Circulation of private notes during a currency shortage

This paper provides a search theoretical model that captures two phenomena that have characterized several episodes of monetary history: currency shortages and the circulation of privately issued notes. As usual in these models, the media of exchange are determined as part of the equilibrium. We characterize all the different equilibria and specify the conditions under which there is a currency shortage and/or privately issued notes are used as means of payment. There is multiplicity of equilibria for the entire parameter space, but there always exist an equilibrium in which notes circulate, either alone or together with coins. Hence, credit is a self-fulfilling phenomenon that depends on the beliefs of agents about the acceptability and future repayment of notes. The degree of circulation of coins depends on two crucial parameters, the intrinsic utility of holding coins and the extent with which it is possible to find exchange opportunities in the market.

Resilência, sustentabilidade e qualidade de vida em sistemas urbanos : efeitos da crise (pós-2008) em Portugal e no sistema urbano do oeste

Este estudo analisa as dinâmicas da imprensa e do jornalismo nos territórios da África Portuguesa (Cabo Verde, Angola, Moçambique, São Tomé e Príncipe e Guiné) ao longo do período colonial, entre 1842-1974. Os papéis desempenhados pelo jornalismo e as características do sistema de imprensa são observados, discutidos e analisados no contexto sociopolítico do império colonial português nos séculos XIX e XX. No estudo das relações entre a imprensa e o império adopta-se uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, na qual dialogam a história, a sociologia e a ciência política, permitindo uma compreensão aprofundada das interacções e interdependências entre a imprensa, o império colonial e os regimes políticos. O estudo de caso da África Portuguesa demonstra que a imprensa e o jornalismo nos cinco territórios apresentaram dinâmicas e características similares no período colonial. A imprensa foi decisiva na afirmação do colonialismo português, mas o jornalismo também contestou e opôs-se e ao projecto imperial. Foi ao longo do colonialismo que a imprensa emergiu, desenvolveu-se e consolidou-se como uma instituição de perfil político e como plataforma dos conflitos sociais.

A imprensa e o império na África Portuguesa, 1842-1974

Este estudo analisa as dinâmicas da imprensa e do jornalismo nos territórios da África Portuguesa (Cabo Verde, Angola, Moçambique, São Tomé e Príncipe e Guiné) ao longo do período colonial, entre 1842-1974. Os papéis desempenhados pelo jornalismo e as características do sistema de imprensa são observados, discutidos e analisados no contexto sociopolítico do império colonial português nos séculos XIX e XX. No estudo das relações entre a imprensa e o império adopta-se uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, na qual dialogam a história, a sociologia e a ciência política, permitindo uma compreensão aprofundada das interacções e interdependências entre a imprensa, o império colonial e os regimes políticos. O estudo de caso da África Portuguesa demonstra que a imprensa e o jornalismo nos cinco territórios apresentaram dinâmicas e características similares no período colonial. A imprensa foi decisiva na afirmação do colonialismo português, mas o jornalismo também contestou e opôs-se e ao projecto imperial. Foi ao longo do colonialismo que a imprensa emergiu, desenvolveu-se e consolidou-se como uma instituição de perfil político e como plataforma dos conflitos sociais.

Fiscal decentralization in Spain: An asymmetric transition to democracy

Asymmetric fiscal decentralization, by which we mean different fiscal arrangements between the central government and different groups of, or individual, lower-level governments, may be justified from an economic efficiency perspective. As argued by Tiebout (1956), Oates (1972) and others, a decentralized system of regional and local governments is better able to accommodate differences in tastes for public goods and services. This efficiency argument calls for decentralization of fiscal authority to regional and local governments, but not necessarily asymmetric decentralization. However, when the differences in tastes for public goods and services arise out of differences in history, culture and language across regions of a country, asymmetric treatment may be justified. History, culture and language may influence how a group of people (a region) views autonomy, independence and fiscal authority. Some regions may have had experience with autonomous government in the past, they may have a culture that is strongly reliant upon (or leery of) the central government, or they may be fearful of losing their separate languages if they do not have special arrangements. To accommodate differences in taste for independence, autonomy, and fiscal authority, it may be necessary to have different fiscal arrangements between the central government and the different regions comprising the country.

