Light emission from scanning tunnelling microscope on polycrystalline Au films - what is happening at the single-grain level?

When operated with a metallic tip and sample the scanning tunnelling microscope constitutes a nanoscale, plasmonic light source yielding broadband emission up to a photon energy determined by the applied bias. The emission is due to tunnelling electron excitation and subsequent radiative decay of localized plasmon modes, which can be on the lateral scale of a single metal grain (similar to 25 nm) or less. For a Au-tip/Au-polycrystalline sample under ambient conditions it is found that the intensity and spectral content of the emitted light are not dependent on the lateral grain dimension, but are predominantly determined by the tip geometry. However, the intensity increases strongly with increasing film thickness (grain depth) up to 20-25 nm or approximately the skin depth of the Au film. Photon maps can show less emissive grains and two classes of this occurrence are distinguished. The first is geometrical in origin - a double-tip structure in this case - while the second is due to a contamination-induced lowering of the local work function that causes the tunnel gap to increase. It is suggested that differences in work-function lowering between grains presenting different crystalline facets, combined with an exponential decay in emitted light intensity with tip - sample distance, leads to grain contrast. These results are relevant to tip-enhanced Raman scattering and the fabrication of micro/nano-scale planar, light-emitting tunnel devices.

Multiple source quantum well model of porous silicon light emission

Based on photoluminescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy results, a new light emitting model for porous silicon (multiple source quantum well model) is proposed.

Implementação de WDM com 4 canais no espetro do visível

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Sistema WDM de 4 canais

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Análise de sensibilidade na simulação dinâmica de um grande edifício escolar existente

Dado o panorama de conservação de energia a nível nacional e mundial, torna-se hoje em dia muito importante, que seja possível controlar e estimar o consumo energético nos edifícios. Assim, atendendo à actual problemática energética e ao crescente consumo energético nos edifícios, é importante parametrizar, avaliar e comparar este consumo. Neste sentido, nas últimas décadas, têm sido efectuados desenvolvimentos técnicos, quer ao nível do equipamento de campo para efectuar monitorização e medição, quer ao nível da simulação dinâmica de edifícios. Com esta dissertação de mestrado, pretendeu-se efectuar a simulação dinâmica de um edifício escolar existente a funcionar em pleno, e efectuar uma análise de sensibilidade relativamente ao grau de variação dos resultados obtidos através da aplicação de dois programas de cálculo térmico e energético. Foram utilizados, o programa VE-Pro da IES (Integrated Environmental Solutions) e o programa Trace 700 da TRANE. Ambos os programas foram parametrizados com os mesmos dados de entrada, tendo em atenção as opções de simulação disponibilizadas por ambos. Posteriormente, utilizaram-se os dados retirados da simulação para calcular a classificação energética no âmbito do sistema de certificação energética (SCE), através de uma folha de cálculo desenvolvida para o efeito. Foram ainda consideradas várias soluções de eficiência energética para o edifício, com vista a poupanças reais de energia, tendo sempre atenção ao conforto térmico dos ocupantes. Dessas medidas fazem parte, medidas relacionadas com a iluminação, como a substituição da iluminação existente por luminárias do tipo LED (Light Emitting Diode), soluções de energias renováveis, como a instalação de colectores solares para aquecimento das águas quentes sanitárias, e painéis fotovoltaicos para produção de energia, bem como medidas ligadas aos equipamentos de climatização. Posteriormente, recalculou-se a classificação energética afectada das melhorias. Os resultados obtidos nas duas simulações foram analisados sob o ponto de vista do aquecimento, arrefecimento, ventilação, iluminação e equipamentos eléctricos. A comparação das duas simulações para cada parâmetro acima referido, apresentaram variações inferiores a 5%. O desvio maior verificou-se na ventilação, com o valor de aproximadamente 4,9%. Transpondo estes resultados para o cálculo do IEE (Índice de Eficiência Energética), verificou-se um desvio inferior a 2%.

Fungicidal effect of photodynamic therapy against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and Candida glabrata

P>Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great promise for the inactivation of Candida species, its effectiveness against azole-resistant pathogens remains poorly documented. This in vitro study describes the association of Photogem (R) (Photogem, Moscow, Russia) with LED (light emitting diode) light for the photoinactivation of fluconazole-resistant (FR) and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Suspensions of each Candida strain were treated with five Photogem (R) concentrations and exposed to four LED light fluences (14, 24, 34 or 50 min of illumination). After incubation (48 h at 37 degrees C), colonies were counted (CFU ml-1). Single-species biofilms were generated on cellulose membrane filters, treated with 25.0 mg l-1 of Photogem (R) and illuminated at 37.5 J cm-2. The biofilms were then disrupted and the viable yeast cells present were determined. Planktonic suspensions of FR strains were effectively killed after PDT. It was observed that the fungicidal effect of PDT was strain-dependent. Significant decreases in biofilm viability were observed for three strains of C. albicans and for two strains of C. glabrata. The results of this investigation demonstrated that although PDT was effective against Candida species, fluconazole-resistant strains showed reduced sensitivity to PDT. Moreover, single-species biofilms were less susceptible to PDT than their planktonic counterparts.

