Solar radiation estimation using a numerical model

[EN]A solar radiation numerical model is presented. It is intented to be useful for different purposes like the evaluation of the suitability of possible locations for solar power stations. This model allows the user to evaluate the radiation values in any location easily, and estimate the solar power generation taking into account not only the radiation level, but also the terrain surface conditions considering the cast shadows. The solar radiation model is implemented taking into account the terrain surface using 2-D adaptive meshes of triangles, which are constructed using a refinement/derefinement procedure in accordance with the variations of terrain surface and albedo...

A new predictive solar radiation numerical model

[EN]A predictive solar radiation numerical model is presented. Starting from the works of, a solar radiation numerical model is developed considering the terrain surface through 2-D adaptive meshes of triangles which are constructed using a refinement/derefinement procedure in accordance with the variations of terrain surface and albedo. The effect of shadows is considered in each time step. Solar radiation is first computed for clear-sky (CS) conditions and then, real-sky values are computed daily in terms of the CS index computed using all the observational data which are available for each day at several points of the studied zone…

Effects of solar radiation on marine bacterial and phytoplankton heterotrophic activities

Programa de doctorado: Oceanografía (Bienio 2006-2008). Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Departamento de Biología y Institut de Ciéncies del Mar.

Monte Carlo Simulations of Novel Scintillator Detectors and Dosimetry Calculations

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation techniques are becoming very common in the Medical Physicists community. MC can be used for modeling Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and for dosimetry calculations. 188Re, is a promising candidate for radiotherapeutic production and understanding the mechanisms of the radioresponse of tumor cells "in vitro" is of crucial importance as a first step before "in vivo" studies. The dosimetry of 188Re, used to target different lines of cancer cells, has been evaluated by the MC code GEANT4. The simulations estimate the average energy deposition/per event in the biological samples. The development of prototypes for medical imaging, based on LaBr3:Ce scintillation crystals coupled with a position sensitive photomultiplier, have been studied using GEANT4 simulations. Having tested, in the simulation, surface treatments different from the one applied to the crystal used in our experimental measurements, we found out that the Energy Resolution (ER) and the Spatial Resolution (SR) could be improved, in principle, by machining in a different way the lateral surfaces of the crystal. We have then studied a system able to acquire both echographic and scintigraphic images to let the medical operator obtain the complete anatomic and functional information for tumor diagnosis. The scintigraphic part of the detector is simulated by GEANT4 and first attempts to reconstruct tomographic images have been made using as method of reconstruction a back-projection standard algorithm. The proposed camera is based on slant collimators and LaBr3:Ce crystals. Within the Field of View (FOV) of the camera, it possible to distinguish point sources located in air at a distance of about 2 cm from each other. In particular conditions of uptake, tumor depth and dimension, the preliminary results show that the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values obtained are higher than the standard detection limit.

Measurement of top quark pairs production cross-section in the semi-leptonic channel with the ATLAS experiment

This thesis is about three major aspects of the identification of top quarks. First comes the understanding of their production mechanism, their decay channels and how to translate theoretical formulae into programs that can simulate such physical processes using Monte Carlo techniques. In particular, the author has been involved in the introduction of the POWHEG generator in the framework of the ATLAS experiment. POWHEG is now fully used as the benchmark program for the simulation of ttbar pairs production and decay, along with MC@NLO and AcerMC: this will be shown in chapter one. The second chapter illustrates the ATLAS detectors and its sub-units, such as calorimeters and muon chambers. It is very important to evaluate their efficiency in order to fully understand what happens during the passage of radiation through the detector and to use this knowledge in the calculation of final quantities such as the ttbar production cross section. The last part of this thesis concerns the evaluation of this quantity deploying the so-called "golden channel" of ttbar decays, yielding one energetic charged lepton, four particle jets and a relevant quantity of missing transverse energy due to the neutrino. The most important systematic errors arising from the various part of the calculation are studied in detail. Jet energy scale, trigger efficiency, Monte Carlo models, reconstruction algorithms and luminosity measurement are examples of what can contribute to the uncertainty about the cross-section.

