Estudo da zircônia reforçado com alumina

Ceramics materials have good properties including chemical stability, high hardness and wear resistance. Moreover, due to its fragility, can suffer failure under relatively low levels of tension. Actually zirconia is the material of choice in metal free dental prostheses used in dentistry due its inertia in physiological environment, good bending strength, hardness and fracture toughness. The alumina and mixed tungsten and titanium carbides additions, acting as reinforcement elements in the zirconia matrix, have as their main objective the improvement of mechanical properties of this material. In this work, samples of zirconia, zirconia with 30% wt of alumina and zirconia with 30% wt mixed carbides were analyzed. The samples were sintered by uniaxial hot pressing on 30 MPa pressure, for 1 hour in an argon atmosphere. They were physically characterized by porosity and density measurements, and mechanically by 3-points bending strength and Vickers microhardness. The X-ray diffraction was used for the phase identifications and microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of mixed carbides as reinforcement elements in zirconia matrix provides improvements in all properties analyzed in this work. The alumina addition has dropped the zirconia strength, although it caused improvement in other properties

Sinterização de aço inoxidável reforçado com partículas nanométricas dispersas de carbeto de nióbio - NbC

Metal powder sintering appears to be promising option to achieve new physical and mechanical properties combining raw material with new processing improvements. It interest over many years and continue to gain wide industrial application. Stainless steel is a widely accepted material because high corrosion resistance. However stainless steels have poor sinterability and poor wear resistance due to their low hardness. Metal matrix composite (MMC) combining soft metallic matrix reinforced with carbides or oxides has attracted considerable attention for researchers to improve density and hardness in the bulk material. This thesis focuses on processing 316L stainless steel by addition of 3% wt niobium carbide to control grain growth and improve densification and hardness. The starting powder were water atomized stainless steel manufactured for Höganäs (D 50 = 95.0 μm) and NbC produced in the UFRN and supplied by Aesar Alpha Johnson Matthey Company with medium crystallite size 16.39 nm and 80.35 nm respectively. Samples with addition up to 3% of each NbC were mixed and mechanically milled by 3 routes. The route1 (R1) milled in planetary by 2 hours. The routes 2 (R2) and 3 (R3) milled in a conventional mill by 24 and 48 hours. Each milled samples and pure sample were cold compacted uniaxially in a cylindrical steel die (Ø 5 .0 mm) at 700 MPa, carried out in a vacuum furnace, heated at 1290°C, heating rate 20°C stand by 30 and 60 minutes. The samples containing NbC present higher densities and hardness than those without reinforcement. The results show that nanosized NbC particles precipitate on grain boundary. Thus, promote densification eliminating pores, control grain growth and increase the hardness values

Determinación de incertidumbre en mediciones de ensayos de fatiga flexión rotativa

Propuesta del método de cálculo de la incertidumbre para la máquina de fatiga por flexión rotativa -- Fuentes de incertidumbre del ensayo de desgaste flexión rotativa -- Identificación de las fuentes de incertidumbre para el ensayo de fatiga por flexión rotativa -- Fuentes de incertidumbre por magnitud de entrada para el mensurando del número de ciclos hasta la ruptura -- Determinación de los coeficientes de sensibilidad para el mensurando del número de ciclos -- Cálculo de incertidumbre estándar combinada para el mensurando del esfuerzo a la fatiga -- Determinación del error de los instrumentos de medición -- Estimación de la incertidumbre de la medida para el ensayo de fatiga por flexión rotativa

Estudo sobre o efeito dos parâmetros de processamento dos pós e sinterização do aço inox 316l reforçado com NbC

This masther dissertation presents a contribution to the study of 316L stainless steel sintering aiming to study their behavior in the milling process and the effect of isotherm temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties. The 316L stainless steel is a widely used alloy for their high corrosion resistance property. However its application is limited by the low wear resistance consequence of its low hardness. In previous work we analyzed the effect of sintering additives as NbC and TaC. This study aims at deepening the understanding of sintering, analyzing the effect of grinding on particle size and microstructure and the effect of heating rate and soaking time on the sintered microstructure and on their microhardness. Were milled 316L powders with NbC at 1, 5 and 24 hours respectively. Particulates were characterized by SEM and . Cylindrical samples height and diameter of 5.0 mm were compacted at 700 MPa. The sintering conditions were: heating rate 5, 10 and 15◦C/min, temperature 1000, 1100, 1200, 1290 and 1300◦C, and soaking times of 30 and 60min. The cooling rate was maintained at 25◦C/min. All samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace. The sintered microstructure were characterized by optical and electron microscopy as well as density and microhardness. It was observed that the milling process has an influence on sintering, as well as temperature. The major effect was caused by firing temperature, followed by the grinding and heating rate. In this case, the highest rates correspond to higher sintering.