Dentin hypersensitivity clinical study comparing LILT and LEDT keeping the same irradiation parameters

Dentin hypersensitivity is a common condition associated with high dental pain. A new LED-based (light emitting diode) light source has been used as an experimental tool in some studies. Purpose: The main objective was to compare these two light sources emitting in the same spectral band (red from 625 to 660 nm) to promote pain relief. Material and methods: A total of 6 sessions were accomplished, being three irradiation sessions and three follow-up sessions. This single-blind study compared a control group (Placebo) and two other groups with different equipments: low laser intensity treatment (LILT) and a light emitting diode system treatment (LEDT). Results: The results showed that there is no statistical difference between LILT and LEDT groups, however, both were better than control group (p=0.01) in terms of treatment efficiency; there is no difference between the second and the third sessions for both treatment, it means that the third session was not necessary; finally, the improvement at the end of the entire research (follow up care of 30 days) was very expressive in comparison to pre-treatment situation for all teeth (p=0.01). Conclusion: LILT and LEDT were equally effective to treat dentine hypersensitivity, a 3rd treatment session was not necessary/two sessions are enough.

Evaluation of the light polymerization efficiency of copolymers used in dental formulations by differential scanning calorimetry

Different compositions of visible-light-curable triethylene glycol dimethacrylate/bisglycidyl methacrylate copolymers used in dental resin formulations were prepared through copolymerization photoinitiated by a camphorquinone/ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate system irradiated with an Ultrablue IS light-emitting diode. The obtained copolymers were evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry. From the data for the heat of polymerization, before and after light exposure, obtained from exothermic differential scanning calorimetry curves, the light polymerization efficiency or degree of conversion of double bonds was calculated. The glass-transition temperature also was determined before and after photopolymerization. After the photopolymerization, the glass-transi-tion temperature was not well defined because of the breadth of the transition region associated with the properties of the photocured dimethacrylate. The glass-transition temperature after photopolymerization was determined experimentally and compared with the values determined with the Fox equation. In all mixtures, the experimental value was lower than the calculated value. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphological differences in the prepared copolymer structures. (C) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Desenvolvimento de um novo método de pré-concentração em linha em eletroforese capilar através de gradientes térmicos

Nos últimos dez anos, milhares de trabalhos foram publicados somente no desenvolvimento da técnica de eletroforese capilar (CE) e suas aplicações em ciências biológicas, química e em outras áreas. Apesar disto, muitos tópicos de pesquisa básica da CE ainda continuam sendo desenvolvidos. Algumas vantagens da CE sobre as demais técnicas de separação são marcantes, tais como: possibilidade de automação, rapidez na obtenção dos resultados e alto poder de resolução. A pequena quantidade de amostra que é necessária para uma análise é uma característica muito interessante no estudo de sistemas biológicos, sendo que normalmente são injetados no capilar, volumes de 5 a 50 nl de amostra. Por outro lado, esta reduzida quantidade de amostra utilizada, a pequena janela de detecção e as baixas concentrações dos analitos nas amostras biológicas, são fatores que desafiam os pesquisadores nesta área. Para contornar este problema diversos métodos de pré-concentração de amostra foram desenvolvidos. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um método inédito de pré-concentração de amostras através de gradientes térmicos em CE. O princípio do método é concentrar o analito quando ele passa de uma zona de alta temperatura para uma zona de baixa temperatura. Um modelo teórico foi desenvolvido para auxiliar o planejamento experimental no que diz respeito à determinação das condições em que a corrida deve ser realizada (pH, tipo de tampão, temperatura) para aplicar a compressão térmica em um analito. Foi utilizado L-Lisina derivatizada com naftaleno 2,3-dicarboxialdeído (Lys/NDA) como analito modelo. Uma diferença de temperatura de 58 °C entre as duas zonas térmicas foi suficiente para comprimir em 2,5 vezes a banda da Lys/NDA em um tampão de baixo coeficiente térmico com o pH ajustado para 8,7. O método de compressão de banda por gradientes térmicos proposto neste trabalho é uma nova opção para aumentar a sensibilidade e a resolução em CE. Ao contrário dos métodos clássicos de pré-concentração, esse novo método pode ser aplicado em amostras tanto com alta ou baixa condutividade iônica, comprimir bandas de analitos aniônicos ou catiônicos e ser aplicado em corridas em solução livre ou não. Além disso, considerando que o controle de temperatura seja realizado de maneira automatizada, pode apresentar altas taxas de reprodutibilidade, além de ser de simples e de fácil aplicação, podendo ser empregado em análises de rotina. Diferentes LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) foram testado em detector por fluorescência induzida por LED. Além disso, um novo sistema de aquisição de dados e tratamento de sinal utilizando a placa de som de um PC (Personal Computer) e um amplificador Lock-in emulado por software foi montado e comparado com um sistema de aquisição de dados convencional. O equipamento de CE utilizado neste trabalho com esses componentes, apresentou uma elevada sensibilidade, na faixa de 0,5 à 1 fmol para os peptídeos e aminoácidos testados e foi superior ao sistema convencional em vários aspectos como: sensibilidade de detecção, faixa linear de detecção em concentração do analito, facilidade de operação e custo do sistema.