Time-of-flight two-photon photoemission spectromicroscopy with femtosecond laser radiation

Time-of-flight photoemission spectromicroscopy was used to measure and compare the two-photon photoemission (2PPE) spectra of Cu and Ag nanoparticles with linear dimensions ranging between 40 nm and several 100 nm, with those of the corresponding homogeneous surfaces. 2PPE was induced employing femtosecond laser radiation from a frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser in the spectral range between 375 nm and 425 nm with a pulse width of 200 fs and a repetition rate of 80 MHz. The use of a pulsed radiation source allowed us to use a high-resolution photoemission electron microscope as imaging time-of-flight spectrometer, and thus to obtain spectroscopic information about the laterally resolved electron signal. Ag nanoparticle films have been deposited on Si(111) by electron-beam evaporation, a technique leading to hemispherically-shaped Ag clusters. Isolated Cu nanoparticles have been generated by prolonged heating of a polycrystalline Cu sample. If compared to the spectra of the corresponding homogeneous surfaces, the Cu and Ag nanoparticle spectra are characterized by a strongly enhanced total 2PPE yield (enhancement factor up to 70), by a shift (about 0.1 eV) of the Fermi level onset towards lower final state energies, by a reduction of the work function (typically by 0.2 eV) and by a much steeper increase of the 2PPE yield towards lower final state energies. The shift of the Fermi level onset in the nanoparticle spectra has been explained by a positive unit charge (localized photohole) residing on the particle during the time-scale relevant for the 2PPE process (few femtoseconds). The total 2PPE yield enhancement and the different overall shape of the spectra have been explained by considering that the laser frequency was close to the localized surface plasmon resonance of the Cu and Ag nanoparticles. The synchronous oscillations induced by the laser in the metal electrons enhance the near-zone (NZ) field, defined as the linear superposition of the laser field and the field produced in the vicinity of the particles by the forced charge oscillations. From the present measurements it is clear that the NZ field behavior is responsible for the 2PPE enhancement and affects the 2PPE spatial and energy distribution and its dynamics. In particular, its strong spatial dependence allows indirect transitions through real intermediate states to take place in the metal clusters. Such transitions are forbidden by momentum conservation arguments and are thus experimentally much less probable on homogeneous surfaces. Further, we investigated specially tailored moon-shaped small metal nanostructures, whose NZ field was theoretically predicted, and compared the calculation with the laterally resolved 2PPE signal. We could show that the 2PPE signal gives a clear fingerprint of the theoretically predicted spatial dependence of the NZ field. This potential of our method is highly attractive in the novel field of plasmonics.

Performance evaluation of detectors for digital radiography

To date the hospital radiological workflow is completing a transition from analog to digital technology. Since the X-rays digital detection technologies have become mature, hospitals are trading on the natural devices turnover to replace the conventional screen film devices with digital ones. The transition process is complex and involves not just the equipment replacement but also new arrangements for image transmission, display (and reporting) and storage. This work is focused on 2D digital detector’s characterization with a concern to specific clinical application; the systems features linked to the image quality are analyzed to assess the clinical performances, the conversion efficiency, and the minimum dose necessary to get an acceptable image. The first section overviews the digital detector technologies focusing on the recent and promising technological developments. The second section contains a description of the characterization methods considered in this thesis categorized in physical, psychophysical and clinical; theory, models and procedures are described as well. The third section contains a set of characterizations performed on new equipments that appears to be some of the most advanced technologies available to date. The fourth section deals with some procedures and schemes employed for quality assurance programs.

Development and performance assessment of a Plasma Focus electron beam generator for Intra-Operative Radiation Therapy

The Plasma Focus is a device designed to generate a plasma sheet between two coaxial electrodes by means of a high voltage difference. The plasma is then driven to collapse into a “pinch”, where thermonuclear conditions prevail. During the “pinch phase” charged particles are emitted, with two main components: an ion beam peaked forward and an electron beam directed backward. The electron beam emitted backward by Plasma Focus devices is being investigated as a radiation source for medical applications, using it to produce x-rays by interaction with appropriate targets (through bremsstrahlung and characteristic emission). A dedicated Plasma Focus device, named PFMA-3 (Plasma Focus for Medical Applications number 3), has been designed, put in operation and tested by the research groups of the Universities of Bologna and Ferrara. The very high dose rate (several gray per discharge, in less than 1 µs) is a peculiarity of this device that has to be investigated, as it might modify the relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Aim of this Ph.D. project was to investigate the main physical properties of the low-energy x-ray beams produced by a Plasma Focus device and their potential medical applications to IORT treatments. It was necessary to develop the optimal geometrical configuration; to evaluate the x-rays produced and their dose deposited; to estimate the energy electron spectrum produced in the “pinch phase”; to study an optimal target for the conversion of the x-rays; to conduct simulations to study the physics involved; and in order to evaluate the radio-biological features of the beam, cell holders had to be developed for both irradiations and cell growth conditions.