Nature versus nurture in social insect caste determination

Recent evidence for genetic effects on royal and worker caste differentiation from diverse social insect taxa has put an end to the view that these phenotypes stem solely from a developmental switch controlled by environmental factors. Instead, the relative influences of genotypic and environmental effects on caste vary among species, ranging from largely environmentally controlled phenotypes to almost purely genetic systems. Disentangling the selective forces that generate variation for caste predisposition will require characterizing the genetic mechanisms underlying this variation, and identifying particular life-history strategies and kin structures associated with strong genetic effects on caste.

The Oman exotics : a key to the understanding of the Neotethyan geodynamic evolution

The study of the exotic blocks of the Hawasina Nappes (Sultanate of Oman) leads to give apposit data that allow us to propose a new paleogeographic evolution of the Oman margin in time and space. A revised classification of exotic blocks into different paleogeographical units is presented. Two newly introduced stratigraphic groups, the Ramaq Group (Ordovician to Triassic) and the Al Buda'ah Group (upper Permian to Jurassic) are interpreted as tilted blocks related to the Oman continental margin. The Kawr Group (middle Triassic to Cretaceous) is redefined and interpreted as an atoll-type seamount. The paleogeography and paleoenvironments of these units are integrated into a new scheme of the Neotethyan rifting history. Brecciae and olisto¬liths of the Hawasina series are interpreted to have originated from tectonic movements affecting the Oman margin and the Neotethyan ocean floor. The breccias of late Permian age were generated by the extension processes affecting the margin, and by the creation of the Neotethyan oceanic floor. The breccias of mid-late Triassic age coincide in time with the collision of the Cimmerian continents with Eurasia. In constrast, the breccias of late Jurassic and Cretaceous age are interpreted as resulting to the creation of a new oceanic crust (Semail) off the Oman margin

La Geografia i l'estudi dels boscos

This article makes a revision of the most eminent contributions in Geography in relation to the forest study, starting with principal Spanish geographical journals, congress transactions and other bibliography about forest questions. A selection of the most eminent bibliography has been made paying special attention to three main subjects: forest and forest science history, forest and landscape description, and forest management

Gender differences in first episode psychotic mania.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper was to delineate the impact of gender on premorbid history, onset, and 18 month outcomes of first episode psychotic mania (FEPM) patients. METHODS: Medical file audit assessment of 118 (male = 71; female = 47) patients with FEPM aged 15 to 29 years was undertaken on clinical and functional measures. RESULTS: Males with FEPM had increased likelihood of substance use (OR = 13.41, p <.001) and forensic issues (OR = 4.71, p = .008), whereas females were more likely to have history of sexual abuse trauma (OR = 7.12, p = .001). At service entry, males were more likely to be using substances, especially cannabis (OR = 2.15, p = .047), had more severe illness (OR = 1.72, p = .037), and poorer functioning (OR = 0.96, p = .045). During treatment males were more likely to decrease substance use (OR = 5.34, p = .008) and were more likely to be living with family (OR = 4.30, p = .009). There were no gender differences in age of onset, psychopathology or functioning at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically meaningful gender differences in FEPM were driven by risk factors possibly associated with poor outcome. For males, substance use might be associated with poorer clinical presentation and functioning. In females with FEPM, the impact of sexual trauma on illness course warrants further consideration.

