Validation of an Adapted French Form of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in four Francophone Countries

This study presents the validation of a French version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in four Francophone countries. The aim was to re-analyze the item selection and then compare this newly developed French-language form with the international form 2.0. Exploratory factor analysis was used as a tool for item selection, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) verified the structure of the CAAS French-language form. Measurement equivalence across the four countries was tested using multi-group CFA. Adults and adolescents (N=1,707) participated from Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. Items chosen for the final version of the CAAS French-language form are different to those in the CAAS international form 2.0 and provide an improvement in terms of reliability. The factor structure is replicable across country, age, and gender. Strong evidence for metric invariance and partial evidence for scalar invariance of the CAAS French-language form across countries is given. The CAAS French-language and CAAS international form 2.0 can be used in a combined form of 31 items. The CAAS French-language form will certainly be interesting for practitioners using interventions based on the life design paradigm or aiming at increasing career adapt-ability.

Evolution and sedimentology of a channel fill in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River and its comparison to the deposits of an adjacent compound bar

The depositional stratigraphy of within-channel deposits in sandy braided rivers is dominated by a variety of barforms (both singular `unit' bars and complex `compound' bars), as well as the infill of individual channels (herein termed `channel fills'). The deposits of bars and channel fills define the key components of facies models for braided rivers and their within-channel heterogeneity, knowledge of which is important for reservoir characterization. However, few studies have sought to address the question of whether the deposits of bars and channel fills can be readily differentiated from each other. This paper presents the first quantitative study to achieve this aim, using aerial images of an evolving modern sandy braided river and geophysical imaging of its subsurface deposits. Aerial photographs taken between 2000 and 2004 document the abandonment and fill of a 1 3 km long, 80 m wide anabranch channel in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. Upstream river regulation traps the majority of very fine sediment and there is little clay (<1%) in the bed sediments. Channel abandonment was initiated by a series of unit bars that stalled and progressively blocked the anabranch entrance, together with dune deposition and stacking at the anabranch entrance and exit. Complete channel abandonment and subsequent fill of up to 3 m of sediment took approximately two years. Thirteen kilometres of ground-penetrating radar surveys, coupled with 18 cores, were obtained over the channel fill and an adjacent 750 m long, 400 m wide, compound bar, enabling a quantitative analysis of the channel and bar deposits. Results show that, in terms of grain-size trends, facies proportions and scale of deposits, there are only subtle differences between the channel fill and bar deposits which, therefore, renders them indistinguishable. Thus, it may be inappropriate to assign different geometric and sedimentological attributes to channel fill and bar facies in object-based models of sandy braided river alluvial architecture.

Systematic review of evidence and consensus on diverticulitis: an analysis of national and international guidelines.

AIM: The study aimed to analyse the currently available national and international guidelines for areas of consensus and contrasting recommendations in the treatment of diverticulitis and thereby to design questions for future research. METHOD: MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed were systematically searched for guidelines on diverticular disease and diverticulitis. Inclusion was confined to papers in English and those < 10 years old. The included topics were classified as consensus or controversy between guidelines, and the highest level of evidence was scored as sufficient (Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine Level of Evidence of 3a or higher) or insufficient. RESULTS: Six guidelines were included and all topics with recommendations were compared. Overall, in 13 topics consensus was reached and 10 topics were regarded as controversial. In five topics, consensus was reached without sufficient evidence and in three topics there was no evidence and no consensus. Clinical staging, the need for intraluminal imaging, dietary restriction, duration of antibiotic treatment, the protocol for abscess treatment, the need for elective surgery in subgroups of patients, the need for surgery after abscess treatment and the level of the proximal resection margin all lack consensus or evidence. CONCLUSION: Evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of diverticular disease and diverticulitis ranged from nonexistent to strong, regardless of consensus. The most relevant research questions were identified and proposed as topics for future research.

Associated anomalies in multi-malformed infants with cleft lip and palate: An epidemiologic study of nearly 6 million births in 23 EUROCAT registries.

