994 resultados para Caracterização e avaliação molecular da
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In this work the metal distribution and exchange constants between metal species and aquatic humic fractions with different molecular sizes were studied. The aquatic humic substances (AHS) were extracted by XAD-8 resin from water sample collected from Itapitanguí river, São Paulo State, Brazil. The AHS were fractionated in six fractions with different molecular sizes (>100 - <5 kDa) and characterized by several techniques. Molar ratios H/C suggested higher aromaticity for fractions F1 and F6 whereas molar ratios C/N didn´t show any differences regarding the humification degree between the fractions. The UV-Vis absorbance a254/a436 ratio showed higher results for F4 and F5, probably by less condensed features. FTIR studies showed high similarity in the functional groups in the fractions. The highest percentage of traces of Co, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Ni (determined by ICP-AES) was preferably complexed by fractions F3 and F4 with a greater amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In addition, the exchange constants, determined by ultrafiltration method, showed complexes AHS-Fe and AHS-Al with higher stability than complexes AHS-Co in all fractions.
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Polymeric nanoparticle systems such as nanocapsules and nanospheres present potential applications for the administration of therapeutic molecules. The physico-chemical characteristics of nanoparticle suspensions are important pre-requisites of the success of any dosage form development. The purpose of this review is to present the state of the art regarding the physico-chemical characterization of these drug carriers, in terms of the particle size distribution, the morphology, the polymer molecular weight, the surface charge, the drug content and the in vitro drug release profiles. Part of the review is devoted to the description of the techniques to improve the stability of colloidal systems.
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This work reports on the synthesis, characterization (infrared and hidrogen nmr spectra) and photophysical properties (luminescence spectra and emission quantum yield) of the lanthanide cryptates [LnÌ(bipy)2py(CO2Et) 2]3+ with Ln = Eu3+, Tb3+ or Gd3+, which can be applied as efficient Light-Conversion-Molecular-Devices. From emission spectra of [EuÌ(bipy)2py(CO2Et) 2]3+ it was possible to assign C3 symmetry to the metal ion. The spectroscopic studies show a higher emission quantum yield (q=25%) for [TbÌ(bipy)2py(CO2Et) 2]3+ in aqueous solution, whereas the europium cryptate presents q=14%. This is justified by a more efficient energy transfer between triplet and emission levels of terbium (T->5D4).
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Physical training can adapt or cause injury to skeletal muscles implicating metabolic alterations, which can be detected by biochemical analysis. Apparently the increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in both processes. Enzymatic and low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) minimize ROS's deleterious action through redox reactions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has been suggested as a tool to quantify the antioxidant capacity conferred by LMWA. The use of CV to evaluate the modulation of the antioxidant capacity conferred by LMWA in response to physical exercise is discussed here.
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The skin is a very complex organ, continuously exposed to physical, chemical and microbiological agents. Enzymes as well as low-molecular weight antioxidants are present in the cutaneous tissue to counterbalance the deleterious effect caused by an oxidative stress and thus maintain homeostasis. Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, carotenoids, and extracts with these properties have been extensively used for treatment of pathologies and skin aging prevention. We review here different mechanisms that can interfere in the redox equilibrium of the skin, as well as the chemical reactions involved in these processes. Moreover, we discuss the importance of endogenous or exogenous antioxidants that can be acquired from the diet or from oral or topical administration, and methodologies that have been developed to evaluate their efficacy.
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The shells of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were submitted to deproteinization (Dp) and demineralization (Dm) aiming the extraction of α-chitin. The different parts of the shells were processed independently by carrying out sequence 1 (Dp/Dm) and sequence 2 (Dm/Dp). Both sequences allowed the extraction of chitins with low contents of calcium and magnesium, regardless of the part being processed. The sequence 1 lead to higher extraction yields while sequence 2 resulted in lower contents of inorganic compounds. Extensively deacetylated chitosans (GA<10%) of medium molecular weight (0,9 x 10(5) < Mv < 2 x 10(5) g/mol) resulted from the deacetylation of chitin.
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Chitinase is produced by a wide variety of plants as a defense against peste attacks. In this study, grape chitinases were purified 16 times by fractionation in 80% ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis and filtration. Purified chitinases exhibited enzymatic activity toward chitin azure. The yield of purified chitinase was 229 mg/L with chitinase activity of 563 U/g. Chitinases had molecular masses of 24 and 30 kDa, as evaluated by SDS-PAGE 12.5%. Two pH optima were determined 3.0 and 6.0. The optimal temperature was 42 °C. Pre hydrolysis of crystalline shrimp chitin by chitinases caused in an increase in the deacetylation ratio triggered by chitin deacetylase producing chitooligosaccharides with DA (degree acetylation) of 58.8%.