Construção, caracterização e aplicação de eletrodos para descarga por arco de cátodo oco

The system built to characterize electrodes and, consequently, deposited fine films are constituted by a hollow cathode that works to discharges and low pressures (approximately 10-3 to 5 mbar), a source DC (0 to 1200 V), a cylindrical camera of closed borossilicato for flanges of stainless steel with an association of vacuum bombs mechanical and spread. In the upper flange it is connected the system of hollow cathode, which possesses an entrance of gas and two entrances for its refrigeration, the same is electrically isolated of the rest of the equipment and it is polarized negatively. In front of the system of hollow cathode there is a movable sample in stainless steel with possibility of moving in the horizontal and vertical. In the vertical, the sample can vary its distance between 0 and 70 mm and, in the horizontal, can leave completely from the front of the hollow cathode. The sample and also the cathode hollow are equipped with cromel-alumel termopares with simultaneous reading of the temperatures during the time of treatment. In this work copper electrodes, bronze, titanium, iron, stainless steel, powder of titanium, powder of titanium and silício, glass and ceramic were used. The electrodes were investigated relating their geometry change and behavior of the plasma of the cavity of hollow cathode and channel of the gas. As the cavity of hollow cathode, the analyzed aspects were the diameter and depth. With the channel of the gas, we verified the diameter. In the two situations, we investigated parameters as flow of the gas, pressure, current and applied tension in the electrode, temperature, loss of mass of the electrode with relationship at the time of use. The flow of gas investigated in the electrodes it was fastened in a work strip from 15 to 6 sccm, the constant pressure of work was among 2.7 to 8 x 10-2 mbar. The applied current was among a strip of work from 0,8 to 0,4 A, and their respective tensions were in a strip from 400 to 220 V. Fixing the value of the current, it was possible to lift the curve of the behavior of the tension with the time of use. That curves esteem in that time of use of the electrode to its efficiency is maximum. The temperatures of the electrodes were in the dependence of that curves showing a maximum temperature when the tension was maximum, yet the measured temperatures in the samples showed to be sensitive the variation of the temperature in the electrodes. An accompaniment of the loss of mass of the electrode relating to its time of use showed that the electrodes that appeared the spherical cavities lost more mass in comparison with the electrodes in that didn't appear. That phenomenon is only seen for pressures of 10-2 mbar, in these conditions a plasma column is formed inside of the channel of the gas and in certain points it is concentrated in form of spheres. Those spherical cavities develop inside of the channel of the gas spreading during the whole extension of the channel of the gas. The used electrodes were cut after they could not be more used, however among those electrodes, films that were deposited in alternate times and the electrodes that were used to deposit films in same times, those films were deposited in the glass substrata, alumina, stainless steel 420, stainless steel 316, silício and steel M2. As the eletros used to deposit films in alternate time as the ones that they were used to deposit in same times, the behavior of the thickness of the film obeyed the curve of the tension with relationship the time of use of the electrode, that is, when the tension was maximum, the thickness of the film was also maximum and when the tension was minimum, the thickness was minimum and in the case where the value of the tension was constant, the thickness of the film tends to be constant. The fine films that were produced they had applications with nano stick, bio-compatibility, cellular growth, inhibition of bacterias, cut tool, metallic leagues, brasagem, pineapple fiber and ornamental. In those films it was investigated the thickness, the adherence and the uniformity characterized by sweeping electronic microscopy. Another technique developed to assist the production and characterization of the films produced in that work was the caloteste. It uses a sphere and abrasive to mark the sample with a cap impression, with that cap form it is possible to calculate the thickness of the film. Through the time of life of the cathode, it was possible to evaluate the rate of waste of its material for the different work conditions. Values of waste rate up to 3,2 x 10-6 g/s were verified. For a distance of the substratum of 11 mm, the deposited film was limited to a circular area of 22 mm diameter mm for high pressures and a circular area of 75 mm for pressure strip. The obtained films presented thickness around 2,1 µm, showing that the discharge of arch of hollow cathode in argon obeys a curve characteristic of the tension with the time of life of the eletrodo. The deposition rate obtained in this system it is of approximately 0,18 µm/min

