento. Em conclus��o, hipertensos de baixo risco t��m menor densidade e menor recrutamento capilar e ambos aumentam com tratamento. Apresentam tamb��m disfun����o endotelial microcirculat��ria que melhora com a terapia.

Development and growth of hatchery-reared larval Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus)

Although the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is a prime candidate for aquaculture, the problematic production of juveniles remains a major impediment to commercial culture of this species. In order to improve the understanding of larval development and to refine hatchery production techniques, this study was conducted to characterize development and growth of Florida pompano from hatching through metamorphosis by using digital photography and image analysis. Newly hatched larvae were transparent and had a large, elongate yolk sac and single oil globule. The lower and upper jaws as well as the digestive tract were not fully developed at hatching. Rotifers were observed in the stomach of larvae at three days after hatching (DAH), and Artemia spp. were observed in the stomach of larvae at 14 DAH. Growth rates calculated from total length measurements were 0.22 ��0.04, 0.23 ��0.12, and 0.35 ��0.09 mm/d for each of the larval rearing trials. The mouth gape of larvae was 0.266 ��0.075 mm at first feeding and increased with a growth rate of 0.13 �� 0.04 mm/d. Predicted values for optimal prey sizes ranged from 80 to 130 ��m at 3 DAH, 160 to 267 ��m at 5 DAH, and 454 to 757 ��m at 10 DAH. Based on the findings of this study, a refined feeding regime was developed to provide stage- and size-specific guidelines for feeding Florida pompano larvae reared under hatchery con

MOFS metaloporfir��nicos 1D y 2D: Estudio cristaloqu��mico

Comunicaci��n a congreso (p��ster): XXIV Simposio del Grupo Especializado de Cristalograf��a y Crecimiento Cristalino, GE3C. 23-26 de junio de 2014, Bilbao

Potential of genetics for aquaculture development in Africa

Aquaculture in Africa is fairly insignificant by world standards and accounts for a mere 0.4 per cent of global aquaculture production. The application of genetics can play an important role in efforts to increase aquaculture production in Africa through methods such as selective breeding, hybridization, chromosome manipulation and use of YY ���supermales&rdquo;. Other issues that need to be addressed are limited genetic research facilities, funding, human capacity and suitable species for aquaculture.

Population parameters of 'corvina' (Plagioscion squamosissimus) in the Barra Bonita Reservoir, Brazil

Estimates for the growth parameters (L sub( infinity ) and K) mortality coefficients (Z,M and F) and exploitation rate (E) for the sciaenid Plagioscion squamosissimus are presented. The following results were obtained: 1) for male: L sub( arrow right )=44.2 cm, K=0.30 yr super(1), Z=0.82 yr super(1), M=0.66 yr super(1), F=0.16 yr super(1), and E=0.20; and 2) for females: L sub( arrow right )=68.4, K=0.22 yr super(1), Z=0.91 yr super(1), M=0.47 yr super(1), F=0.44 yr super(1) and E=0.49. Females are more heavily fished than males. Artisanal fishing carried out with gillnets, is mainly directed toward the young section of the population and individuals reproducing for the first time.