Leslie Martin, Colin St. John Wilson y James Stirling : revisión de la modernidad en la arquitectura británica = Leslie Martin, Colin St. John Wilson and James Stirling : review of modernity in British architecture

La búsqueda de nuevas formas de modernidad se convirtió en la cuestión principal de la obras desarrolladas por Leslie Martin, Colin St. John Wilson y James Stirling entre los años 1955 y 1970. Enmarcadas dentro de la sensibilidad surgida en la posguerra británica, su profundo sentido crítico supone una renovada interpretación de alguno fundamentos del Movimiento Moderno así como la reflexión sobre la modificación y el uso de formas que tienen sus raíces en la tradición cultural. Esta investigación se estructura en cuatro temas ampliamente debatidos y que han articulado parte de la revisión moderna a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XX: » la abstracción y el realismo » la revisión de la idea funcionalista » la reconsideración de los arquetipos formales » la relación entre forma y contexto urbano se muestran como base crítica para las obras seleccionadas. La tendencia hacia el realismo surgió como respuesta a la voluntad de universalidad (y objetividad) que representó el lenguaje abstracto, del mismo modo que la revisión de la idea funcionalista pretendió superar la consideración de la obra arquitectónica como producto racional de su función y tecnología. La reconsideración de los arquetipos de la tradición, a su vez, muestra una preocupación por el significado de las formas culturales del pasado, una cuestión igualmente decisiva en la renovada atención a la estructura de la ciudad hist��rica. Estos temas evidencian un interés por ampliar la arquitectura moderna sin que el reconocimiento de las formas del pasado suponga un distanciamiento respecto al futuro. La idea de revisión, asimismo, se convierte en estrategia a la hora de encontrar nuevas respuestas. Si algunos de los principios del Movimiento Moderno surgen como reacción al clasicismo Beaux Arts que le precedió, las propuestas analizadas muestran la validez operativa de este enfoque para crear obras de una intensa modernidad. Su interés, por lo tanto, no solo radica en su consideración como objetos de estudio que amplían nuestro conocimiento de un período determinado, sino como tradición reciente que sirve de base crítica para la práctica actual. ABSTRACT The search of new forms of modernity became the main theme of the works developed by Leslie Martin, Colin St. John Wilson and James Stirling between 1955 and 1970. Belonging to the sensitivity emerged in postwar Britain, their deep critical sense encourages a renewed interpretation of some principles of Modern Movement and a reflection about the modification or the use of forms that are rooted in cultural tradition. This research is divided into four themes widely discussed and which has articulated part of modern review along the second half of the twentieth century: » Abstraction and realism » Review of Functionalism » The reconsideration of the formal archetypes » The relationship between form and urban context are shown as critical base for the selected works. The trend toward realism arose in response to the will of universality (and objectivity) that represented the abstract language, just as the review of Functionalism aimed to overcome the consideration of architecture's work as rational product of its function and technology. The reconsideration of traditional archetypes, in turn, shows a concern for the meaning of the cultural forms, a matter equally decisive in the renewed attention to the structure of the historical city. These themes evidence an interest to extend modern architecture, without thereby the recognition of the past forms imply a distancing regarding the future. The idea of review also becomes strategy in finding new answers. If some principles of the Modern Movement arose in reaction to Beaux-Arts classicism which preceded it, the analyzed proposals show the operational validity of this approach to create works of a strong modernity. Their interest, therefore, lies not only in its consideration as study cases that broaden our knowledge of a certain period, but as a recent tradition which serves as a critic basis for the current practice.