We studied 5,449 cases of cleft lip (CL) with or without cleft palate (CL/P) identified between 1980 and 2000 from the EUROCAT network of 23 registers (nearly 6 million births) in 14 European countries. We investigated specific types of defects associated with clefts. Among CL/P cases (prevalence = 9.1 per 10,000), 1,996 (36.6%) affected only the lip (CL) and 3,453 (63.4%) involved CL and palate (CLP). A total of 3,860 CL/P cases (70.8%) occurred as isolated anomalies and 1,589 (29.2%) were associated with other defects such as multiple congenital anomalies of unknown origin (970), chromosomal (455) and recognized syndromes (164). Associated malformations were more frequent in infants who had CLP (34.0%) than in infants with CL only (20.8%). Among multi-malformed infants, 2 unrelated anomalies were found in 351 cases, 3 in 242 cases, and 4 or more in 377 cases. Among 5,449 CL/P cases, 4,719 were live births (LB) (86.6%), 203 stillbirths (SB) (3.7%), while 508 (9.3%) were terminations of pregnancy (ToP). CL/P occurred significantly more frequently in males (M/F = 1.70), especially among total isolated cases (M/F = 1.87) and CLP isolated cases (M/F = 1.92). The study confirmed that musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and central nervous system defects are frequently associated with CL/P. An association with reduction anomalies of the brain was found. This association suggests that clinicians should seek to identify structural brain anomalies in these patients with CL/P as the potential functional consequences may be important for rehabilitation and clinical management.

First systematic chemical profiling of cocaine police seizures in Finland in the framework of an intelligence-led approach

For the first time in Finland, the chemical profiling of cocaine specimens was performed at the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). The main goals were to determine the chemical composition of cocaine specimens sold in the Finnish market and to study the distribution networks of cocaine in order to provide intelligence related to its trafficking. An analytical methodology enabling through one single GC-MS injection the determination of the added cutting agents (adulterants and diluents), the cocaine purity and the chemical profile (based on the major and minor alkaloids) for each specimen was thus implemented and validated. The methodology was found to be efficient for the discrimination between specimens coming from the same source and specimens coming from different sources. The results highlighted the practical utility of the chemical profiling, especially for supporting the investigation through operational intelligence and improving the knowledge related to the cocaine trafficking through strategic intelligence.

Centrality and investment strategies at the beginning of industrialisation in mid-nineteenth-century Catalonia

We apply social networks analysis to the study of an important database on investment and companies" share in the Catalonia (Spain) of the nineteenth century. In contrast with most of the existing related literature, usually addressing power relationships across administration boards, we focus on the structure of interactions among individual investors and firms. Centrality analysis uncovers interesting roles played by certain economic sectors (e.g. textile and financial). Furthermore, the diverse composition (in terms of economic activity) of communities in the network (subgroups more densely connected internally than with the rest of the network) reveals a high investment diversification, which nicely agrees with a known characteristic of traditional Catalan business strategies.

REGSTATTOOLS: freeware statistical tools for the analysis of disease population databases used in health and social studies

Background: The repertoire of statistical methods dealing with the descriptive analysis of the burden of a disease has been expanded and implemented in statistical software packages during the last years. The purpose of this paper is to present a web-based tool, REGSTATTOOLS http://regstattools.net intended to provide analysis for the burden of cancer, or other group of disease registry data. Three software applications are included in REGSTATTOOLS: SART (analysis of disease"s rates and its time trends), RiskDiff (analysis of percent changes in the rates due to demographic factors and risk of developing or dying from a disease) and WAERS (relative survival analysis). Results: We show a real-data application through the assessment of the burden of tobacco-related cancer incidence in two Spanish regions in the period 1995-2004. Making use of SART we show that lung cancer is the most common cancer among those cancers, with rising trends in incidence among women. We compared 2000-2004 data with that of 1995-1999 to assess percent changes in the number of cases as well as relative survival using RiskDiff and WAERS, respectively. We show that the net change increase in lung cancer cases among women was mainly attributable to an increased risk of developing lung cancer, whereas in men it is attributable to the increase in population size. Among men, lung cancer relative survival was higher in 2000-2004 than in 1995-1999, whereas it was similar among women when these time periods were compared. Conclusions: Unlike other similar applications, REGSTATTOOLS does not require local software installation and it is simple to use, fast and easy to interpret. It is a set of web-based statistical tools intended for automated calculation of population indicators that any professional in health or social sciences may require.