Aufbau und Simulation des KAOS-Spektrometers für Koinzidenzmessungen in der assoziierten Kaonproduktion

Mit der Erweiterung des Elektronenbeschleunigers MAMI um eine dritte Stufe ist es möglich geworden, am Institut für Kernphysik Teilchen mit offener Strangeness zu produzieren. Für deren Nachweis ist die Drei-Spektrometeranlage der Kollaboration A1 um das von der GSI in Darmstadt übernommene KAOS-Spektrometer erweitert worden. Untersucht wird damit die elementare Reaktion p(e,e' K+)Lambda/Sigma0 wobei das auslaufende Elektron und das Kaon nachgewiesen werden müssen. Wird als Target nicht Wasserstoff verwendet, besteht die Möglichkeit dass sich ein Hyperkern bildet. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an diesen bieten die Möglichkeit das Potential von Hyperonen in Atomkernen und die Hyperon-Nukleon-Wechselwirkung zu untersuchen. Aufgrund der hervorragenden Strahlqualität bei der Elektroproduktion können hier Massenauflösungen von einigen hundert keV/c² erreicht werden. Mit Hilfe von GEANT4 wurden die Detektoren und die Abbildungseigenschaften des Spektrometers simuliert. Geeignete Ereignisgeneratoren wurden implementiert. Es wurde untersucht, wie mögliche Treffermuster in den Detektoren aussehen, die von einem Trigger auf FPGA-Basis selektiert werden müssen. Ebenso konnte hieraus eine erste Abbildung der Spurkoordinaten auf die Targetkoordinaten und den Teilchenimpuls gewonnen werden. Für das Hyperkernprogramm muss KAOS unter 0° Vorwärtsrichung betrieben werden und der Primärstrahl mit Hilfe einer Schikane durch den Dipol gelenkt werden. Die Simulation zeigt hier eine nur moderate Erhöhung der Strahlenbelastung, vor allem im Bereich des Strahlfängers. Somit ist es möglich, KAOS als doppelseitiges Spektrometer in der Spektrometerhalle zu betreiben. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die für sämtliche Detektoren nötige Auslese- und Steuerungselektronik in das vorhandene Datenerfassungssystem und das Steuerungssystem eingebunden. In zwei Strahlzeiten im Herbst 2008 wurden Kaonen im Winkelbereich von 20°-40° mit Impulsen zwischen 400MeV/c und 600MeV/c nachgewiesen. Die aus der Simulation gewonnenen Daten zum Trigger und zur Abbildung kamen zum Einsatz. Es konnte die für eine gute Teilchenidentifikation nötige Zeitauflösung von ca. 1ns FWHM erreicht werden. Die erreichte Winkel- und Impulsauflösung war ausreichend um Lambda und Sigma0-Hyperonen im Spektrum der fehlenden Masse leicht trennen zu können.

HIF1α regulates Mitochondrial biogenesis and Cellular senescence induced by Gamma Radiation

Cellular response to γ-rays is mediated by ATM-p53 axis. When p53 is phosphorylated, it can transactivate several genes to induce permanent cell cycle arrest (senescence) or apoptosis. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells are more resistant to radiation-induced apoptosis and respond mainly by activating senescence. Hence, tumor cells in a senescent state might remain as “dormant” malignant in fact through disruption of p53 function, cells may overcome growth arrest. Oncocytic features were acquired in the recurring neoplasia after radiation therapy in patient with colonrectal cancer. Oncocytic tumors are characterized by aberrant biogenesis and are mainly non-aggressive neoplasms. Their low proliferation degree can be explained by chronic destabilization of HIF1α, which presides to adaptation to hypoxia and also plays a pivotal role in hypoxia-related radio-resistance. The aim of the present thesis was to verify whether mitochondrial biogenesis can be induced following radiation treatment, in relation of HIF1α status and whether is predictive of a senescence response. In this study was demonstrate that mitochondrial biogenesis parameters like mitochondrial DNA copy number could be used for the prediction of hypoxic status of tissue after radiation treatment. γ-rays induce an increase of mitochondrial mass and function, in response to a genotoxic stress that pushes cells into senescence. Mitochondrial biogenesis is only indirectly regulated by p53, whose activation triggers a MDM2-mediated HIF1α degradation, leading to the release of PGC-1β inhibition by HIF1α. On the other hand, this protein blunts the mitochondrial response to γ-rays as well as the induction of p21-mediated cell senescence, indicating prevalence of the hypoxic over the genotoxic response. Finally in vivo, post-radiotherapy mtDNA copy number increase well correlates with lack of HIF1α increase in the tissue, concluding this may be a useful molecular tool to infer the trigger of a hypoxic response during radiotherapy, which may lead to failure of activation of senescence.