“O CRISTO AFOGADO: UMA NÃO-CRISTOLOGIA” RELIGIÃO, LITERATURA E PÓS-COLONIALISMO

O objetivo dessa tese é aprofundar, a partir do discurso pós-colonial, uma crise na perspectiva teológica da libertação. Esta promoveu, na década de 1970, uma reviravolta nos estudos teológicos no terceiro mundo. Para tanto, leremos um conto de Gabriel García Márquez chamado “El ahogado más hermosodel mundo” (1968) analizando e avaliando as estratégias políticas e culturais ali inscritas. Para levar a frente tal avaliação é preciso ampliar o escopo de uma visão que divide o mundo em secular/religioso, ou em ideias/práticas religiosas e não religiosas, para dar passo a uma visão unificada que compreende a mundanalidade, tanto do que é catalogado como ‘religioso’ quanto do que se pretende ‘não religioso’. A teologia/ciências da religião, como discurso científico sobre a economia das trocas que lidam com visões, compreensões e práticas de mundo marcadas pelo reconhecimento do mist��rio que lhes é inerente, possuem um papel fundamental na compreensão, explicitação, articulação e disponibilização de tais forças culturais. A percepção de existirem elementos no conto que se relacionam com os símbolos sobre Jesus/Cristo nos ofereceu um vetor de análise; entretanto, não nos deixamos limitar pelos grilhões disciplinares que essa simbologia implica. Ao mesmo tempo, esse vínculo, compreendido desde a relação imperial/colonial inerente aos discursos e imagens sobre Jesus-Cristo, embora sem centralizar a análise, não poderia ficar intocado. Partimos para a construção de uma estrutura teórica que explicitasse os valores, gestos, e horizontes mundanos do conto, cristológicos e não-cristológicos, contribuindo assim para uma desestabilização dos quadros tradicionais a partir dos quais se concebem a teologia e as ciências da religião, a obra de García Márquez como literatura, e a geografia imperial/colonial que postula o realismo ficcional de territórios como “América Latina”. Abrimos, assim, um espaço de significação que lê o conto como uma “não-cristologia”, deslocando o aprisionamento disciplinar e classificatório dos elementos envolvidos na análise. O discurso crítico de Edward Said, Homi Bhabha e GayatriSpivak soma-se à prática teórica de teólogas críticas feministas da Ásia, da África e da América Latina para formular o cenário político emancipatório que denominaremos teologia crítica secular.

St. Louis, Missouri and vicinity, 1903 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic, topographic paper map entitled: Saint Louis quadrangle, Missouri - Illinois, [by the] Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey; H. M. Wilson, geographer; topography by Chas. E. Cooke, Wm. O. Tufts, Gilbert Young and City of St. Louis; control by U.S.C. and G.S. and Geo. T. Hawkins. Ed. of Apr. 1904, reprinted 1932. Surveyed 1903. It was published by U.S.G.S. Scale 1:62,500. Covers City of Saint Louis, and portions of Saint Louis County, Missouri, and Saint Clair and Madison Counties, Illinois. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Missouri East State Plane Coordinate System NAD27 (in Feet) (Fipszone 2401). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This is a typical topographic map portraying both natural and manmade features. It shows and names works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. It also identify the principal works of humans, such as roads, railroads, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 20 feet and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

St. Louis, Missouri, 1903 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic topographic paper map entitled: City of Saint Louis, U.S. Geological Survey ; H.M. Wilson, geographer ; Chas. E. Cooke, topographer in charge ; topography by the City of St. Louis and Chas. E. Cooke ; Mississippi River by U.S. Army Engineers ; control by City of St. Louis. It was published by the Geological Survey in 1904. Surveyed 1903. Scale 1:24,000. Covers Saint Louis, Missouri and portions of East Saint Louis and Stites, Illinois. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Missouri East State Plane Coordinate System NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 2401). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This is a typical topographic map portraying both natural and manmade features. It shows and names works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. It also identify the principal works of humans, such as roads, railroads, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 20 feet. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Siyar al-mutaʼakhkhirīn: tārīkh-i mamlakat-i Hind az ibtidā-yi sanah-i 1118 h. tā 1194 h. mutābiq-i 1782 m. mubtanī bar aḥvāl-i salṭanat-i haft salāṭīn-i mutaʼakhkhirīn-i Hindūst��n ʻumūman (...)

taṣnīf-i Nawwāb Sayyid Ghulām Ḥusayn Khān Ṭabāṭabāʼī ; bi-ihtimām-i ʻAbd al-Maj��d.

The works of Matthew Arnold.

"This edition consists of seven hundred and seventy-five copies."

The American Print Works vs. Cornelius W. Lawrence.

