Micro-architectured solids: From blast resistant structures to morphing wings

Classes of lattice material are reviewed, and their fracture response is explored in the context of the core of a sandwich panel. Attention is focussed on the strength of a sandwich plate with centre-cracked core made from an elastic-brittle square lattice. Predictions are summarised for the un-notched strength of the sandwiched core and for the fracture toughness of the lattice under remote tension, remote compression or remote shear. It is assumed that the lattice fails when the local stress in the cell walls attains the tensile or compressive strength of the solid, or when local buckling occurs. The local failure mechanism that dictates the unnotched strength may be different from that dictating the fracture toughness. Fracture mechanism maps are generated in order to reveal the dominant local failure mechanism for any given cell wall material.

Modelling and design of stress-induced martensite formation in metastable β Ti alloys

The temperature dependence of the stress-induced martensite (SIM) formation in a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-1023) alloy under compressive loading has been studied. At low temperatures, the stress level at which martensite starts to form increases linearly with the deformation temperature, while the stress at which the deformation switches to regular plastic deformation is roughly temperature independent. A thermostatistical model for dislocation evolution is employed to describe deformation twinning in martensite. Combined effects of twinning induced plasticity and solid solution strengthening are considered in terms of temperature variations. The SIM effect disappears on deformation at temperatures beyond ~ 233 ° C, which is close to the predicted Ms temperature of 240°C. The thermostatistical model predicts a transition from twinned martensite to pure slip at 250°C. By providing a model to predict the martensite formation, and by describing deformation twinning, the present work provides a number of tools that may be employed to conceive new titanium alloys combining improved strength and ductility. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Multiplex detection of mutations in clinical isolates of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by short oligonucleotide Ligation assay on DNA chips

A new approach, short-oligonucleotide-ligation assay on DNA chip (SOLAC), is developed to detect mutations in rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The method needs only four common probes to detect 15 mutational variants of the rpoB gene within 12 h. Fifty-five rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates were analyzed, resulting in 87.3% accuracy and 83.6% concordance relative to DNA sequencing.

Elasticity, band structure, and piezoelectricity of BexZn1-xO alloys

Lattice constants, elasticity, band structure and piezoelectricity of hexagonal wideband gap BexZn1-xO ternary alloys are calculatedusing firstprinciples methods. The alloys' lattice constants obey Vegard's law well. As Be concentration increases, the bulk modulus and Young's modulus of the alloys increase, whereas the piezoelectricity decreases. We predict that BexZn1-xO/GaN/substrate (x = 0.022) multilayer structure can be suitable for high-frequency surface acoustic wave device applications. Our calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data and other theoretical calculations. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mg acceptor energy levels in AlxInyGa1-x-yN quaternary alloys: An approach to overcome the p-type doping bottleneck in nitrides

The Mg-Ga acceptor energy levels in GaN and random Al8In4Ga20N32 quaternary alloys are calculated using the first-principles band-structure method. We show that due to wave function localization, the MgGa acceptor energy level in the alloy is significantly lower than that of GaN, although the two materials have nearly identical band gaps. Our study demonstrates that forming AlxInyGa1-x-yN quaternary alloys can be a useful approach to lower acceptor ionization energy in the nitrides and thus provides an approach to overcome the p-type doping difficulty in the nitride system.

Elasticity, band-gap bowing, and polarization of AlxGa1-xN alloys

Elastic constants, the bulk modulus, Young's modulus, band-gap bowing coefficients, spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations, and piezoelectric coefficients of hexagonal AlxGa1-xN ternary alloys are calculated using first-principles methods. The fully relaxed structures and the structures subjected to homogeneous biaxial and uniaxial tension are investigated. We show that the biaxial tension in the plane perpendicular to the c axis and the uniaxial tension along the c axis all reduce the bulk modulus, whereas they reduce and enhance Young's modulus, respectively. We find that the biaxial and uniaxial tension can enhance the bowing coefficients. We also find that the biaxial tension can enhance the total polarization, while the uniaxial tension will suppress the total polarization. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Epitaxial Growth of AlInGaN Quaternary Alloys by RF-MBE

AlInGaN quaternary alloys were successfully grown on sapphire substrate by radio-frequency plasma-excited molecular beam epitaxy (RF-MBE). AlInGaN quaternary alloys with different compositions were acquired by changing the Al cell's temperature. The streaky RHEED patterns were observed during AlInGaN quaternary alloys growth. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry (RBS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Cathodoluminescence (CL) were used to characterize the structural and optical properties of the AlInGaN alloys. The experimental results show that the AlInGaN quaternary alloys grow on the GaN buffer in the layer-by-layer growth mode. When the Al cell's temperature is 920 degrees C, the Al/In ratio in the AlInGaN quaternary alloys is about 4.7, and the AlInGaN can acquire better crystal and optical quality. The X-ray and CL full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the AlInGaN are 5arcmin and 25nm, respectively.