Feasibility study of performing high precision gamma spectroscopy of lambda lambda hypernuclei in the PANDA experiment

Hypernuclear physics is currently attracting renewed interest, due tornthe important role of hypernuclei spectroscopy rn(hyperon-hyperon and hyperon-nucleon interactions) rnas a unique toolrnto describe the baryon-baryon interactions in a unified way and to rnunderstand the origin of their short-range.rnrnHypernuclear research will be one of the main topics addressed by the {sc PANDA} experimentrnat the planned Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research {sc FAIR}.rnThanks to the use of stored $overline{p}$ beams, copiousrnproduction of double $Lambda$ hypernuclei is expected at thern{sc PANDA} experiment, which will enable high precision $gamma$rnspectroscopy of such nuclei for the first time.rnAt {sc PANDA} excited states of $Xi^-$ hypernuclei will be usedrnas a basis for the formation of double $Lambda$ hypernuclei.rnFor their detection, a devoted hypernuclear detector setup is planned. This setup consists ofrna primary nuclear target for the production of $Xi^{-}+overline{Xi}$ pairs, a secondary active targetrnfor the hypernuclei formation and the identification of associated decay products and a germanium array detector to perform $gamma$ spectroscopy.rnrnIn the present work, the feasibility of performing high precision $gamma$rnspectroscopy of double $Lambda$ hypernuclei at the {sc PANDA} experiment has been studiedrnby means of a Monte Carlo simulation. For this issue, the designing and simulation of the devoted detector setup as well as of the mechanism to produce double $Lambda$ hypernuclei have been optimizedrntogether with the performance of the whole system. rnIn addition, the production yields of double hypernuclei in excitedrnparticle stable states have been evaluated within a statistical decay model.rnrnA strategy for the unique assignment of various newly observed $gamma$-transitions rnto specific double hypernuclei has been successfully implemented by combining the predicted energy spectra rnof each target with the measurement of two pion momenta from the subsequent weak decays of a double hypernucleus.rn% Indeed, based on these Monte Carlo simulation, the analysis of the statistical decay of $^{13}_{Lambda{}Lambda}$B has been performed. rn% As result, three $gamma$-transitions associated to the double hypernuclei $^{11}_{Lambda{}Lambda}$Bern% and to the single hyperfragments $^{4}_{Lambda}$H and $^{9}_{Lambda}$Be, have been well identified.rnrnFor the background handling a method based on time measurement has also been implemented.rnHowever, the percentage of tagged events related to the production of $Xi^{-}+overline{Xi}$ pairs, variesrnbetween 20% and 30% of the total number of produced events of this type. As a consequence, further considerations have to be made to increase the tagging efficiency by a factor of 2.rnrnThe contribution of the background reactions to the radiation damage on the germanium detectorsrnhas also been studied within the simulation. Additionally, a test to check the degradation of the energyrnresolution of the germanium detectors in the presence of a magnetic field has also been performed.rnNo significant degradation of the energy resolution or in the electronics was observed. A correlationrnbetween rise time and the pulse shape has been used to correct the measured energy. rnrnBased on the present results, one can say that the performance of $gamma$ spectroscopy of double $Lambda$ hypernuclei at the {sc PANDA} experiment seems feasible.rnA further improvement of the statistics is needed for the background rejection studies. Moreover, a more realistic layout of the hypernuclear detectors has been suggested using the results of these studies to accomplish a better balance between the physical and the technical requirements.rn

Analysis of cone-beam ct dose in image-guided radiation therapy for brain and prostate cancer patients via gpu-based Monte Carlo simulations