Avaliação biomecânica de prótese de joelho sob influência de carga assimétrica

O trabalho foca-se no estudo biomecânico de próteses do joelho. Através de modelos computacionais pretendeu-se obter o melhor desempenho da prótese, variando as geometrias e os materiais. Os modelos foram submetidos à compressão com carga assimétrica para avaliação do comportamento da prótese e zonas de maior desgaste ósseo.

Avaliação biomecânica de prótese do joelho sob influência de carga

A artroplastia é a solução para diversos problemas que destabilizam a articulação do joelho. Os profissionais de saúde tem ao seu dispor várias próteses, variando essencialmente a geometria e o material. O trabalho foca-se no estudo biomecânico de próteses do joelho. Através de um modelo aproximado pretendeu-se obter o melhor desempenho de uma prótese, variando geometrias e materiais. O modelo biomecânico foi submetido a um carregamento à compressão permitindo avaliar as zonas de maior desgaste ósseo.

Os cortadores de cana ante o processo de mecanização

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Sociologia, 2016.

Formulação de pastas cimentícias com adição de suspensões de quitosana para cimentação de poços de petróleo

Primary cementing is one of the main operations in well drilling responsible for the mechanical stability and zonal isolation during the production of oil. However, the cement sheath is constantly under mechanical stresses and temperature variations caused by the recovery of heavy oil. In order to minimize fracture and wear of the cement sheath, new admixtures are developed to improve the properties of Portland cement slurries and avoid environmental contamination caused by leaking gas and oil. Polymers with the ability to form polymeric films are candidates to improve the properties of hardened cement slurries, especially their fracture energy. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of the addition of a chitosan suspension on cement slurries in order to improve the properties of the cement and increase its performance on heavy oil recovery. Chitosan was dissolved in acetic ac id (0.25 M and 2 M) and added to the formulation of the slurries in different concentrations. SEM analyses confirmed the formation of polymeric films in the cementitious matrix. Strength tests showed higher fracture energy compared to slurries without the addition of chitosan. The formation of the polymeric films also reduced the permeability of the slurry. Therefore, chitosan suspensions can be potentially used as cementing admixtures for heavy oil well applications

El estrés laboral del personal de sala de operaciones del Hospital Nacional General "Dr. Jorge Arturo Mena" Santiago de María, Usulután, año 2015

El estrés laboral se presenta como una serie de reacciones físicas y emocionales que ocurren cuando las exigencias del trabajo no igualan las capacidades, los recursos o necesidades del profesional en anestesia y enfermería. Cuando éste se torna excesivo superando la tolerancia del organismo llevando consigo graves consecuencias como desgaste en la salud, actuación profesionalmente pobre, repercusión en la seguridad del paciente, en la vida familiar, deterioro psíquico-emocional. El objetivo es identificar el nivel estrés que presenta el personal de sala de operaciones que labora en el Hospital Nacional General "Dr. Jorge Arturo Mena" Santiago de María, y así conocer sintomatología psicosomática y nivel de estrés. La metodología utilizada en el estudio fue la hipotética deductiva. Para la recolección de la información se hizo uso de un cuestionario integrado inicialmente por datos generales y además un test psicológico dirigido al estrés laboral en profesionales de anestesiología y enfermería el cual consta: el cuestionario EAE está formado por 50 preguntas el cual midió el nivel de estrés laboral en el que se encontró el personal de anestesia y enfermería. La población fue constituida por 15 profesionales en anestesiología y 15 profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en el Hospital Nacional general "Dr. Jorge Arturo Mena" Santiago de María, Usulután, y tomando en cuenta es una población pequeña se incluyeron a todos los sujetos en el estudio. Los resultados fueron procesados mediante el Programa Estadístico Para las Ciencias Sociales (SPSS) versión 19, con el que se realizaron tablas de frecuencia y la prueba U de Mann Whitney, obteniendo que la mayoría de anestesistas tienen nivel de estrés bajo y en el personal de enfermería prevalece el nivel de estrés medio.

