Fabrication of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide/cobalt oxide composite for charge storage electrodes

Electrochemically-reduced graphene oxide (Er-GO) and cobalt oxides (CoOx) were co-electrodeposited by cyclic voltammetry, from an electrolyte containing graphene oxide and cobalt nitrate, directly onto a stainless steel substrate to produce composite electrodes presenting high charge storage capacity. The electrochemical response of the composite films was optimized by studying the parameters applied during the electrodeposition process, namely the number of cycles, scan rate and ratio between GO/Co(NO3)(2) concentrations in the electrolyte. It is shown that, if the appropriate conditions are selected, it is possible to produced binder-free composite electrodes with improved electrochemical properties using a low-cost, facile and scalable technique. The optimized Er-GO/CoOx developed in this work exhibits a specific capacitance of 608 F g(-1) at a current density of 1 A g(-1) and increased reversibility when compared to single CoOx. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cardiac sympathetic-parasympathetic balance in rats with experimentally-induced acute chagasic myocarditis

To clarify the mechanism responsible for the transient sinus tachycardia in rats with acute chagasic myocarditis, we have examined the cardiac sympathetic-parasympathetic balance of 29 rats inoculated with 200,000 parasites (Trypanosoma cruzi). Sixteen infected animals and 8 controls were studied between days 18 and 21 after inoculation (acute stage). The remaining 13 infected animals and 9 controls were studied between days 60 and 70 after inoculation (sub-acute stage). Under anesthesia (urethane 1.25 g/kg), all animals received intravenous atenolol (5 mg/kg) and atropine (10 mg/kg). Acute stage: The baseline heart rate of the infected animals was significantly higher than that of the controls (P < 0.0001). The magnitude of the negative chronotropic response to atenolol was 4 times that of the controls (P < 0.00001). This response correlated with the baseline heart rate (r= - 0.72, P < 0.001). The heart rate responses to the beta-blocker and to atropine, of the infected animals studied during the sub-acute stage, were not different from controls. These findings suggest that cardiac sympathetic activity is transiently enhanced and cardiac parasympathetic activity is not impaired, in rats with acute chagasic myocarditis. The transient predominance of cardiac sympathetic activity could explain, in part, the sinus tachycardia observed in the acute stage of experimentally-induced chagasic myocarditis.

Síndrome de apneia hipopneia obstrutiva do sono e óxido nítrico : que relação ?

