Use of a Single L1 GPS Receiver for Monitoring Structures: First Results of the Detection of Millimetric Dynamic Oscillations

This paper presents preliminary results to determine small displacements of a global positioning system (GPS) antenna fastened to a structure using only one L1 GPS receiver. Vibrations, periodic or not, are common in large structures, such as bridges, footbridges, tall buildings, and towers under dynamic loads. The behavior in time and frequency leads to structural analysis studies. The hypothesis of this article is that any large structure that presents vibrations in the centimeter-to-millimeter range can be monitored by phase measurements of a single L1 receiver with a high data rate, as long as the direction of the displacement is pointing to a particular satellite. Within this scenario, the carrier phase will be modulated by antenna displacement. During a period of a few dozen seconds, the relative displacement to the satellite, the satellite clock, and the atmospheric phase delays can be assumed as a polynomial time function. The residuals from a polynomial adjustment contain the phase modulation owing to small displacements, random noise, receiver clock short time instabilities, and multipath. The results showed that it is possible to detect displacements of centimeters in the phase data of a single satellite and millimeters in the difference between the phases of two satellites. After applying a periodic nonsinusoidal displacement of 10 m to the antenna, it is clearly recovered in the difference of the residuals. The time domain spectrum obtained by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) exhibited a defined peak of the third harmonic much more than the random noise using the proposed third-degree polynomial model. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000070. (C) 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Detailed H-1 and C-13 NMR structural assignment and relative stereochemistry determination for three new and one known semi-synthetic sesquiterpene lactones

In this work is described a complete H-1 and C-13 NMR analysis for a group of four sesquiterpene lactones, three previously unknown. The unequivocal assignments were achieved by H-1 NMR, C-13{H-1} NMR, gCOSY. gHMQC, gHMBC and NOESY experiments and no ambiguities were left behind. All hydrogen coupling constants were measured, clarifying all hydrogen signals multiplicities. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The relative roles of DNA damage induced by UVA irradiation in human cells

UVA light (320–400 nm) represents approximately 95% of the total solar UV radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface. UVA light induces oxidative stress and the formation of DNA photoproducts in skin cells. These photoproducts such as pyrimidine dimers (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, CPDs, and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts, 6-4PPs) are removed by nucleotide excision repair (NER). In this repair pathway, the XPA protein is recruited to the damage removal site; therefore, cells deficient in this protein are unable to repair the photoproducts. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of oxidative stress and the formation of DNA photoproducts in UVA-induced cell death. In fact, similar levels of oxidative stress and oxidised bases were detected in XP-A and NER-proficient cells exposed to UVA light. Interestingly, CPDs were detected in both cell lines; however, 6-4PPs were detected only in DNA repairdeficient cells. XP-A cells were also observed to be significantly more sensitive to UVA light compared to NER-proficient cells, with an increased induction of apoptosis, while necrosis was similarly observed in both cell lines. The induction of apoptosis and necrosis in XP-A cells using adenovirus-mediated transduction of specific photolyases was investigated and we confirm that both types of photoproducts are the primary lesions responsible for inducing cell death in XP-A cells and may trigger the skin-damaging effects of UVA light, particularly skin ageing and carcinogenesis.

Relative CO(2)/NH(3) selectivities of mammalian aquaporins 0-9

Previous work showed that aquaporin 1 (AQP1), AQP4-M23, and AQP5 each has a characteristic CO(2)/NH(3) and CO(2)/H(2)O permeability ratio. The goal of the present study is to characterize AQPs 0-9, which traffic to the plasma membrane when heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We use video microscopy to compute osmotic water permeability (P(f)) and microelectrodes to record transient changes in surface pH (ΔpH(S)) caused by CO(2) or NH(3) influx. Subtracting respective values for day-matched, H(2)O-injected control oocytes yields the channel-specific values P(f)* and ΔpH(S)*. We find that P(f)* is significantly >0 for all AQPs tested except AQP6. (ΔpH(S)*)(CO(2)) is significantly >0 for AQP0, AQP1, AQP4-M23, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP9. (ΔpH(S)*)(NH(3)) is >0 for AQP1, AQP3, AQP6, AQP7, AQP8, and AQP9. The ratio (ΔpH(S)*)(CO(2))/P(f)* falls in the sequence AQP6 (∞) > AQP5 > AQP4-M23 > AQP0 ≅ AQP1 ≅ AQP9 > others (0). The ratio (ΔpH(S)*)(NH(3))/P(f)* falls in the sequence AQP6 (∞) > AQP3 ≅ AQP7 ≅ AQP8 ≅ AQP9 > AQP1 > others (0). Finally, the ratio (ΔpH(S)*)(CO(2))/(-ΔpH(S)*)(NH(3)) falls in the sequence AQP0 (∞) ≅ AQP4-M23 ≅ AQP5 > AQP6 > AQP1 > AQP9 > AQP3 (0) ≅ AQP7 ≅ AQP8. The ratio (ΔpH(S)*)(CO(2))/(-ΔpH(S)*)(NH(3)) is indeterminate for both AQP2 and AQP4-M1. In summary, we find that mammalian AQPs exhibit a diverse range of selectivities for CO(2) vs. NH(3) vs. H(2)O. As a consequence, by expressing specific combinations of AQPs, cells could exert considerable control over the movements of each of these three substances