Predictive models of buildings energy consumption

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Uso de bifosfonatos en ratas Wistar como anclaje farmacológico para evitar la erupción fisiológica de incisivos.

Propósito: El anclaje y la etapa de retención en ortodoncia juegan un papel importante y determinante para el resultado de una oclusión funcional y estable. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar el uso de bifosfonatos de forma local, para proveer anclaje farmacológico a nivel local. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 3 grupos de ratas Wistar de 12 semanas de edad, dos grupos experimentales a los cuales se les colocaron 2 bifosfonatos diferentes (zoledronato y ODX) durante 1 mes cada tercer día, y 1 grupo control al cual sólo se le colocó solución salina en el mismo intervalo de tiempo. Se tomaron radiografías en 4 tiempos. Al inicio del experimento (T0), al mes cuando se realizó desgaste de 1mm de dientes superiores e inferiores (T1), una semana posterior al desgaste (T2), 15 días después del desgaste dentario (T3). Para evaluar la extrusión de incisivos. Cortes histológicos de la zona de la aplicación y órganos fueron estudiados. Contribuciones y conclusiones: Se encontró que la aplicación de bifosfonatos de manera local entre los incisivos inferiores de las ratas wistar durante 1 mes, no fue efectivo para detener el crecimiento normal que sufren estos dientes de manera ordinaria provocada por el desgaste al roer el alimento y que al cabo de 1 mes posterior al desgaste estos volvían a la longitud inicial en los grupos experimentales como en el control. Histológicamente se observaron cambios favorables presentando ambos medicamentos un hueso más mineralizado con ausencia de osteoclastos. Zoledronato mostro más agresividad en hueso y órganos.

O burnout dos professores do 1º ciclo: sua influência no grau de sucesso da relação educativa

Dissertação de mest. em Observação e Análise da Relação Educativa, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Escola Superior de Educação de Beja, 2004

Evaluación comparativa de la superficie de titanio, tratados con diferentes instrumentos de higiene

Propósito, Materiales y Métodos: La placa y el cálculo son factores etiológicos en el desarrollo de la mucositis y periimplantitis, la adhesión inicial de las bacterias es dependiente de la textura de la superficie intraoral, esto incluye la superficie tratada de los implantes, y el daño que resulta del uso de algunos instrumentos de higiene. Por lo tanto, es necesario determinar que tanto daño causan diferentes instrumentos de higiene sobre la superficie de titanio del implante, específicamente sobre la superficie del cuello pulido (superficie por la cual pasan los instrumentos al momento de un mantenimiento), ya que puede llevar a un desgaste prematuro del mismo. La influencia de los instrumentos de higiene no debe crear cambios que favorezcan la retención de placa. Para probar que instrumentos causaban menos daños, se utilizaron 20 implantes; 5 para cada variable (Sistema de Aeropulido, Cureta de Titanio, Cureta de Plástico, Cavitrón) y 2 para ser utilizados para control. Total 22 implantes. Usando el Estereomicroscopio (steREO Discovery V20) usando campo claro, objetivos 1.5x y 3.5x, ocular de 10x, un aumento de 10-150 veces y magnificaciones digitales de 1000-1500 veces, con el cual se determinó el Ra, basado en el daño a la superficie de los implantes, hecho por los instrumentos de higiene. Resultados: Cureta de Titanio (0.792 µm), Cureta de Plástico (0.490 µm), Sistema de Aeropulido (0.802 µm) y Punta de acero del cavitrón (2.018 µm), demuestran el daño realizado por los trazados, donde la Punta de Acero del Cavitrón mostró ser la más perjudicial, contrario a la cureta de Plástico, que fue la menos abrasiva. En el caso de la Cureta de Titanio y el Sistema de Aeropulido, los resultados no fueron estadísticamente significativos Conclusión: Se observó que el instrumento de higiene que causa menos daño sobre la superficie del implante fue la cureta de plástico.

Representações e práticas de professores sobre a gestão curricular flexível

Mestrado em Psicologia da Educação na especialidade Necessidades Educativas Especiais, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Escola Superior de Educação, Univ. do Algarve, 2002