Litotrícia em Pediatria: Casuística da Unidade de Urologia Pediátrica do Hospital de D. Estefânia

Apresenta-se uma casuística de nove doentes com litíase renal, com idades compreendidas entre os 5 e os 15 anos, que foram submetidas a um tratamento com litotrícia. Em todos eles o diagnóstico de infecção urinária antecedeu o de litíase renal. Em duas erianças havia antecedentes familiares de litíase renal e, utilizando exames laboratoriais e de imagiologia, foram diagnosticados 4 doentes com hipercalciúria, 2 com hiperoxalúria, 1 com cistinúria e só num caso foi diagnosticado alterações estruturais (estenose ureteral justavesical bilateral). Sete destes doentes já tinham sido submetidos a intervenções cirúrgicas anteriores. A nossa experiência com estes 9 doentes demonstrou que a litotrícia é uma técnica de tratamento segura, não tendo sido registado qualquer tipo de complicação em 11 sessões. Houve 1 caso de insucesso, 5 doentes ficaram com os cálculos fragmentados mesmo após 20 meses de «follow-up» e os outros 3 ficaram curados. Por fim recorda-se que esta técnica, apesar do seu sucesso, e só uma parte do tratamento completo da litíase renal, pois esta é um problema complexo que necessita sempre de uma avaliação metabólica e anatómica.

Disfunção miocárdica por défice de vitamina d

O défice de vitamina D manifesta-se geralmente por alterações na mineralização óssea. No entanto, este défice pode associar-se a outras alterações, como a insuficiência cardíaca. É apresentado o caso clínico de uma lactente com 3 meses de vida admitida na unidade de cuidados intensivos pediátricos com sinais de instabilidade hemodinâmica e necessidade de suporte ventilatório e inotrópico. A avaliação laboratorial inicial revelou uma hipocalcemia grave refratária à terapêutica instituída. O ecocardiograma foi sugestivo de insuficiência cardíaca. A investigação etiológica revelou um défice grave de vitamina D. O défice de vitamina D é um problema cada vez mais frequente nos dias de hoje. Perante uma hipocalcemia grave deve-se suspeitar desta deficiência.

TEMPORAL TRENDS IN THE DETECTION RATES OF HEPATITIS B IN THE SANTA CATARINA STATE, BRAZIL

Hepatitis B is a serious public health problem. The state of Santa Catarina presents areas of high endemicity. The aim of this study was to describe temporal trends in detection rates of hepatitis B in the period from 2002 to 2009 in Santa Catarina and in its regions. A time series study was carried out. Crude rates were calculated and standardized by age using the direct method. Annual variation percentages were estimated by Joinpoint regression. There were two distinct and significant trends in Santa Catarina. From 2002 to 2006 a significant increase of 5.9% per year was observed. From 2006, there was a significant decrease of 6.4% per year. In this same period the southern and far-western regions had significant increases of 15.9% and 4.6% and significant decreases of 7.5% and 4.8%, respectively. Greater Florianópolis and Northeast also showed significant increases until 2006, of 15.4% and 17.4%, respectively. In the following period, non-significant decreases of 5.8% and 9.8% respectively were observed. Foz do Rio Itajaí and Planalto Serrano showed non-significant increases up to half of the studied period of 21.1% and 12.0%, respectively and after, significant decreases of 21.5% and 18.0%, respectively. Vale do Itajaí showed a significant decrease of 9.7%; Planalto Norte showed a non-significant decrease of 0.6% and Midwest a non-significant increase of 2.7% per year, in the period from 2002 to 2009.