An Evaluation of the Paper Profile - a comparative assessment of the applicability of an emerging environmental communication tool in pulp and paper industry

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli arvioida uutta sellu-, paperi- ja kartonkiteollisuuden Paper Profile -ympäristötuoteselostetta. Paper Profilen tarkoituksena on tarjota paperiteollisuuden asiakkaille ja muille kiinnostuneilla sidosryhmille yhtenäistä ympäristöinformaatiota koskien paperituotteiden koostumusta ja tuotteiden tärkeimpiä ympäristöparametrejä. Työn tärkein tavoite oli arvioida kriittisesti Paper Profilea ja verrata konseptia ISO:n, Kansainvälisen stardardisoimisliiton tuoteselosteeseen sekä löytää konseptien yhtäläisyydet ja erot. Tärkein tehtävä oli tunnistaa ne avaintekijät, joiden avulla Paper Profile -tuoteselostetta voitaisiin pitää yhtenevänä ISO/TR 14025 teknisen raportin kanssa. Lisäksi Paper Profile -tuoteselosteen mahdolliset kehittämistarpeet arvioitiin ISO-tuoteselosteen näkökulmasta. Työn toinen tavoite oli kerätä ja analysoida uuteen tuoteselosteeseen liittyvä asiakaspalaute ja verrata sitä Stora Enson tehtaiden ympäristöpäälliköiden antamiin Paper Profilea koskeviin kommentteihin. Työn tuloksena huomattiin, että Paper Profile -konsepti sellaisenaan ei ole kovin informatiivinen vaan tuoteseloste jättää monia ympäristökysymyksiä avoimeksi. Siitä huolimatta Paper Profile tarjoaa riittävän taustan eri paperituotteiden ympäristökuormitusten keskinäiselle vertailuille. Konseptin viestinnällinen näkökulma paranisi huomattavasti, jos tuoteselosteeseen lisättäisiin kolmannen osapuolen verifiointi. Lisäksi referenssiarvot kertoisivat asiakkaille paremmin esitettyjen parametrien taustoista. Stora Enson tehtaiden ympäristöpäälliköiden, samoin kuin asiakkaidenkin mielestä Paper Profile on yleisesti ottaen potentiaalinen ympäristöviestinnän työkalu, mutta silti konseptiin ehdotettiin joitakin pieniä muutoksia. Avoinna olevat metsäsertifiointikysymykset ja niiden puutteellinen tiedottaminen tuoteselosteessa puhututtivat sekä tehtaiden henkilöstöä että yritysasiakkaita.

Mapping the diagnosis axis of an interface terminology to the NANDA International Taxonomy

Background: Nursing terminologies are designed to support nursing practice but, as with any other clinical tool, they should be evaluated. Cross-mapping is a formal method for examining the validity of the existing controlled vocabularies. Objectives: The study aims to assess the inclusiveness and expressiveness of the nursing diagnosis axis of a newly implemented interface terminology by cross-mapping with the NANDA-I taxonomy. Design/Methods: The study applied a descriptive design, using a cross-sectional, bidirectional mapping strategy. The sample included 728 concepts from both vocabularies. Concept cross-mapping was carried out to identify one-to-one, negative, and hierarchical connections. The analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics. Results: Agreement of the raters" mapping achieved 97%. More than 60% of the nursing diagnosis concepts in the NANDA-I taxonomy were mapped to concepts in the diagnosis axis of the new interface terminology; 71.1% were reversely mapped. Conclusions: Main results for outcome measures suggest that the diagnosis axis of this interface terminology meets the validity criterion of cross-mapping when mapped from and to the NANDA-I taxonomy.