Band-gap bowing and p-type doping of (Zn, Mg, Be)O wide-gap semiconductor alloys: a first-principles study

Using a first-principles band-structure method and a special quasirandom structure (SQS) approach, we systematically calculate the band gap bowing parameters and p-type doping properties of (Zn, Mg, Be)O related random ternary and quaternary alloys. We show that the bowing parameters for ZnBeO and MgBeO alloys are large and dependent on composition. This is due to the size difference and chemical mismatch between Be and Zn(Mg) atoms. We also demonstrate that adding a small amount of Be into MgO reduces the band gap indicating that the bowing parameter is larger than the band-gap difference. We select an ideal N atom with lower p atomic energy level as dopant to perform p-type doping of ZnBeO and ZnMgBeO alloys. For N doped in ZnBeO alloy, we show that the acceptor transition energies become shallower as the number of the nearest neighbor Be atoms increases. This is thought to be because of the reduction of p-d repulsion. The N-O acceptor transition energies are deep in the ZnMgBeO quaternary alloy lattice-matched to GaN substrate due to the lower valence band maximum. These decrease slightly as there are more nearest neighbor Mg atoms surrounding the N dopant. The important natural valence band alignment between ZnO, MgO, BeO, ZnBeO, and ZnMgBeO quaternary alloy is also investigated.

p-type doping of GaInNAs quaternary alloys

Using the first-principles band-structure method, we investigate the p-type doping properties and band structural parameters of the random Ga1-xInxN1-yAsy quaternary alloys. We show that the Mg-Ga substitution is a better choice than ZnGa to realize the p-type doping because of the lower transition energy level and lower formation energy. The natural valence band alignment of GaAs and GaInNAs alloys is also calculated, and we find that the valence band maximum becomes higher with the increasing in composition. Therefore, we can tailor the band offset as desired which is helpful to confine the electrons effectively in optoelectronic devices. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Phase-separation suppression in GaN-rich side of GaNP alloys grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

The GaN-rich side of GaNP ternary alloys has been successfully synthesized by light-radiation heating and low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curves show that the ( 0002) peak of GaNP shifts to a smaller angle with increasing P content. From the GaNP photoluminescence (PL) spectra, the red shifts from the band-edge emission of GaN are determined to be 73, 78 and 100 meV, respectively, in the GaNP alloys with the P contents of 1.5%, 5.5% and 7.5%. No PL peak or XRD peak related to GaP is observed, indicating that phase separation induced by the short-range distribution of GaP-rich regions in the GaNP layer has been effectively suppressed. The phase-separation suppression in the GaNP layer is associated with the high growth rate and the quick cooling rate under the given growth conditions, which can efficiently restrain the accumulation of P atoms in the GaNP layer.

Optical properties of phase-separated GaN1-xPx alloys grown by light-radiation heating metal-organic chemical vapour deposition

Based on the results of the temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements, the broad PL emission in the phase-separated GaNP alloys with P compositions of 0.03, 0.07, and 0.15 has investigated. The broad PL peaks at 2.18, 2.12 and 1.83 eV are assigned to be an emission from the optical transitions from several trap levels, possibly the iso-electronic trap levels related to nitrogen. With the increasing P composition (from 0.03 to 0.15), these iso-electronic trap levels are shown to become resonant with the conduction band of the alloy and thus optically inactive, leading to the apparent red shift (80-160meV) of the PL peak energy and the trend of the red shift is strengthened. No PL emission peak is observed from the GaN-rich GaNP region, suggesting that the photogenerated carriers in the GaN-rich GaNP region may recombine with each other via non-radiation transitions.

Effects of the wave function localization in AlInGaN quaternary alloys

Using the first-principles band-structure method and the special quasirandom structures approach, the authors have investigated the band structure of random AlxInyGa1-x-yN quaternary alloys. They show that the wave functions of the band edge states are more localized on the InN sites. Consequently, the photoluminescence transition intensity in the alloy is higher than that in GaN. The valence band maximum state of the quaternary alloy is also higher than GaN with the same band gap, indicating that the alloy can be doped more easily as p-type. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

The growth of high-Al-content InAlGaN quaternary alloys by RF-MBE

High-Al-content InxAlyGa1-x-yN (x = 1-10%, y = 34-45%) quaternary alloys were grown on sapphire by radio-frequency plasma-excited molecular beam epitaxy. Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry, high resolution x-ray diffraction and cathodoluminescence were used to characterize the InAlGaN alloys. The experimental results show that InAlGaN with an appropriate Al/In ratio (near 4.7, which is a lattice-match to the GaN under-layer) has better crystal and optical quality than the InAlGaN alloys whose Al/In ratios are far from 4.7. Some cracks and V-defects occur in high-Al/In-ratio InAlGaN alloys. In the CL image, the cracks and V-defect regions are the emission-enhanced regions.

Photoluminescence from the nitrogen-perturbed above-bandgap states in dilute GaAs1-xNx alloys: A microphotoluminescence study

Using microphotoluminescence (mu-PL), in dilute N GaAs1-xNx alloys, we observe a PL band far above the bandgap E-0 with its peak energy following the so-called E+ transition, but with contribution from perturbed GaAs host states in a broad spectral range (> 100 meV). This finding is in sharp contrast to the general understanding that E+ is associated with a well-defined conduction band level (either L-1c or N-x). Beyond this insight regarding the strong perturbation of the GaAs band structure caused by N incorporation, we demonstrate that a small amount of isoelectronic doping in conjunction with mu-PL allows direct observation of above-bandgap transitions that are not usually accessible by PL.

Temperature dependence of the formation of nano-scale indium clusters in InAlGaN alloys on Si(111) substrates

The temperature dependence of the formation of nano-scale indium clusters in InAlGaN quaternary alloys, which are grown by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition on GaN/Si(111) epilayers, is investigated. Firm evidence is provided to support the existence of phase separation, or nano-scale In-rich clusters, by the combined results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and micro-Raman spectra. The results of HRXRD and Raman spectra indicate that the degree of phase separation is strong and the number of In clusters in the InAlGaN layers on silicon substrate is higher at lower growth temperatures than that at higher growth temperatures, which limits the In and Al incorporated into the InAlGaN quaternary alloys. The detailed mechanism of luminescence in this system is studied by low temperature photoluminescence (LT-PL). We conclude that the ultraviolet (UV) emission observed in the quaternary InAlGaN alloys arises from the matrix of a random alloy, and the second emission peak in the blue-green region results from the nano-scale indium clusters.