Modeling of optoelectronic devices through neuro-fuzzy architectures

The advantages offered by the electronic component LED (Light Emitting Diode) have caused a quick and wide application of this device in replacement of incandescent lights. However, in its combined application, the relationship between the design variables and the desired effect or result is very complex and it becomes difficult to model by conventional techniques. This work consists of the development of a technique, through comparative analysis of neuro-fuzzy architectures, to make possible to obtain the luminous intensity values of brake lights using LEDs from design data.

Comparação da influência entre tempos de polimerização em resinas compostas polimerizadas com LED e Luz Incandescente

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fungicidal effect of photodynamic therapy against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and Candida glabrata

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of light-curing units on microleakage under dental composite resins

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two light-curing units (QTH and LED) on microleakage of Class II composite resin restorations with dentin cavosurface margins. Twenty extracted mandibular first premolars, free of caries and fractures were prepared two vertical slot cavities in the occluso-mesial and -destal surfaces (2 mm buccal-lingually, 2 mm proximal-axially and cervical limit in enamel) and divided into 4 equal groups (n = 8): GI and GII: packable posterior composite light-activated with LED and QTH, respectively; GIII and GIV: micro-hybrid composite resin light-activated with LED and QTH, respectively. The composite resins were applied following the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 h of water storage specimens were subjected to thermocycling for a total of 500 cycles at 5 and 55A degrees C and the teeth were then sealed with impermeable material. Teeth were immersed in 0.5% Basic fuchsin during 24 h at room temperature, and zero to three levels of penetration score were attributed. The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests showed significant statistically similar (P > 0.05) from GI to GII and GIII to GIV, which the GII (2.750) had the highest mean scores and the GIII and GIV (0.875) had lowest mean scores. The use of different light-curing units has no influence on marginal integrity of Class II composite resin restorations and the proprieties of composite resins are important to reduce the microleakage.

The Effectiveness of Low-Intensity Red Laser for Activating a Bleaching Gel and Its Effect in Temperature of the Bleaching Gel and the Dental Pulp

Statement of the Problem: The effectiveness of low-intensity red laser for activating a bleaching gel and its effect in pulp temperature was not investigated in dental literature. Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of low-intensity red laser for activating a bleaching gel, as well as its effect in temperature of the bleaching gel and the dental pulp. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted bovine teeth were immersed in a solution of coffee 14 days for darkening. The initial colors were recorded by spectrophotometric analysis. The specimens were randomly distributed into two groups (N = 20): the control, which did not receive light and the experimental group that received light from an appliance fitted with three red light-emitting laser diodes (? = 660 nm). A green-colored, 35% H2O2based bleaching gel was applied for 30 minutes, and changed three times. After bleaching, the colors were again measured to obtain the L*a*b* values. Color variation was calculated (?E) and the data submitted to the non-paired t-test (5%). To assess temperature, 10 human incisors were prepared, in which one thermocouple was placed on the bleaching gel applied on the surface of the teeth and another inside the pulp chamber. Results: There was a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.016), and the experimental group presented a significantly higher mean variation (7.21 +/- 2.76) in comparison with the control group (5.37 +/- 1.76). There was an increase in pulp temperature, but it was not sufficient to cause damage to the pulp. Conclusion: Bleaching gel activation with low-intensity red laser was capable of increasing the effectiveness of bleaching treatment and did not increase pulp temperature to levels deleterious to the pulp. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The application of a low-intensity red laser was effective for activating a bleaching gel with green dye, without any deleterious increases in pulpal temperature. (J Esthet Restor Dent 24:126134, 2012)

Colorimetric determination of formaldehyde in air using a hanging drop of chromotropic acid

A simple and sensitive method to determine parts per billion (ppb) of atmospheric formaldehyde in situ, using chromotropic acid, is described. A colorimetric sensor, coupled to a droplet of 15.5 muL chromotropic acid, was constructed and used to sample and quantify formaldehyde. The sensor was set up with two optical fibers, a right emitting diode (LED) and two photodiodes. The reference and transmitted light were measured by a photodetection arrangement that converts the signals into units of absorbance. Air was sampled around the chromotropic acid droplet. A purple product was formed and measured after the sampling terminated (typically 7 min). The response is proportional to the sampling period, analyte concentration and sample flow rate. The detection limit is similar to2 ppb and can be improved by using longer sampling times and/or a sampling flow rate higher than that used in this work, 200 mL min(-1). The present technique affords a simple, inexpensive near real-time measurement with very little reagent consumption. The method is selective and highly sensitive. This sensor could be used either for outdoor or indoor atmospheres.