Partnering in the International Marketplace: The Role of Culture for Trust Development in Multicultural Partnerships

Tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli kasvattaa tietämystä kultuurin vaikutuksesta luottamuksen rakentamiseen monikulttuurisissa partnerisuhteissa. Kulttuurin oletettiin aiheuttavan hankaluuksia pitkäaikaisen suhteen luomisessa, etenkin luottamuksen ollessa kyseessä, sillä kulttuurit ja tavat olivat erilaisia toimittajan ja asiakkaan päässä. Tutkimus käsitteli johtajan nakökulmaa: mikä oli johtajien mielestä kriittistä luottamuksen ja yhteistyön onnistumiselle. Empiirinen osa suoritettiin UPM-Kymmenellä ja sen kolme partneria valittiin case-esimerkeiksi. Tutkimus keskittyi ostaja-myyjä –suhteeseen. Materiaali kerättiin case-asiakkaista vastuussa olevia myyntijohtajia haastattelemalla. Tulos oli, että johtajille tärkeintä yhteistyössä olivat samanlaiset organisaatiokulttuurit sekä normit. Kansallisella kulttuurilla oli merkittävä vaikutus suhteen alussa sekä liikeasioiden mennessä huonosti. Luottamuksen havaitseminen eri kultuurien välillä todettiin vaikeaksi. Eri arvot, viestintätyylit, jopa kieli joissain tapauksissa vaikeuttivat luottamuksen rakentamista. Luottamus oli erilaista maasta riippuen, sen tyyli ja määrä vaihteli.

Profit repatriation of a Polish subsidiary from tax planning point of view of an international corporation

The main purpose of this study was to examine and compare the possibilities of profit repatriation from the point of view of tax planning of an international corporation, in such a case that a Finnish parent company has a subsidiary in Poland. The main research problem was divided into two sub research problems: 1) to examine concepts and principles of international taxation and tax planning from the point of view of international corporations and 2) to discuss the main features of Polish Companies-, Accounting- and Tax Act from the point of view a Finnish parent company. The research method of this study is mainly decision making, comparative analysis. In this study have been discussed the possibilities of international profit repatriation for supporting the decision making of the management of a Finnish parent company. In addition different repatriation possibilities have been compared. In this study has been noticed that a Finnish parent company can repatriate profit of its Polish subsidiary either directly as dividends or by using indirect methods such as interests, royalties, management fees and transfer pricing of goods. The total tax burden of dividends is heavier than the tax burden of indirect methods. It was also concluded that during the last years the Polish legislation has been renewed in order to prevent hidden dividend distribution. This has been done by implementing new rules of transfer pricing and thin capitalization.

Role of an LRR receptor-like kinase in the establishment of a functional root endodermal barrier