RESUMO: A síndrome de apneia hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS), pela sua prevalência e consequências clínicas, nomeadamente as de natureza cardiovascular, é actualmente considerada um problema de saúde pública. A patogénese da doença cardiovascular na SAHOS não está ainda completamente estabelecida, mas parece ser multifactorial, envolvendo diversos mecanismos que incluem a hiperactividade do sistema nervoso simpático, a disfunção endotelial, a activação selectiva de vias inflamatórias, o stress oxidativo vascular e a disfunção metabólica. A terapêutica com CPAP diminui grandemente o risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais e não fatais. O CPAP está inequivocamente indicado para o tratamento da SAHOS grave, no entanto, não é consensual a sua utilização nos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada sem hipersonolência diurna associada. Tendo em conta este facto, é fundamental que as indicações terapêuticas do CPAP nestes doentes tenham uma relação custo-eficácia favorável. Assim, dado o posicionamento do estado da arte relativamente ao estudo da disfunção endotelial e da activação do sistema nervoso simpático estar centrada maioritariamente nos doentes com SAHOS grave, desenvolvemos este estudo com o objectivo de comparar os níveis plasmáticos de nitratos, os níveis de catecolaminas urinárias e os valores de pressão arterial nos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada e grave e avaliar a resposta destes parâmetros ao tratamento com CPAP durante um mês. Realizámos um estudo prospectivo, incidindo sobre uma população de 67 doentes do sexo masculino com o diagnóstico de SAHOS (36 com SAHOS ligeira/moderada e 31com SAHOS grave). O protocolo consistia em 3 visitas: antes da terapêutica com CPAP (visita 1), uma semana após CPAP (visita 2) e um mês após CPAP (visita 3). Nas visitas 1 e 3, eram submetidos a três colheitas de sangue às 11 pm, 4 am e 7 am para doseamento dos nitratos plasmáticos e na visita 2 apenas às 7 am. Nas visitas 1 e 3 era também efectuada uma colheita de urina de 24 horas para o doseamento das catecolaminas urinárias e eram submetidos a uma monitorização ambulatória da pressão arterial de 24 horas (MAPA). Foi ainda estudado um grupo controlo de 30 indivíduos do sexo masculino não fumadores sem patologia conhecida e sem evidência de SAHOS. Antes da terapêutica com CPAP, verificou-se uma diminuição significativa dos níveis de nitratos ao longo da noite quer nos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada, quer nos doentes com SAHOS grave. No entanto, esta redução diferia nos 2 grupos de doentes, sendo significativamente superior nos doentes com SAHOS grave (27,6±20,1% vs 16,5±18,5%; p<0,05). Após um mês de tratamento com CPAP, verificou-se um aumento significativo dos valores de nitratos plasmáticos apenas nos doentes com SAHOS grave, mantendo-se os níveis de nitratos elevados ao longo da noite, já não existindo o decréscimo desses valores ao longo da mesma. Os valores de noradrenalina basais eram significativamente superiores nos doentes com SAHOS grave comparativamente com os doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada (73,9±30,1μg/24h vs 48,5±19,91μg/24h; p<0,05). Após um mês de terapêutica com CPAP, apenas se verificou uma redução significativa nos valores da noradrenalina nos doentes com SAHOS grave (73,9±30,1μg/24h para 55,4±21,8 μg/24h; p<0,05). Os doentes com SAHOS grave apresentaram valores de pressão arterial mais elevados do que os doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada, nomeadamente no que diz respeito aos valores de pressão arterial média, sistólica média de 24 horas, diurna e nocturna e diastólica média de 24 horas, diurna e nocturna. Após um mês de terapêutica com CPAP, verificou-se uma redução significativa dos valores tensionais apenas nos doentescom SAHOS grave, para a pressão média (-2,32+5,0; p=0,005), para a sistólica média de 24 horas (-4,0+7,9mmHg; p=0,009), para a pressão sistólica diurna (-4,3+8,8mmHg; p=0,01), para a pressão sistólica nocturna (-5,1+9,0mmHg; p=0,005), para a pressão diastólica média de 24 horas (-2,7+5,8mmHg; p=0,016), para a pressão diastólica diurna (-3,2+6,3mmHg; p=0,009) e para a pressão diastólica nocturna (-2,5+7,0mmHg; p=0,04). Os níveis tensionais dos doentes com SAHOS grave após CPAP atingiram valores semelhantes aos dos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada, relativamente a todos os parâmetros avaliados no MAPA. Este estudo demonstrou que antes do tratamento com CPAP, existe uma redução dos níveis de nitratos ao longo da noite não só nos doentes com SAHOS grave mas também nos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada. No entanto, a terapêutica com CPAP leva a um aumento significativo dos valores de nitratos plasmáticos apenas nos doentes com SAHOS grave, mantendo-se os níveis de nitratos elevados ao longo da noite, já não existindo o decréscimo desses valores ao longo da mesma. O tratamento com CPAP durante um mês, apenas reduz os níveis de noradrenalina urinária e os valores de pressão arterial nos doentes com SAHOS grave.------------ ABSTRACT: In severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) reduced circulating nitrate, increased levels of urinary norepinephrine (U-NE) and changes in systemic blood pressure (BP) have been described and are reverted by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). However, the consequences of mild/moderate OSA on these parameters and the CPAP effect upon them are not well known. We aimed to: 1) compare the levels of plasma nitrate (NOx) and U-NE of mild/moderate and severe male OSA patients 2) compare BP in these patient groups; and 3) determine whether CPAP improves sympathetic dysfunction, nitrate deficiency and BP in these patients. This prospective study was carried out in 67 consecutive OSA patients (36 mild/moderate and 31 severe patients) and NOx (11 pm, 4 am, 7 am), 24-h U-NE and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were obtained before and after 4 weeks of CPAP. Baseline: NOx levels showed a significant decrease (p<0.001) during the night in both groups of patients. The U-NE and BP were significantly higher in the severe group. Post CPAP: After one month of CPAP, there was a significant increase of NOx, a reduction of U-NE and BP only in severe patients. This study shows that in contrast to severe OSA patients, those with mild/moderate OSA, which have lower values of BP and U-NE at baseline, do not benefit from a 4 weeks CPAP treatment as measured by plasma nitrate, 24-h U-NE levels and BP.

Differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires by means of the polymerase chain reaction

A polymerase chain reaction was carried out to detect pathogenic leptospires isolated from animals and humans in Argentina. A double set of primers (G1/G2, B64-I/B64-II), described before, were used to amplify by PCR a DNA fragment from serogroups belonging to Leptospira interrogans but did not allow to detect saprophytic strains isolated from soil and water (L. biflexa). This fact represents an advantage since it makes possible the differentiation of pathogenic from non-pathogenic leptospires in cultures. The sensitivity of this assay has been determined, allowing to detect just only 10 leptospires in the reaction tube. Those sets of primers generated either a 285 bp or 360 bp fragment, depending on the pathogenic strain

Heart rate responses to a muscarinic agonist in rats with experimentally induced acute and subacute chagasic myocarditis

We administered arecoline to rats, with experimentally induced chagasic myocarditis, in order to study the sinus node sensitivity to a muscarinic agonist. Sixteen month old rats were inoculated with 200,000 T. cruzi parasites ("Y" strain). Between days 18 and 21 (acute stage), 8 infected rats and 8 age-matched controls received intravenous arecoline as a bolus injection at the following doses: 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 40.0, and 80.0 mug/kg. Heart rate was recorded before, during and after each dose of arecoline. The remaining 8 infected animals and 8 controls were subjected to the same experimental procedure during the subacute stage, i.e., days 60 to 70 after inoculation. The baseline heart rate, of the animals studied during the acute stage (349 ± 68 bpm, mean ± SD), was higher than that of the controls (250 ± 50 bpm, p < 0.005). The heart rate changes were expressed as percentage changes over baseline values. A dose-response curve was constructed for each group of animals. Log scales were used to plot the systematically doubled doses of arecoline and the induced-heart rate changes. The slope of the regression line for the acutely infected animals (r = - 0.99, b =1.78) was not different from that for the control animals (r = - 0.97, b = 1.61). The infected animals studied during the subacute stage (r = - 0.99, b = 1.81) were also not different from the age-matched controls (r = - 0.99, b = 1.26, NS). Consequently, our results show no pharmacological evidence of postjunctional hypersensitivity to the muscarinic agonist arecoline. Therefore, these results indirectly suggest that the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation, of the sinus node of rats with autopsy proved chagasic myocarditis, is not irreversibly damaged by Trypanosoma cruzi.

Morbidity and survival in advanced AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Opportunistic diseases (OD) are the most common cause of death in AIDS patients. To access the incidence of OD and survival in advanced immunodeficiency, we included 79 patients with AIDS treated at Hospital Evandro Chagas (FIOCRUZ) from September 1997 to December 1999 with at least one CD4 count <=100 cells/mm³. The incidence of OD was analyzed by Poisson's regression, and survival by Kaplan Meier and Cox analysis, considering a retrospective (before CD4 <=100 cells/mm³) and a prospective (after CD4 <=100 cells/mm³) period, and controlling for demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. The confidence interval estipulated was 95%. Mean follow-up period was 733 days (CI = 683-782). During the study 9 (11.4%) patients died. Survival from AIDS diagnosis was a mean of 2589 days (CI = 2363-2816) and from the date of the CD4 count CD4 <=100 cells/mm³ was a mean of 1376 (CI = 1181-1572) days. Incidence of OD was 0.51 pp/y before CD4 <= 100 cells/mm³ and 0.29 pp/y after CD4 <= 100 cells/mm³. A lower number of ODs before CD4 < 100 cells/mm³ was associated with lower incidence rates after CD4 <= 100 cells/mm³. AIDS diagnosis based on CD4+ counts <= 200 cells/mm³ was associated with lower incidence rates after CD4 <= 100 cells/mm³. Baseline CD4 counts above 50 cells/mm³ (HR = 0.13) and restoration of baseline CD4+ counts above 100 cells/mm³ (HR = 0.16) were associated with a lower risk of death. Controling both variables, only restoration of baseline counts was statistically significant (HR = 0.22, p = 0.04). We found a very low incidence of OD and long survival after CD4 < 100 cells/mm³. Survival was significantly associated with restoration of baseline CD4 counts above 100 cells/mm³.