"Action [was] brought...to recover damages for the destruction of goods contained in two stores...in the city of New York. These buildings were destroyed on the morning of December 17, 1835, by gunpowder exploded therein by order of Cornelius W. Lawrence, then mayor of the city of New York, for the purpose of stopping the great conflagration then raging in that city.

Catalogue of the furniture and works of art in the Connecticut state building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, including a sketch of early Connecticut colonial history. Saint Louis, 1904.

Mode of access: Internet.

The complete works of Gustave Flaubert : embracing romances, travels, comedies, sketches and correspondence /

"Of the Brunetiere edition of the Works of Gustave Flaubert 999 sets have been printed, this set being no. 401."

Histoire générale des voyages, ou, Nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à présent dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues : ce qui'il y a de plus remarquable, de plus utile et de mieux averé dans les pays ou les voyageurs ont penetré, avec les moeurs des habitans, la religion, les usages, arts, sciences, commerce, manufactures, &c, pour former un syst��me complet d'histoire & de géographie moderne, qui représente l'état actuel de toutes les nations : enrichi de cartes géographiques et de figures; Tome cinquième

Contiene: Lettre de M. Bellin, ingenieur de la Marine, a M. l'abbé Prevost. - Premiere partie, Livre quatriéme, Premiers voyages des anglois aux Indes Orientales, entrepris par une compagnie de marchands. - [ Se incluyen los viajes de los ingleses: Sir Henri Middleton 1610-1612, Dounton 1610-1615, Hippon 1611-12, Floris 1611-15, Castleton 1612-14, Saris 1611-1614].

Histoire générale des voyages, ou, Nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à présent dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues : ce qui'il y a de plus remarquable, de plus utile et de mieux averé dans les pays ou les voyageurs ont penetré, avec les moeurs des habitans, la religion, les usages, arts, sciences, commerce, manufactures, &c, pour former un syst��me complet d'histoire & de géographie moderne, qui représente l'état actuel de toutes les nations : enrichi de cartes géographiques et de figures; Tome septiéme.

Contiene: Premiere partie, Livre cinquiéme, Voyages en différentes parties de l'Afrique & dans les isles adjacentes, avec la description des pays & des habitants. - Premiere partie, Livre sixiéme, Voyages au long de la cote occidentale d'Afrique, depuis le Cap Blanco jusqu'à Sierra Leona, contenant la description de plusieus pays & de leurs habitants. [Incluye los relatos de: Roberts en 1721-24 a Cabo Verde, Jannequin en 1637 a Libya, Senegal y rio Niger y Brue en 1697 a la costa occidental de Africa]

Histoire générale des voyages, ou, Nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à présent dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues : ce qui'il y a de plus remarquable, de plus utile et de mieux averé dans les pays ou les voyageurs ont penetré, avec les moeurs des habitans, la religion, les usages, arts, sciences, commerce, manufactures, &c, pour former un syst��me complet d'histoire & de géographie moderne, qui représente l'état actuel de toutes les nations : enrichi de cartes géographiques et de figures; Tome huitiéme.

Premiere partie, Livre sixiéme, Voyages au long de la cote occidentale d'Afrique, depuis le Cap Blanco jusqu'à Sierra Leona, contenant la description de plusieus pays & de leurs habitants. - Table des chapitres & paragraphes contenus dans [volumes V, VI, VII, VIII]. - Avis au relier, pour placer les cartes géographiques... les figures. - [Viajes de Brue desde 1697 a 1715].

Histoire générale des voyages, ou, Nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à présent dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues : ce qui'il y a de plus remarquable, de plus utile et de mieux averé dans les pays ou les voyageurs ont penetré, avec les moeurs des habitans, la religion, les usages, arts, sciences, commerce, manufactures, &c, pour former un syst��me complet d'histoire & de géographie moderne, qui représente l'état actuel de toutes les nations : enrichi de cartes géographiques et de figures; Tome onziéme.

Premiere partie, Livre hutiéme, Voyages en Guinée, à Penin, & sur toute la cote, depuis Sierra Léona jusqu'au Cap de Lope-Consalvo. - [Se incluyen los viajes de Villault en 1666-67, Phillips en 1693-94, Loyer en 1701-3 (pasa por Canarias), Atkins en 1721-23, Des-Marchais 1724-25].