The endodermis is a highly conserved cell layer present in the root of all vascular plants, except Lycophytes. This tissue layer establishes a protective diffusion barrier surrounding the vasculature and is expected to prevent passive, uncontrolled flow of nutrients through the root. This barrier property is achieved by the production of Casparian strips (CS), a localized cell wall impregnation of lignin in the anticlinal walls of each endodermal cell, forming a belt-like structure sealing the extracellular space. The CS act as a selective barrier between the external cell layers and the vascular cylinder and are thought to be important in many aspects of root function. For instance, selective nutrient uptake and sequestration from the soil, resistance to different abiotic and biotic stresses are expected to involve functional CS. Although discovered 150 years ago, nothing was known about the genes involved in CS establishment until recently. The use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana together with both reverse and forward genetic approaches led to the discovery of an increasing number of genes involved in different steps of CS formation during the last few years. One of these genes encodes SCHENGEN3 (SGN3), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK). SGN3 was discovered first by reverse genetic due to its endodermis-enriched expression, and the corresponding mutant displays strong endodermal permeability of the apoplastic tracer Propidium Iodide (PI) indicative of defective CS. One aim of this thesis is to study the role of SGN3 at the molecular level in order to understand its involvement in establishing an impermeable CS. The endodermal permeability of sgn3 is shown to be the result of incorrect localization of key proteins involved in CS establishment (the "Casparian strip domain proteins", CASPs), leading to non-functional CS interrupted by discontinuities. CASPs localize in the plasma membrane domain subjacent to the CS, named the Casparian Strip membrane Domain (CSD). The CSD discontinuities in sgn3 together with SGN3 localization in close proximity to the CASPs lead to the assumption that SGN3 is involved in the formation of a continuous CSD. In addition, SGN3 might have a second role, acting as a kinase reporting CSD integrity leading to lignin and suberin production in CSD/CS defective plants. Up to now, sgn3 is the strongest and most specific CS mutant available, displaying tracer penetration along the whole length of the seedling root. For this reason, this mutant is well suited in order to characterize the physiological behaviour of CS affected plants. Due to the lack of such mutants in the past, it was not possible to test the presumed functions of CS by using plants lacking this structure. We decided to use sgn3 for this purpose. Surprisingly, sgn3 overall growth is only slightly affected. Nevertheless, processes expected to rely on functional CS, such as water transport through the root, nutrient homeostasis, salt tolerance and resistance to an excess of some nutrients are altered in this mutant. On the other hand, homeostasis for most elements and drought tolerance are not affected in sgn3. It is surprising to observe that homeostatic defects are specific, with a decrease in potassium and an increase in magnesium levels. It indicates a backup system, set up by the plant in order to counteract free diffusion of nutrients into the stele. For instance, potassium shortage in sgn3 upregulates the transcription of potassium influx transport proteins and genes known to be induced by potassium starvation. Moreover, sgn3 mutant is hypersensitive to low potassium conditions. Hopefully, these results about SGN3 will help our understanding of CS establishment at the molecular level. In addition, physiological experiments using sgn3 should give us a framework for future experiments and help us to understand the different roles of CS and their involvement during nutrient radial transport through the root. -- L'endoderme est un tissu présent dans les racines de toutes les plantes vasculaires à l'exception des Lycophytes. Ce tissu établit une barrière protectrice entourant les tissus vasculaires dans le but d'éviter la diffusion passive et incontrôlée des nutriments au travers de la racine. Cette propriété de barrière provient de la production des cadres de Caspary, une imprégnation localisée de lignine des parties anticlinales de la paroi de chaque cellule d'endoderme. Cela donne naissance à un anneau/cadre qui rend étanche l'espace extracellulaire. Les cadres de Caspary agissent comme une barrière sélective entre les couches externes de la racine et le cylindre central et sont supposés être importants dans beaucoup d'aspects du fonctionnement de la racine. Par exemple, l'absorption sélective de nutriments et leur séquestration à partir du sol ainsi que la résistance contre différents stress abiotiques et biotiques sont supposés impliquer des cadres de Caspary fonctionnels. Bien que découverts il y a 150 ans, rien n'était connu concernant les gènes impliqués dans Ja formation des cadres de Caspary jusqu'à récemment. Durant ces dernière années, l'utilisation de la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana ainsi que des approches de génétique inverse et classique ont permis la découverte d'un nombre croissant de gènes impliqués à différentes étapes de la