Genotype distribution of the GB virus C in citizens of São Paulo City, Brazil

There has been several studies worldwide on phylogenetics and genotype distribution of the GB-virus C / Hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV). However, in their great majority, those investigations were based on some epidemiologically linked group, rather than on a representative sampling of the general population. The present is a continuation of the first study in Brazil with such a population; it addresses the GBV-C/HGV phylogenetics and genotype distribution based on samples identified among more than 1,000 individuals of the city of São Paulo. For this purpose, a 728 bp fragment of the 5´non-coding region (5´NCR) of the viral genome, from 24 isolates, was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Genotypes 1, 2a and 2b were found at 8.3% (2/24), 50% (12/24) and 41.7% (10/24), respectively. In conclusion São Paulo displays a genotype distribution similar to the published data for other States and Regions of Brazil, endorsing the notion that types 1 and 2 would have entered the country with African and European people, respectively, since its earliest formation.

Evidence of active herpesvirus 6 (variant-A) infection in patients with lymphadenopathy in Belém, Pará, Brazil

A total of 323 patients with lymphadenopathy were selected in Belém, Brazil, between January 1996 and December 2001, and screened for the presence of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) IgM- and- IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When seroprevalence is analyzed by gender, similar rates are found for female (60.6%) and male (55.7%) individuals. Seventy-seven (23.8%) patients were HHV-6-IgM-and- IgG-positive (IgM+ subgroup), with positivity rates of 29.7% and 17.7% (p = 0.0007) for female- and male individuals, respectively. Sera from a subgroup (n = 120) of these subjects, with high HHV-6 antibody levels (either IgM+ or IgG+ reactivities), were subsequently processed for the presence of HHV-6 DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/nested PCR. Active infections (IgM+ and/or IgG+ high levels specific antibodies plus detection of viral DNA) were diagnosed in 20/77 (20.0%) and 8/43 (18.6%); subgroup of the 120 individuals suspected of having HHV-6 suggestive recent infection. All (n = 28) cases of active infection were found to be associated with HHV-6 variant-A (HHV-6A), as detectable by PCR/nested PCR, using variant-specific primer that amplify regions of 195 base pairs (bp) (HHV-6A) and 423 bp (HHV-6B). Rates of HHV-6 DNA detection between female and male patients were similar (p > 0.05) in the IgM+ and IgG+ groups: 20.4% versus 35.7% and 25.0% versus 13.0%, respectively. HHV-6 DNA was detected across < 5 through 41-50-year age-groups for patients whose serum samples were IgM+, with rates ranging from 7.7% (female subjects aged < 5 years) to 80.0% (male, 11-20 years). Among patients whose serological status was IgG+, HHV-6 DNA was detected in < 5, 6-10, 21-30 and > 50 age-groups at rates that ranged from 15.4% (male, < 5 years of age) to 100.0% (female aged 11-20 years). Swelling cervical lymph nodes were the most common sign, accounting for 9 (32.0%) cases in each gender group. Among patients (n = 28) with active infection by HHV-6A variant, duration of symptoms lasted 1-5 days in 35.7% of subjects, whereas in 64.3% of them the disease lasted 6-20 days. Our data suggest that it is worth seeking for HHV-6 infection whenever a patient (infant or adult) presents with lymphadenopathy as a prominent symptom in the course of an acute febrile illness.

Diagnosis of abdominal angiostrongyliasis by PCR from sera of patients

Abdominal angiostrongyliasis is a zoonotic infection caused by an intra-vascular nematode parasitic of wild rodents, Angiostrongylus costaricensis. No parasitological diagnosis is currently available and immunodiagnosis presents several drawbacks. Primers constructed based on a congeneric species, A. cantonensis, were able to amplify a 232 bp fragment from serum samples of 3 patients with histopathological diagnosis. Extraction was better performed with DNAzol and the specificity of the primers was confirmed by Southern blot. This disease has been diagnosed with frequency in south of Brazil, thus, this method appears like the important and unpublished alternative to improve diagnostic of disease.