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Laccase from Aspergillus sp was immobilized on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan beads. A comparative study between free and immobilized laccase was conducted and the potential of the resulting immobilized derivative in the biodegradation of pulp and paper mill effluent was evaluated. The immobilized laccase is more resistant to various denaturing conditions, which allows for the reduction of 65% of the phenols (total and low molecular weight) and loss of 60% of total color in the effluent. These results show the potential of the immobilized laccase in the biodegradation of phenols, the chemical agents responsible for the high toxicity of the effluent generated in cellulose pulp industries.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by fermentation of Crude Glycerin, a byproduct of the biodiesel industry, by Cupriavidus necator IPT 026, 027 and 028. The influence of fermentation time and temperature in shake flasks were evaluated. The highest PHA production (2.82 g L-1) occurred at 35 ºC for 72 h of fermentation. The melting and initial thermal degradation temperatures of this PHA were 177.9 ºC and 306.33 ºC, respectively, with 55% crystallinity. FTIR spectrum was similar to those reported in literature. The polymer obtained presented three different methyl esters of hydroxyalkanoates in its composition, with molecular weight of 630 kDa. Bacteria can use Crude Glycerin as an inexpensive substrate to produce value-added biodegradable products, such as PHA.
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Drug trafficking and the introduction of new drugs onto the illicit market are one of the main challenges of the forensic community. In this study, the chemical profile of a new designer drug, 2-(4-iodine-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-n-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]etamine or 25I-NBOMe was explored using thin layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), attenuated total reflection with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR MS). First, the TLC technique was effective for identifying spots related to 25C-, 25B- and 25I-NBOMe compounds, all with the same retention factor, Rf ≈ 0.50. No spot was detected for 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine or lysergic acid diethylamide compounds. ATR-FTIR preserved the physical-chemical properties of the material, whereas GC-MS and ESI-MS showed better analytical selectivity. ESI(+)FT-ICR MS was used to identify the exact mass (m/z428.1706 for the [M + H]+ ion), molecular formula (M = C18H22INO3), degree of unsaturation (DBE = 8) and the chemical structure (from collision induced dissociation, CID, experiments) of the 25I-NBOMe compound. Furthermore, the ATR-FTIR and CID results suggested the presence of isomers, where a second structure is proposed as an isomer of the 25I-NBOMe molecule.
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Nas áreas produtoras de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) do Estado do Paraná observa-se anualmente a ocorrência do vírus do mosaico em desenho do feijoeiro (Bean rugose mosaic virus, BRMV), principalmente em infecções mistas com o vírus do mosaico dourado do feijoeiro (Bean golden mosaic virus, BGMV), acarretando maior severidade de sintomas e causando perdas na produção. Recentemente constatou-se a presença do vírus do mosaico severo do caupi (Cowpea severe mosaic virus, CPSMV) associado a sintomas de queima do broto em plantações de soja (Glycine max) na região de Londrina, sendo este um fato novo no Estado. Neste trabalho, parte do RNA2 de dois comovirus isolados de soja no Paraná foram clonados e sequenciados, sendo 600 pares de bases (pb) do BRMV-PR e 594 pb do CPSMV-PR. Posteriormente, as seqüências correspondentes de aminoácidos foram comparadas com seis seqüências de vírus do gênero Comovirus depositadas no GenBank. Com base nestes dados observou-se que o segmento do RNA2 do isolado CPSMV-PR apresentou homologia de 85% com parte de uma seqüência já conhecida do RNA2 do CPSMV, enquanto que o segmento do RNA2 do isolado BRMV-PR apresentou homologia de 39% com o CPSMV, e de 44% com o Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). Este trabalho apresenta pela primeira vez dados de sequenciamento parcial do BRMV, o que poderá contribuir para sua completa caracterização molecular e para o estabelecimento de estratégias para obtenção de plantas resistentes ao vírus.