formation de cette structure. Un des ces gènes code pour SCHENGEN3 (SGN3), un récepteur kinase "leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase" (LRR-RLK). SGN3 a été découvert en premier par génétique inverse grâce à son expression enrichie dans l'endoderme. Les cadres de Caspary ne sont pas fonctionnels dans le mutant correspondant, ce qui est visible à cause de la perméabilité de l'endoderme au traceur apoplastique Propidium Iodide (PI). Un des objectifs de cette thèse est d'étudier la fonction de SGN3 au niveau moléculaire dans le but de comprendre son rôle dans la formation des cadres de Caspary. J'ai pu démontrer que la perméabilité de l'endoderme du mutant sgn3 est le résultat de la localisation incorrecte de protéines impliquées dans la formation des cadres de Caspary, les "Casparian strip domain proteins" (CASPs). Cela induit des cadres de Caspary non fonctionnels, contenant de nombreuses interruptions. Les CASPs sont localisés à la membrane plasmique dans un domaine sous-jacent les cadres de Caspary appelé Casparian Strip membrane Domain (CSD). Les interruptions du CSD dans le mutant sgn3, ainsi que la localisation de SGN3 à proximité des CASPs nous font penser à un rôle de SGN3 dans l'élaboration d'un CSD ininterrompu. De plus, SGN3 pourrait avoir un second rôle, agissant en tant que kinase reportant l'intégrité du CSD et induisant la production de lignine et de subérine dans des plantes contenant des cadres de Caspary non fonctionnels. Jusqu'à ce jour, sgn3 est le mutant en notre possession le plus fort et le plus spécifique, ayant un endoderme perméable tout le long de la racine. Pour cette raison, ce mutant est adéquat dans le but de caractériser la physiologie de plantes ayant des cadres de Caspary affectés. De manière surprenante, la croissance de sgn3 est seulement peu affectée. Néanmoins, des processus censés nécessiter des cadres de Caspary fonctionnels, comme le transport de l'eau au travers de la racine, l'homéostasie des nutriments, la tolérance au sel et la résistance à l'excès de certains nutriments sont altérés dans ce mutant. Malgré tout, l'homéostasie de la plupart des nutriments ainsi que la résistance au stress hydrique ne sont pas affectés dans sgn3. De manière surprenante, les altérations de l'ionome de sgn3 sont spécifiques, avec une diminution de potassium et un excès de magnésium. Cela implique un système de compensation établi par la plante dans le but d'éviter la diffusion passive des nutriments en direction du cylindre central. Par exemple, le manque de potassium dans sgn3 augmente la transcription de transporteurs permettant l'absorption de cet élément. De plus, des gènes connus pour être induits en cas de carence en potassium sont surexprimés dans sgn3 et la croissance de ce mutant est sévèrement affectée dans un substrat pauvre en potassium. Ces résultats concernant SGN3 vont, espérons-le, aider à la compréhension du processus de formation des cadres de Caspary au niveau moléculaire. De plus, les expériences de physiologie utilisant sgn3 présentées dans cette thèse devraient nous donner une base pour des expériences futures et nous permettre de comprendre mieux le rôle des cadres de Caspary, et plus particulièrement leur implication dans le transport radial des nutriments au travers de la racine. -- Les plantes terrestres sont des organismes puisant l'eau et les nutriments dont elles ont besoin pour leur croissance dans le sol grâce à leurs racines. De par leur immobilité, elles doivent s'adapter à des sols contenant des quantités variables de nutriments et il leur est crucial de sélectionner ce dont elles ont besoin afin de ne pas s'intoxiquer. Cette sélection est faite grâce à un filtre formé d'un tissu racinaire interne appelé endoderme. L'endoderme fabrique une barrière imperméable entourant chaque cellule appelée "cadre de Caspary". Ces cadres de Caspary empêchent le libre passage des nutriments, permettant un contrôle précis de leur passage. De plus, ils sont censés permettre de résister contre différents stress environnementaux comme la sécheresse, la salinité du sol ou l'excès de nutriments. Bien que découverts il y a 150 ans, rien n'était connu concernant les gènes impliqués dans la formation des cadres de Caspary jusqu'à récemment. Durant ces dernière années, l'utilisation de la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana a permis la découverte d'un nombre croissant de gènes impliqués à différentes étapes de la formation de cette structure. Un de ces gènes code pour SCHENGEN3 (SGN3), un récepteur kinase "leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase" (LRR- RLK). Nous montrons dans cette étude que le gène SGN3 est impliqué dans la formation des cadres de Caspary, et que le mutant correspondant sgn3 a des cadres de Caspary interrompus. Ces interruptions rendent l'endoderme perméable, l'empêchant de bloquer le passage des molécules depuis le sol vers le centre de la racine. En utilisant ce mutant, nous avons pu caractériser la physiologie de plantes ayant des cadres de Caspary affectés. Cela a permis de découvrir que le transport de l'eau au travers de la racine était affecté dans le mutant sgn3. De plus, l'accumulation de certains éléments dans les feuilles de ce mutant est altérée. Nous avons également pu montrer une sensibilité de ce mutant à un excès de sel ou de certains nutriments comme le fer et le manganèse.

