959 resultados para Newton Principia fondamenti meccanica classica
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2002
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2003
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2004
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2005
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2005
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2005
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2008
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2008
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2009
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e testar um protocolo de PCR específico para a amplificação de espécies de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio do gênero Paenibacillus, utilizando-se a estratégia de clonagem e sequenciamento do gene nifH. .
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A biotecnologia moderna está gerando um grande número de genes passíveis de serem utilizados para a melhoria genética do milho, e as técnicas de transformação genética de plantas poderão ser empregadas para alterar a funcionalidade in vivo destes genes via complementação, superexpressão ou silenciamento. Progressos expressivos foram conseguidos no desenvolvimento da tecnologia de transformação genética de milho na última década. A transformação genética do milho, considerada por algum tempo problemática, tornou-se, atualmente, um procedimento de rotina para vários genótipos na maioria dos laboratórios públicos e privados trabalhando com esta cultura. Nesta Circular Técnica, serão abordados aspectos da produção e utilização em campo do milho Bt, englobando desde as pesquisas iniciais para o isolamento e caracterização dos genes cry, sua transferência para cultivares de milho via biobalística ou Agrobacterium, sua integração em programas de melhoramento clássico assistido por marcadores moleculares e utilização destas novas cultivares em campo.
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The aim of this thesis was to explore the design of interactive computer learning environments. The particular learning domain selected was Newtonian dynamics. Newtonian dynamics was chosen because it is an important area of physics with which many students have difficulty and because controlling Newtonian motion takes advantage of the computer's graphics and interactive capabilities. The learning environment involved games which simulated the motion of a spaceship on a display screen. The purpose of the games was to focus the students' attention on various aspects of the implications of Newton's laws.
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This thesis investigates what knowledge is necessary to solve mechanics problems. A program NEWTON is described which understands and solves problems in mechanics mini-world of objects moving on surfaces. Facts and equations such as those given in mechanics text need to be represented. However, this is far from sufficient to solve problems. Human problem solvers rely on "common sense" and "qualitative" knowledge which the physics text tacitly assumes to be present. A mechanics problem solver must embody such knowledge. Quantitative knowledge given by equations and more qualitative common sense knowledge are the major research points exposited in this thesis. The major issue in solving problems is planning. Planning involves tentatively outlining a possible path to the solution without actually solving the problem. Such a plan needs to be constructed and debugged in the process of solving the problem. Envisionment, or qualitative simulation of the event, plays a central role in this planning process.
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This paper addresses the problem of efficiently computing the motor torques required to drive a lower-pair kinematic chain (e.g., a typical manipulator arm in free motion, or a mechanical leg in the swing phase) given the desired trajectory; i.e., the Inverse Dynamics problem. It investigates the high degree of parallelism inherent in the computations, and presents two "mathematically exact" formulations especially suited to high-speed, highly parallel implementations using special-purpose hardware or VLSI devices. In principle, the formulations should permit the calculations to run at a speed bounded only by I/O. The first presented is a parallel version of the recent linear Newton-Euler recursive algorithm. The time cost is also linear in the number of joints, but the real-time coefficients are reduced by almost two orders of magnitude. The second formulation reports a new parallel algorithm which shows that it is possible to improve upon the linear time dependency. The real time required to perform the calculations increases only as the [log2] of the number of joints. Either formulation is susceptible to a systolic pipelined architecture in which complete sets of joint torques emerge at successive intervals of four floating-point operations. Hardware requirements necessary to support the algorithm are considered and found not to be excessive, and a VLSI implementation architecture is suggested. We indicate possible applications to incorporating dynamical considerations into trajectory planning, e.g. it may be possible to build an on-line trajectory optimizer.
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2007