O modelo keynesiano de James Meade

Este artigo reavalia o "modelo simplificado" da Teoria Geral de Keynes elaborado por James Meade e procura complementar alguns dos argumentos teóricos que Meade deixou apenas indicados. O artigo também responde às solicitações de Frisch a Meade, quanto à explicação do significado de estabilidade e à explicitação dos pressupostos que garantem suas conclusões. Além disso, apresenta alguns dos cálculos não desenvolvidos por Meade, e, quando necessário, suas devidas correções.

Estudio de los parámetros biológicos del Abade "Myteroperca fusca" (Lowe, 1836) en aguas del Archipiélago Canario y situación de sus poblaciones en la Isla de el Hierro y la Reserva Marina de la Isla de la Graciosa y de los Islotes del Norte de Lanzarote

Programa de Doctorado: Ecología y Gestión de los Recursos Vivos Marinos

Comportamiento de apoyo social en especies territoriales: "Parablennius parvicornis" (Valenciennes, 1836) y "Mauligobius maderensis" (Valenciennes, 1837)

[ES] Se estudia el comportamiento de apoyo social entre individuos de dos especies de peces territoriales (Parablennius parvicornis y Mauligobius maderensis) ante una situación de estrés. Se observa que a medida que la densidad de individuos aumentaba el estrés respiratorio en los individuos disminuía.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

James Bond will return: der serielle Charakter der James Bond-Filme

Die James Bond-Filme: seit über 40 Jahren sind sie ein unübersehbarer Bestandteil der Populärkultur. Anfang der 60er Jahre unter völlig anderen historischen, sozialen und nicht zuletzt filmtechnischen Voraussetzungen aus der Taufe gehoben, gelingt es ihnen auch heute noch, ein Massenpublikum für sich zu gewinnen. Inwiefern kann man bei einer so langen Laufzeit überhaupt noch von einer homogenen Serie sprechen? Und was für Gemeinsamkeiten, Unterschiede und auch Weiterentwicklungen von der ursprünglichen Machart sind hier zu beobachten? Dies sind die Grundfragen der vorliegenden Dissertation. Bei der Benennung der seriellen Eigenschaften werden sowohl inhaltliche als auch dramaturgische und filmtechnisch-formale Aspekte betrachtet. Die Figurenkonstellation von Held, Gegenspieler und der weiblichen Hauptfigur, die zwischen den beiden steht und häufig die Seiten wechselt, ist ein Schema das - kaum variiert - schon in den Romanvorlagen Ian Flemings zum Einsatz kam und auch das Rückgrat der Film-Plots bildet. Dennoch ließ dieses Gerüst den mittlerweile fünf verschiedenen Darstellern, die James Bond nacheinander verkörperten, genügend Freiraum für das Ausarbeiten eines eigenen Rollenkonzepts, das auf ihren speziellen Schauspielstil ausgerichtet war. Dadurch erhielt die James Bond-Figur jeweils eine Neuinterpretation, die sich insbesondere in ihrem sozialen Habitus bemerkbar macht, der je nach Darsteller zwischen provokantem Aufsteigertyp und aristokratischem Gentleman changierte. Zum unverwechselbaren Erkennungsmerkmal der Bond-Serie avancierte die so genannte 'gun-barrel'-Sequenz, die in den ersten Sekunden jedes Films abläuft. Auch die sich anschließende Vortitelsequenz, eine auf Spannung oder Action angelegte Szene, die einen Vorgeschmack auf den folgenden Film liefern soll, ist ein Element, das der Machart von Fernsehserien entnommen ist. Neben diesen bewusst eingesetzten Markenzeichen lässt sich auch in der Gestaltungsweise der Filme - in Kameraführung, Schnitt, Musik und Set Design - eine stilistische Kontinuität feststellen, die insbesondere dadurch bedingt ist, dass die Serie seit jeher von den Produzenten ähnlich wie ein Familienunternehmen geführt wurde und - zumindest bis Ende der 80er Jahre - auch die kreativen Köpfe der Filme konsequent im eigenen Team ausgebildet wurden.

Transacciones, delegación o unilateralidad. Un análisis de los equilibrios de poder en las relaciones ejecutivo-legislativo durante los primeros gobiernos de Álvaro Uribe en Colombia y Carlos Saúl Menem en Argentina.