Reliability and validity of nonverbal thin slices in social interactions

Four studies investigated the reliability and validity of thin slices of nonverbal behavior from social interactions including (1) how well individual slices of a given behavior predict other slices in the same interaction; (2) how well a slice of a given behavior represents the entirety of that behavior within an interaction; (3) how long a slice is necessary to sufficiently represent the entirety of a behavior within an interaction; (4) which slices best capture the entirety of behavior, across different behaviors; and (5) which behaviors (of six measured behaviors) are best captured by slices. Notable findings included strong reliability and validity for thin slices of gaze and nods, and that a 1.5 min slice from the start of an interaction may adequately represent some behaviors. Results provide useful information to researchers making decisions about slice measurement of behavior.

Nonverbal social sensing in action: Unobtrusive recording and extracting of nonverbal behavior in social interactions illustrated with a research example

Nonverbal behavior coding is typically conducted by "hand". To remedy this time and resource intensive undertaking, we illustrate how nonverbal social sensing, defined as the automated recording and extracting of nonverbal behavior via ubiquitous social sensing platforms, can be achieved. More precisely, we show how and what kind of nonverbal cues can be extracted and to what extent automated extracted nonverbal cues can be validly obtained with an illustrative research example. In a job interview, the applicant's vocal and visual nonverbal immediacy behavior was automatically sensed and extracted. Results show that the applicant's nonverbal behavior can be validly extracted. Moreover, both visual and vocal applicant nonverbal behavior predict recruiter hiring decision, which is in line with previous findings on manually coded applicant nonverbal behavior. Finally, applicant average turn duration, tempo variation, and gazing best predict recruiter hiring decision. Results and implications of such a nonverbal social sensing for future research are discussed.

The impact of an enhanced recovery pathway on nursing workload: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The importance of nursing for surgical patients has been frequently underestimated. The success of enhanced recovery programs after surgery (ERAS) depends on preferably complete fulfilment of the protocol and nurses are an important part of it. Due to the additional nursing action required, such protocols are suspected to increase the nursing workload. The aim of the present study was to observe and measure objectively nursing workload before, during and after systematic implementation of a comprehensive enhanced recovery pathway in colorectal surgery. METHODS: The program ERAS was introduced systematically in our tertiary academic centre 2011, since then our experience is based on more than 1500 ERAS patients. Nursing workload was prospectively assessed for all patients on a routine basis by means of a standardized and validated point system (PRN). In a retrospective cohort study, we compared nursing workload based on prospective data before, during and after ERAS implementation and correlated nursing workload to the compliance with the ERAS protocol. RESULTS: The study cohort included 50 patients before ERAS implementation (2010) and 69 (2011) and 148 (2012) consecutive patients after implementation; the baseline characteristics of the 3 groups were similar. Mean PRN values were 61.2 ± 19.7 per day in 2010 and decreased to 52.3 ± 13.7 (P = 0.005) and 51.6 ± 18.6 (P < 0.002) in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Increasing compliance with the ERAS protocol was significantly correlated to decreasing nursing workload (ρ = -0.42; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Nursing workload is - against a common belief - decreased by systematic implementation of enhance recovery protocol. The higher the compliance with the pathway, the lower the burden for the nurses!