Relative CO2/NH3 permeabilities of human RhAG, RhBG and RhCG

Mammalian glycosylated rhesus (Rh) proteins include the erythroid RhAG and the nonerythroid RhBG and RhCG. RhBG and RhCG are expressed in multiple tissues, including hepatocytes and the collecting duct (CD) of the kidney. Here, we expressed human RhAG, RhBG and RhCG in Xenopus oocytes (vs. H2O-injected control oocytes) and used microelectrodes to monitor the maximum transient change in surface pH (ΔpHS) caused by exposing the same oocyte to 5 % CO2/33 mM HCO3 − (an increase) or 0.5 mM NH3/NH4 + (a decrease). Subtracting the respective values for day-matched, H2O-injected control oocytes yielded channel-specific values (*). (ΔpH∗S)CO2 and (−ΔpH∗S)NH3 were each significantly >0 for all channels, indicating that RhBG and RhCG—like RhAG—can carry CO2 and NH3. We also investigated the role of a conserved aspartate residue, which was reported to inhibit NH3 transport. However, surface biotinylation experiments indicate the mutants RhBGD178N and RhCGD177N have at most a very low abundance in the oocyte plasma membrane. We demonstrate for the first time that RhBG and RhCG—like RhAG—have significant CO2 permeability, and we confirm that RhAG, RhBG and RhCG all have significant NH3 permeability. However, as evidenced by (ΔpH∗S)CO2/(−ΔpH∗S)NH3 values, we could not distinguish among the CO2/NH3 permeability ratios for RhAG, RhBG and RhCG. Finally, we propose a mechanism whereby RhBG and RhCG contribute to acid secretion in the CD by enhancing the transport of not only NH3 but also CO2 across the membranes of CD cells.

A comparative analysis of the relative efficacy of vector-control strategies against dengue fever

Dengue is considered one of the most important vector-borne infection, affecting almost half of the world population with 50 to 100 million cases every year. In this paper, we present one of the simplest models that can encapsulate all the important variables related to vector control of dengue fever. The model considers the human population, the adult mosquito population and the population of immature stages, which includes eggs, larvae and pupae. The model also considers the vertical transmission of dengue in the mosquitoes and the seasonal variation in the mosquito population. From this basic model describing the dynamics of dengue infection, we deduce thresholds for avoiding the introduction of the disease and for the elimination of the disease. In particular, we deduce a Basic Reproduction Number for dengue that includes parameters related to the immature stages of the mosquito. By neglecting seasonal variation, we calculate the equilibrium values of the model’s variables. We also present a sensitivity analysis of the impact of four vector-control strategies on the Basic Reproduction Number, on the Force of Infection and on the human prevalence of dengue. Each of the strategies was studied separately from the others. The analysis presented allows us to conclude that of the available vector control strategies, adulticide application is the most effective, followed by the reduction of the exposure to mosquito bites, locating and destroying breeding places and, finally, larvicides. Current vector-control methods are concentrated on mechanical destruction of mosquitoes’ breeding places. Our results suggest that reducing the contact between vector and hosts (biting rates) is as efficient as the logistically difficult but very efficient adult mosquito’s control.