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O Grapevine virus A (GVA) está associado à "Acanaladura do lenho de Kober", uma doença do complexo rugoso da videira (Vitis spp.). Neste trabalho, um isolado brasileiro de GVA (GVA-RS) foi caracterizado biologicamente por transmissão mecânica para cinco hospedeiras herbáceas e por enxertia na videira indicadora cv. Kober 5BB, e também por sorologia. O RNA total foi extraído de videira infetada cv. Pirovano 65. Para a RT-PCR, dois pares de oligonucleotídeos foram utilizados. Dois fragmentos de DNA, 430 e 451 pb, apresentando sobreposição parcial de nucleotídeos, foram amplificados por PCR. A seqüência do gene da proteína capsidial do GVA-RS com 597 nucleotídeos e 198 aminoácidos deduzidos, com massa molecular calculada de 21,6 kDa, foi alinhada a outros isolados virais. As seqüências de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos deduzidos do GVA-RS apresentaram maior identidade, 91,4% e 95,4%, respectivamente, com um isolado italiano. O GVA-RS apresentou expressiva divergência dos Vitivirus Heracleum latent virus (HLV), Grapevine virus B (GVB) e Grapevine virus D (GVD), com identidade de nucleotídeos variando de 76% a 83,1%.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação e caracterização de um potyvírus isolado de Zinnia elegans, na Região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. O potyvírus foi transmitido por inoculação mecânica e apresentou uma gama restrita de hospedeiras sendo que as espécies mais afetadas pertencem à família Asteraceae. Em SDS-PAGE, a massa molecular da proteína capsidial (CP) foi estimada em 33 kDa e, em "Western-blot", reagiu com anti-soro para o Bidens mosaic virus (BiMV). Um fragmento de aproximadamente 820 pb foi amplificado por RT/PCR, clonado e seqüenciado. O fragmento, que inclui o gene da proteína capsidial, mostrou similaridade de aminoácidos do "core" da CP variando de 55% (Tobacco vein mottling virus, TVMV) a 95% (Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus, SuCMoV) e da CP completa de 55% (TVMV) a 91% (SuCMoV). Na região N-terminal, o potyvírus de Zinnia tem uma deleção de quatro aminoácidos (posições 9 a 12 após o sítio de clivagem entre a proteína NIb e a CP) quando comparada com a seqüência do SuCMoV. A análise filogenética agrupou o potyvírus de Zinnia e o SuCMoV em um mesmo ramo em 100% das réplicas, mostrando uma relação de parentesco muito próxima entre esses dois vírus. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho demonstraram que o potyvírus de Zinnia e o SuCMoV são estirpes do mesmo vírus. Sugere-se o nome Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus, isolado Zinnia (SuCMoV-Zi), ao potyvírus encontrado em Z. elegans no Brasil.
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No presente trabalho, descreve-se a caracterização do gene codificador da proteína capsidial de dois isolados sintomatologicamente distintos do Grapevine virus B (GVB). Para isto, RNA totais foram extraídos de folhas e pecíolos de videiras (Vitis spp.) infetadas, cultivares Rubi (GVB-C SP) e Itália (GVB-I SP) e utilizados para amplificar, por RT/PCR, um fragmento entre as posições 6425 e 7118 (694 nucleotídeos, nt) do RNA do GVB ("GenBank", acesso X75448). O fragmento obtido inclui o gene da proteína capsidial (594 nt) codificando 197 aminoácidos com massa molecular estimada em aproximadamente 21.600 Da. A seqüência do GVB-C SP apresentou maior similaridade de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos deduzidos com o isolado italiano (acesso X75448), enquanto que o GVB-I SP foi mais similar a um outro isolado brasileiro do GVB descrito no Rio Grande do Sul (GVB BR1, acesso AF438410). Os dois isolados paulistas do GVB podem ser diferenciados por digestão com a enzima de restrição EcoRI, uma vez que há um sítio interno no GVB-C SP que está ausente no isolado GVB-I SP.
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O presente trabalho caracteriza a região 5'-terminal de um isolado do Southern bean mosaic virus encontrado no Estado de São Paulo (SBMV-SP). O RNA foi extraído de partículas virais purificadas e submetido a RT-PCR usando oligonucleotídeos desenhados para amplificar cerca de 590 nt da região 5'-terminal do RNA viral. Foi obtido um fragmento de tamanho esperado que, após clonagem e seqüenciamento, mostrou a existência de uma região não codificadora com 92 nt e a primeira ORF, começando no primeiro AUG (posição 93) e terminando no códon UGA na posição 534. Na região não codificadora foi detectado um segmento parcialmente complementar ao RNA ribossomal 18S. A ORF1 codifica uma proteína de 147 aminoácidos com massa molecular estimada de 17080 Da. A extremidade 3' da ORF1 sobrepõe a extremidade 5' da ORF2 em 34 nucleotídeos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a região 5'-terminal do RNA do SBMV-SP é similar ao isolado Arkansas (SBMV-ARK) descrito na América do Norte.