La radioterapia guidata da immagini (IGRT), grazie alle ripetute verifiche della posizione del paziente e della localizzazione del volume bersaglio, si è recentemente affermata come nuovo paradigma nella radioterapia, avendo migliorato radicalmente l’accuratezza nella somministrazione di dose a scopo terapeutico. Una promettente tecnica nel campo dell’IGRT è rappresentata dalla tomografia computerizzata a fascio conico (CBCT). La CBCT a kilovoltaggio, consente di fornire un’accurata mappatura tridimensionale dell’anatomia del paziente, in fase di pianificazione del trattamento e a ogni frazione del medisimo. Tuttavia, la dose da imaging attribuibile alle ripetute scansioni è diventata, negli ultimi anni, oggetto di una crescente preoccupazione nel contesto clinico. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di valutare quantitativamente la dose addizionale somministrata da CBCT a kilovoltaggio, con riferimento a tre tipici protocolli di scansione per Varian OnBoard Imaging Systems (OBI, Palo Alto, California). A questo scopo sono state condotte simulazioni con codici Monte Carlo per il calcolo della dose, utilizzando il pacchetto gCTD, sviluppato sull’architettura della scheda grafica. L’utilizzo della GPU per sistemi server di calcolo ha permesso di raggiungere alte efficienze computazionali, accelerando le simulazioni Monte Carlo fino a raggiungere tempi di calcolo di ~1 min per un caso tipico. Inizialmente sono state condotte misure sperimentali di dose su un fantoccio d’acqua. I parametri necessari per la modellazione della sorgente di raggi X nel codice gCTD sono stati ottenuti attraverso un processo di validazione del codice al fine di accordare i valori di dose simulati in acqua con le misure nel fantoccio. Lo studio si concentra su cinquanta pazienti sottoposti a cicli di radioterapia a intensità modulata (IMRT). Venticinque pazienti con tumore al cervello sono utilizzati per studiare la dose nel protocollo standard-dose head e venticinque pazienti con tumore alla prostata sono selezionati per studiare la dose nei protocolli pelvis e pelvis spotlight. La dose media a ogni organo è calcolata. La dose media al 2% dei voxels con i valori più alti di dose è inoltre computata per ogni organo, al fine di caratterizzare l’omogeneità spaziale della distribuzione.

Scripting automation e modelli bayesiani: Applicazioni cliniche in radioterapia e sviluppo di tecniche innovative per adaptive radiation therapy

La presente ricerca consiste nel validare ed automatizzare metodiche di Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART), che hanno come obiettivo la personalizzazione continua del piano di trattamento radioterapico in base alle variazioni anatomiche e dosimetriche del paziente. Tali variazioni (casuali e/o sistematiche) sono identificabili mediante l’utilizzo dell’imaging diagnostico. Il lavoro svolto presso la struttura di Fisica Medica dell’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria del Policlinico di Modena, si inserisce in un progetto del Ministero della Salute del bando Giovani Ricercatori dal titolo: “Dose warping methods for IGRT and ADAPTIVERT: dose accumulation based on organ motion and anatomical variations of the patients during radiation therapy treatments”. Questa metodica si sta affermando sempre più come nuova opportunità di trattamento e, per tale motivo, nasce l’esigenza di studiare e automatizzare processi realizzabili nella pratica clinica, con un utilizzo limitato di risorse. Si sono sviluppati script che hanno permesso l’automazione delle operazioni di Adaptive e deformazioni, raccogliendo i dati di 51 pazienti sottoposti a terapia mediante Tomotherapy. L’analisi delle co-registrazioni deformabili delle strutture e delle dosi distribuite, ha evidenziato criticità del software che hanno reso necessario lo sviluppo di sistemi di controllo dei risultati, per facilitare l’utente nella revisione quotidiana dei casi clinici. La letteratura riporta un numero piuttosto limitato di esperienze sulla validazione e utilizzo su larga scala di questi tools, per tale motivo, si è condotto un esame approfondito della qualità degli algoritmi elastici e la valutazione clinica in collaborazione di fisici medici e medici radioterapisti. Sono inoltre stati sviluppati principi di strutturazione di reti Bayesiane, che consentono di predirre la qualità delle deformazioni in diversi ambiti clinici (H&N, Prostata, Polmoni) e coordinare il lavoro quotidiano dei professionisti, identificando i pazienti, per i quali sono apprezzabili variazioni morfo-dosimetriche significative. Da notare come tale attività venga sviluppata automaticamente durante le ore notturne, sfruttando l’automation come strumento avanzato e indipendente dall’operatore. Infine, il forte sviluppo, negli ultimi anni della biomeccanica applicata al movimento degli organi (dimostrato dalla numerosa letteratura al riguardo), ha avuto come effetto lo sviluppo, la valutazione e l’introduzione di algoritmi di deformazione efficaci. In questa direzione, nel presente lavoro, si sono analizzate quantitivamente le variazioni e gli spostamenti delle parotidi, rispetto all’inizio del trattamento, gettando le basi per una proficua linea di ricerca in ambito radioterapico.