Thermal evolution of gene expression profiles in Drosophila subobscura

Background: Despite its pervasiveness, the genetic basis of adaptation resulting in variation directly or indirectly related to temperature (climatic) gradients is poorly understood. By using 3-fold replicated laboratory thermal stocks covering much of the physiologically tolerable temperature range for the temperate (i.e., cold tolerant) species Drosophila subobscura we have assessed whole-genome transcriptional responses after three years of thermal adaptation, when the populations had already diverged for inversion frequencies, pre-adult life history components, and morphological traits. Total mRNA from each population was compared to a reference pool mRNA in a standard, highly replicated two-colour competitive hybridization experiment using cDNA microarrays.Results: A total of 306 (6.6%) cDNA clones were identified as 'differentially expressed' (following a false discovery rate correction) after contrasting the two furthest apart thermal selection regimes (i.e., 13°C vs . 22°C), also including four previously reported candidate genes for thermotolerance in Drosophila (Hsp26, Hsp68, Fst, and Treh). On the other hand, correlated patterns of gene expression were similar in cold- and warm-adapted populations. Analysis of functional categories defined by the Gene Ontology project point to an overrepresentation of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, nucleic acids metabolism and regulation of transcription among other categories. Although the location of differently expressed genes was approximately at random with respect to chromosomes, a physical mapping of 88 probes to the polytene chromosomes of D. subobscura has shown that a larger than expected number mapped inside inverted chromosomal segments.Conclusion: Our data suggest that a sizeable number of genes appear to be involved in thermal adaptation in Drosophila, with a substantial fraction implicated in metabolism. This apparently illustrates the formidable challenge to understanding the adaptive evolution of complex trait variation. Furthermore, some clustering of genes within inverted chromosomal sections was detected. Disentangling the effects of inversions will be obviously required in any future approach if we want to identify the relevant candidate genes.

Osobennosti perevoda proizvedenij russkix pravoslavnyx myslitelej na francuzskij jazyk (S.N.Bulgakov, A.F. Losev) [Les spécificités de la traduction des textes des penseurs orthodoxes russes en français (S. Bulgakov, A. Losev)]

This article is attempt to crarify some conceptuel and linguistic problems in the translation (from Russian and French) of philosophical texts written in the first of the 20th century - in particular, those by S. Bulgakov and A. Losev. We consider any transation as a form of cross-cultural communication taking place between the author and the translator(s) of the texte. Any translation involves a complex interaction of different historical and cultural factors that are attempt to combine and to remove cultural and conceptual misunderstandings.

Sotahistorialliset matkakohteet Suomessa

English abstract: War history sites and sights in Finland

Iowa Historic Property Study of the Zeman Barn, 2009

The Zeman Barn (86-00028) is an early twentieth-century example of a gothic roofed barn and is part of the Zeman Farmstead located along U.S. Highway 30 in Otter Creek Township (Township 38N, Range 14W), Tama County, Iowa (Figures 1 and 2). The farmstead was initially evaluated in a reconnaissance architectural survey conducted in 1998 by The Louis Berger Group, Inc (Berger). An intensive architectural survey of the property by Berger’s Principal Architectural Historian, Martha H. Bowers, evaluated the farmstead as not being eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) but noted that the barn appears to be eligible for listing in the National Register under Criterion C (Bowers 1998). At the request of the Iowa Department of Transportation, Berger completed the recordation project to provide a documentary record of the Zeman Barn in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Iowa State Historic Preservation Office regarding historic property studies for barns. Background research for this project was conducted in September 2008 and April 2009. The property was inspected and photographed in May 2008. Information on the property was gathered through background research, interviews with Zeman family members, field investigation, and photo documentation. Historical maps of the project area were used to collect data necessary for developing regional and local historic contexts. The research for this report was conducted at the Tama County Courthouse and the Tama County Historical Museum Genealogical Library, both in Toledo. Much of the background research for the project was conducted by Camilla Deiber and Michael Dulle. Ms. Deiber also prepared the photographic documentation, plan drawings, and the graphics used in this report. Mr. Roger L. Ciuffo conducted interviews with Zeman family members and wrote this report.

Biennial thistles : bull, musk, tall, 1981

Includes the history, description and control measures of a variety of thistles in Iowa.

Transportation in Iowa: A Historical Summary, 1988

“This book traces the development of transportation in Iowa from territorial days to the 19 80s. It shows the evolution of the transportation systems; how they originated, progressed and functioned; their structural organizations; effectiveness in overcoming obstacles, under the guidance of state and federal legislation; and their impact upon the development of the state.” – From the Prologue, page xiii