The relative influence of local to regional drivers of variation in reef fishes

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Analisi della domanda di sosta veicolare e delle relative ripercussioni sulla mobilità urbana

Questa si ripropone in prima istanza di analizzare le origini e l’evoluzione del concetto di sostenibilità e successivamente di prendere in considerazione uno dei tanti mezzi che consentono di perseguirla: la gestione della sosta. Per molti anni infatti, a partire dal momento in cui sono iniziate ad emergere le esternalità negative legate al traffico, si è pensato che quello dei parcheggi fosse solo un ulteriore problema. Solo di recente, dalla fine degli anni ’90, fatta eccezione per il caso della Gran Bretagna che ha fatto da capofila già a partire dagli anni ’80, si è iniziato a considerare la sosta come parte della soluzione dei problemi di congestione, inquinamento e di vivibilità delle città. Verrà analizzata perciò nel secondo capitolo l’evoluzione delle politiche della sosta a livello europeo, con particolare attenzione all’operato svolto dall’EPA (European Parking Association) associazione leader nel settore riconosciuta dall’Unione Europea e sostenuta da 18 Paesi membri tra cui anche l’Italia. Il lavoro svolto da quest’associazione, nata nei primi anni ’80, è quello di decidere insieme agli associati delle linee comuni da seguire per migliorare le politiche a livello europeo riguardo la gestione della sosta. Si tratta nella pratica di studi, convegni e analisi degli effetti prodotti da provvedimenti intrapresi nelle varie città che hanno iniziato ad introdurre la regolamentazione della sosta. Sempre nel secondo capitolo saranno quindi presentate le linee guida europee nell’ambito dei parcheggi e si analizzeranno casi di “Best Practices” di alcuni Paesi che hanno introdotto provvedimenti per la gestione della sosta. Nel terzo capitolo invece viene considerata la situazione in Italia parlando in principio di Aipark, l’associazione italiana operatori nel settore dei parcheggi che partecipa alle attività dell’Epa e prendendo in esame in seguito le politiche adottate a livello nazionale e nello specifico in alcune tra le più importanti città italiane. Si vedrà come sia ancora troppo marcata la distanza del nostro Paese dai progressi registrati in altri Paesi dell’UE, con le dovute eccezioni. Per quel che riguarda l’aspetto normativo è significativo il fatto che, nonostante il riconoscimento della forte influenza che le politiche della sosta hanno sulla regolazione del traffico, ci siano ancora molte lacune legislative e che spesso la sosta non compaia tra i soggetti delle leggi in tale settore. La legislazione italiana nell’ambito dei parcheggi verrà analizzata nel quarto capitolo. Successivamente, nei capitoli 5 e 6 si parlerà delle fasi preliminari della redazione del Piano della Sosta di Casalecchio di Reno. Il Piano della Sosta è uno dei Piani Particolareggiati che costituiscono il 2° livello di progettazione del PUT (Piano Urbano del Traffico) e rappresenta uno strumento di pianificazione utile ad analizzare lo stato di fatto del sistema dei parcheggi di una città in modo da coglierne le criticità e fornire eventualmente le soluzioni per ovviare ad esse. Nel quinto capitolo viene effettuato un inquadramento territoriale di Casalecchio e si parlerà delle problematiche della sosta emerse nel PGTU (Piano Generale del Traffico Urbano) che costituisce il progetto preliminare o Piano Quadro del PUT. Le fasi attraverso le quali viene elaborato un Piano della sosta si possono sintetizzare nei seguenti punti: - Studio della normativa nazionale e locale e di esempi significativi di altre realtà nell’ambito della sosta. - Analisi dello stato di fatto in termini di domanda e offerta. - Indagini mediante incontri pubblici, distribuzione di questionari o interviste dirette, per cogliere le esigenze degli utenti che usufruiscono del servizio. - Analisi delle eventuali criticità emerse. - Progettazione del nuovo assetto della sosta. - Campagna di sensibilizzazione per fare “accettare” con più facilità i cambiamenti agli utenti. Nel sesto capitolo di questa tesi, e negli allegati si possono consultare i risultati delle indagini su domanda e offerta condotte da TPS (Transport Planning Service), azienda che svolge attività di pianificazione e progettazione, di fornitura software, oltre che indagini e rilievi nell’ambito dei trasporti. Verranno descritte le modalità di rilievo e verranno presentati i risultati ottenuti dall’elaborazione dei dati raccolti, con qualche accenno alle possibili soluzioni per risolvere le problematiche emerse. La fase di progettazione vera e propria degli interventi non verrà invece trattata in questa sede.