El presente trabajo analiza las relaciones entre poder ejecutivo y legislativo en los sistemas presidenciales, concentrándose específicamente en los casos de los primeros gobiernos de Álvaro Uribe Vélez en Colombia [2002-2006] y de Carlos Saúl Menem en Argentina [1989-1995]. Lo hace desde de una perspectiva analítica denominada neomadisoniana. Ubicada bajo el paraguas del neoinstitucionalismo, ésta utiliza como punto de partida el pensamiento de los padres fundadores de la democracia americana, particularmente el de James Madison, concentrándose en el estudio de como los arreglos institucionales constriñen el comportamiento de los actores a través del establecimiento de incentivos mediante los que se distribuyen distintos recursos de poder, proporcionando, además, una estructura estable, aunque no necesariamente eficiente, para la interacción humana. De este modo, el enfoque posee un particular interés por el análisis de la organización de los gobiernos, ya sea en términos de jerarquía o de transacciones entre actores instituciones [poderes ejecutivo y legislativo] que, de acuerdo al caso, gozan de distintos niveles de simetría y, consecuentemente, de capacidad de impactar sobre el proceso de toma de decisiones. Dentro de este marco, se intentarán identificar en el análisis de los casos patrones de regularidad y diferencia en relación a las características asumidas en el proceso de separación de poderes y el efecto que ejercen sobre él los poderes constitucionales y partidarios de los presidentes.

Reproduction and artificial restocking of Acipenser naccarii (Bonaparte, 1836). Genetic and physiological characterization through microsatellite markers and radioimmunoassay of sexual steroids

The Adriatic sturgeon, Acipenser naccarii (Bonaparte, 1836), is a highly threatened species due to human activities, particularly overfishing and habitat destruction. Its peculiar ecology and biology (restricted areal and anadromy) makes this species particularly vulnerable. In March 2010 the IUCN has identified the Adriatic sturgeon as a critically endangered species according to the Red List of Threatened Species. Due to its rapid decline, starting from the 80s, at present there is no evidence of natural reproduction in wild environment, which makes the Adriatic sturgeon dependenton captive breeding programs that need to be improved in order to be effective for the survival of the species. For this purpose this study aims to characterize artificial restocking population of Adriatic sturgeon, with both genetic and physiological analysis in order to establish an efficient restocking program for future reproductions. The research is structured on two levels: First genetically, by analyzing 9 microsatellite loci. This gives information relatively about parent allocation and kinship between individuals that were sampled for this study. Hence to predict which reproduction events are the most optimal in terms of incrementing genetic diversity, by the estimation of multilocus pairwise band sharing coefficients. Second step, physiological analysis: testosterone (T) concentration levels in each individual were measured for sexing, without sacrificing the lives of the animals with the use of an invasive examination of the gonads. The combination of interdisciplinary analysis is important to obtain an overall picture in order to indicate the main broodstock participating in reproduction events and future optimal potential participants, in order to ensure a valid management for restocking program and their monitoring.

At last Etta james: Il canto come autobiografia

Questa tesi è un tentativo di analizzare il percorso artistico di Etta James, prendendo in considerazione le varie influenze che hanno contribuito a formare la sua personalità artistica a livello canoro ed interpretativo. Si parte da uno spaccato sull’importanza del gospel come genere propedeutico ad un’interpretazione efficace per l’artista afroamericano. Successivamente si passa all’immagine che Etta James si costruisce per sé e come questa influenza la sua vita, quali sono le canzoni che non le paiono in linea con la sua immagine e come mentre tenta di districarsi attraverso diversi altri generi, come blues, rock, funk. Poi viene analizzata la figura della madre biologica di James e come questa venga collegata indissolubilmente alla figura di Billie Holiday, e come trovare la maturità di affrontare quest’ultima farà in modo che anche il rapporto con la figura materna cambi. Viene analizzato uno dei più grandi successi della cantante, “At Last”, di cui lei è interprete ma non autrice, ma attraverso una grande abilità stilistica riesce a formare quello che sarà uno standard per gli artisti contemporanei. Ed infine si tirano le somme guardando al retaggio artistico che ha lasciato dietro di sé l’artista.