Determination of human cytomegalovirus genetic diversity in different patient populations in Costa Rica

Seroprevalence of HCMV in Costa Rica is greater than 95% in adults; primary infections occur early in life and is the most frequent congenital infection in newborns. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic variability and genotypes of HCMV gB gene in Costa Rica. Samples were collected from alcoholics, pregnant women, blood donors, AIDS patients, hematology-oncology (HO) children and HCMV isolates from neonates with cytomegalic inclusion disease. A semi-nested PCR system was used to obtain a product of 293-296 bp of the gB gene to be analyzed by Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing to determine the genetic polymorphic pattern and genotypes, respectively. AIDS patients showed the highest polymorphic diversity with 14 different patterns while fifty-six percent of HO children samples showed the same polymorphic pattern, suggesting in this group a possible nosocomial infection. In neonates three genotypes (gB1, gB2 and gB3), were determined while AIDS patients and blood donors only showed one (gB2). Of all samples analyzed only genotypes gB1, 2 and 3 were determined, genotype gB2 was the most frequent (73%) and mixed infections were not detected. The results of the study indicate that SSCP could be an important tool to detect HCMV intra-hospital infections and suggests a need to include additional study populations to better determine the genotype diversity and prevalence.

A system model and stack for the parallelization of time-critical applications on many-core architectures

3rd Workshop on High-performance and Real-time Embedded Systems (HIRES 2015). 21, Jan, 2015. Amsterdam, Netherlands.

P-SOCRATES: A parallel software framework for time-critical many-core systems

Article in Press, Corrected Proof

Echovirus 4 associated to hand, foot and mouth disease

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious enteroviral infection occurring primarily in children and characterized by vesicular palmoplantar eruptions and erosive stomatitis. Echovirus 4 (EV-4) has been commonly associated with aseptic meningitis. The association of HFMD with EV-4 has not been reported previously. Two samples of a 14-month child who presented mild fever, sores in the mouth, rash with blisters on the palm of hands and soles of feet were sent to Enteric Viruses Laboratory of Adolfo Lutz Institute. Clinical samples were inoculated in three different cell lines, and those which presented cytopathic effect (CPE), were submitted to Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) and "one step" RT-PCR. Agarose gel electrophoresis from RT-PCR product, showed a product with 437 bp, which is characteristic of Enterovirus group. Echovirus 4 was identified by IFA. Although HFMD is a viral infection associated mainly with Enterovirus 71 (HEV-71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), our results demonstrate a diversity of serotype related to HFMD and stress the importance of epidemiological surveillance to this disease and its complications.

Physical Activity, Obesity Status, and Blood Pressure in Preschool Children

Objective To examine the combined effects of physical activity and weight status on blood pressure (BP) in preschool-aged children. Study design The sample included 733 preschool-aged children (49% female). Physical activity was objectively assessed on 7 consecutive days by accelerometry. Children were categorized as sufficiently active if they met the recommendation of at least 60 minutes daily of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Body mass index was used to categorize children as nonoverweight or overweight/obese, according to the International Obesity Task Force benchmarks. BP was measured using an automated BP monitor and categorized as elevated or normal using BP percentile-based cut-points for age, sex, and height. Results The prevalence of elevated systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP was 7.7% and 3.0%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight/obese was 32%, and about 15% of children did not accomplish the recommended 60 minutes of daily MVPA. After controlling for age and sex, overweight/obese children who did not meet the daily MVPA recommendation were 3 times more likely (OR 3.8; CI 1.6-8.6) to have elevated SBP than nonoverweight children who met the daily MVPA recommendation. Conclusions Overweight or obese preschool-aged children with insufficient levels of MVPA are at significantly greater risk for elevated SBP than their non overweight and sufficiently active counterparts. (J Pediatr 2015;167:98-102).

Homograph ambiguity resolution in front-end design for portuguese TTS systems

In this paper, a module for homograph disambiguation in Portuguese Text-to-Speech (TTS) is proposed. This module works with a part-of-speech (POS) parser, used to disambiguate homographs that belong to different parts-of-speech, and a semantic analyzer, used to disambiguate homographs which belong to the same part-of-speech. The proposed algorithms are meant to solve a significant part of homograph ambiguity in European Portuguese (EP) (106 homograph pairs so far). This system is ready to be integrated in a Letter-to-Sound (LTS) converter. The algorithms were trained and tested with different corpora. The obtained experimental results gave rise to 97.8% of accuracy rate. This methodology is also valid for Brazilian Portuguese (BP), since 95 homographs pairs are exactly the same as in EP. A comparison with a probabilistic approach was also done and results were discussed.