HEPATITIS B VACCINATION COVERAGE AND POSTVACCINATION SEROLOGIC TESTING AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS AT A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY IN BRAZIL

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the hepatitis B vaccination coverage among medical students at a public university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and their compliance with the postvaccination serologic testing recommendations. Of the total of 858 students, 675 (78.7%) participated in the study. Among the participants, 48.9% (95% CI: 45.1% to 52.7%) were vaccinated against hepatitis B (received ≥ 3 doses of the vaccine), 31.6% were not (received 0, 1 or 2 doses), and 19.6% did not know their vaccination status. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage increased from 26.0% among first-year students to 70.6% among sixth-year students while the prevalence of unknown vaccination status decreased from 39.7% among first-year students to 2.4% among sixth-year students. The frequency of unvaccinated students ranged from 23.7% among fifth-year students to 34.4% among first-year students. Only 34.8% of the vaccinated students performed the anti-HBs testing after vaccination. Among these medical students, we found a low adherence to the hepatitis B vaccination and to the postvaccination serologic testing. A comprehensive hepatitis B immunization program should be offered to students at this medical school.

Divertículo da Uretra no Serviço de Cirurgia Pediátrica do Hospital D. Estefânia

Os autores apresentam uma revisão de casos clínicos de crianças, do Serviço de Cirurgia Pediátrica do Hospital D. Estefânia (HDE), com o diagnóstico de divertículo da uretra (DU)num período compreendido entre 1999 e 2005. Foram encontradas 5 crianças com este diagnóstico, 4 do sexo masculino e uma do sexo feminino, com idades (na altura do diagnóstico) compreendidas entre 6º dia de vida e os 11 anos. As primeiras manifestações clínicas incluíam infecções urinárias de repetição, hidronefrose bilateral com alterações da função renal, diminuição da força e calibre do jacto urinário e hematúria total. O diagnóstico foi feito por uretrocistografia permiccional (UCGPM) em três casos e uretroscopiaemdois. Emtrês casos optou-se por ressecção da porção distal do divertículo. Noutra criança optou-se por espera vigilante, tendo-se efectuado uretrografias periódicas para verificar a variação de volume do díverticulo. A uretroplastia com retalho perineal foi opção terapêutica para uma criança com DU congénito volumoso e obstrução ao esvaziamento vesical muito grave. Quer nas crianças em que se optou pela espera vigilante, quer nas que foram submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico, os resultados foram, globalmente bons: todas as crianças foram capazes de urinar com jacto normal no pós-operatório imediato, a função renal retomou a normalidade nas crianças em que se verificava elevação pré-operatória dos níveis séricos de creatinina e todas as crianças se encontram assintomáticas desde há nove meses.

Analgesia e Anestesia Obstétricas na Maternidade do Hospital D. Estefânia: Estudo Retrospectivo

Resumo: Por intermédio deste estudo, pretendeu-se verificar qual a realidade em termos de analgesia e anestesia obstétricas na Maternidade do Hospital D. Estefânia, ao longo de 4 anos. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo no período entre Janeiro de 2005 e Dezembro de 2008. Foram avaliados a classificação ASA das parturientes, o número total de partos, o número de parturientes submetidas a técnicas locorregionais e suas complicações, número de cesarianas e a necessidade de conversão de técnica regional para anestesia geral. No período do estudo, houve um total de 8291 partos, maioritariamente em mulheres ASA I, dos quais 2643 foram cesarianas. A maioria das parturientes (77%) foi submetida a uma técnica locorregional, para analgesia de trabalho de parto ou anestesia para cesariana, com baixa taxa de complicações (2,9%) e com rara necessidade de conversão para anestesia geral (3,5%). As autoras concluiram que, na Maternidade do Hospital D. Estefânia, a epidural continua a ser a técnica gold standard para analgesia do trabalho de parto, com raras complicações e permitindo a fácil conversão para anestesia para cesariana.

Efavirenz Concentrations in HIV-Infected Patients With and Without Viral Hepatitis

AIMS: Data on efavirenz in HIV/viral hepatitis co-infected patients is non-consensual, probably due to liver function heterogeneity in the patients included. METHODS: A case control study was performed on 27 HIV-infected patients, with controlled and homogenous markers of hepatic function, either mono-infected or co-infected with HBV/HCV, to ascertain the influence of viral hepatitis on efavirenz concentrations over a 2-year follow-up period. RESULTS: No differences were found in efavirenz concentrations between groups both during and at the end of the follow-up period: control (2.43 +/- 1.91 mg l(-1)) vs. co-infected individuals (2.37 +/- 0.37 mg l(-1)). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that HBV/HCV infections in themselves do not predispose to an overexposure to efavirenz.

HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN A NON-CIRRHOTIC PATIENT WITH SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE AFTER HEPATITIS C TREATMENT

Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main risk factors for the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-cirrhotic HCV patients, especially after sustained virological response (SVR) is an unusual event. Recently, it has been suggested that HCV genotype 3 may have a particular oncogenic mechanism, but the factors involved in these cases as well as the profile of these patients are still not fully understood. Thus, we present the case of a non-cirrhotic fifty-year-old male with HCV infection, genotype 3a, who developed HCC two years after treatment with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin, with SVR, in Brazil.

SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN FREE-RANGING NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES (Sapajus spp., Alouatta caraya) FROM THE PARANÁ RIVER BASIN, BRAZIL

Nonhuman primates are considered as the natural hosts of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), as well as other pathogens, and can serve as natural sentinels to investigate epizootics and endemic diseases that are of public health importance. During this study, blood samples were collected from 112 Neotropical primates (NTPs) (Sapajus nigritus and S. cay, n = 75; Alouatta caraya, n = 37) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin, Brazil, located between the States of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies were detected in 4.5% (5/112) of NTPs, specifically in 6.7% (5/75) of Sapajus spp. and 0% (0/37) of A. caraya. In addition, all samples were negative for the presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies. These results suggest that free-ranging NTPs were exposed to HAV within the geographical regions evaluated.

LIVER BIOPSY: IMPORTANCE OF SPECIMEN SIZE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING OF CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS

Liver biopsy is the gold standard method for the grading and staging of chronic viral hepatitis, but optimal biopsy specimen size remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of liver specimen (number of portal tracts) and to evaluate the impact of the number of portal tracts in the staging of chronic hepatitis. Material and Methods: 468 liver biopsies from consecutive patients with hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection from 2009 to 2010 were evaluated. Results: The length of fragment was less than 10 mm in 43 cases (9.3%), between 10 and 14 mm in 114 (24.3%), and ≥ 15 mm in 311 (64.4%); of these, in 39 (8.3%) cases were ≥ 20 mm. The mean representation of portal tracts was 17.6 ± 2.1 (5-40); in specimens ≥ 15 mm the mean portal tract was 13.5 ± 4.7 and in cases ≤ 15 mm was 11.4 ± 5.0 (p = 0.002). Cases with less than 11 portal tracts were associated with F3, and cases with 11 or more portal tracts with F2 (p = 0.001). Conclusion: this study demonstrated the good quality of liver biopsy and a relationship between the macroscopic size of the fragment and the number of portal tracts.

IMPACT OF THE PEGYLATED-INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN THERAPY ON THE TREATMENT-RELATED MORTALITY OF PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS DUE TO HEPATITIS C VIRUS

Although the protease inhibitors have revolutionized the therapy of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), the concomitant use of pegylated-interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) is associated to a high rate of adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated the consequences of PEG-IFN and RBV and their relationship with mortality in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: Medical records of CHC who underwent treatment with PEG-IFN and RBV in a public hospital in Brazil were evaluated. All the patients with cirrhosis were selected, and their clinical and laboratory characteristics, response to treatment, side effects and mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: From the 1,059 patients with CHC, 257 cirrhotic patients were evaluated. Of these, 45 (17.5%) achieved sustained viral response (SVR). Early discontinuation of therapy occurred in 105 (40.8%) patients, of which 39 (15.2%) were due to serious adverse effects. The mortality rate among the 257 cirrhotic patients was 4.3%, occurring in 06/242 (2.4%) of the Child-A, and in 05/15 (33.3%) of the Child-B patients. In conclusion, the treatment of patients with cirrhosis due to HCV with PEG-IFN and RBV shows a low SVR rate and a high mortality, especially in patients with liver dysfunction.

Ferramentas de comunicação interna como estratégia na melhoria do ambiente de trabalho do D'Oliva Lisboa

Trabalho de Projecto apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação – Área de Especialização em Comunicação Estratégica