1000 resultados para Brasil - Condições econômicas - Modelos econométricos


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This article refers to a research which tries to historically (re)construct the conceptual development of the Integral and Differential calculus, taking into account its constructing model feature, since the Greeks to Newton. These models were created by the problems that have been proposed by the history and were being modified by the time the new problems were put and the mathematics known advanced. In this perspective, I also show how a number of nature philosophers and mathematicians got involved by this process. Starting with the speculations over scientific and philosophical natures done by the ancient Greeks, it culminates with Newton s work in the 17th century. Moreover, I present and analyze the problems proposed (open questions), models generated (questions answered) as well as the religious, political, economic and social conditions involved. This work is divided into 6 chapters plus the final considerations. Chapter 1 shows how the research came about, given my motivation and experience. I outline the ways I have gone trough to refine the main question and present the subject of and the objectives of the research, ending the chapter showing the theoretical bases by which the research was carried out, naming such bases as Investigation Theoretical Fields (ITF). Chapter 2 presents each one of the theoretical bases, which was introduced in the chapter 1 s end. In this discuss, I try to connect the ITF to the research. The Chapter 3 discusses the methodological choices done considering the theoretical fields considered. So, the Chapters 4, 5 and 6 present the main corpus of the research, i.e., they reconstruct the calculus history under a perspective of model building (questions answered) from the problems given (open questions), analyzing since the ancient Greeks contribution (Chapter 4), pos- Greek, especially, the Romans contribution, Hindus, Arabian, and the contribution on the Medium Age (Chapter 5). I relate the European reborn and the contribution of the philosophers and scientists until culminate with the Newton s work (Chapter 6). In the final considerations, it finally gives an account on my impressions about the development of the research as well as the results reached here. By the end, I plan out a propose of curse of Differential and Integral Calculus, having by basis the last three chapters of the article

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Com o objetivo de conhecer a fenologia da floração da nogueira macadâmia, foram efetuadas observações, durante o período de maio de 1993 a outubro de 1995, em plantas do pomar da FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil (latitude 21º 15'S, longitude 48º 18'W). Foram utilizadas plantas de 6 anos de idade, das cultivares IAC 5-10 e IAC 8-17, selecionadas no Brasil. Verificou-se que o período de intumescimento das gemas florais ocorreu a partir de maio. As gemas florais são mistas e localizam-se principalmente em ramos finos (0,2 a 0,7 cm). Das três gemas existentes na axila foliar, a gema superior e a mediana geralmente originam inflorescências. O período ocorrido entre o início de crescimento da gema floral e a antese foi de 48 a 55 dias ou 330 a 350 graus-dia (temperatura-base = 12,8 ºC). A inflorescência e a flor + pedicelo apresentaram um padrão de crescimento do tipo sigmoidal simples. O período de flores em antese concentrou-se entre meados de agosto e meados de setembro.

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This present Thesis, is explorer work and presents an analysis of e-wastes of the industry of cellular mobile telephony, evaluating the evolution of the telecommunications nets and as if it holds the global and Brazilian market of cellular telephony. It approaches the elements gifts in the cellular devices that can badly cause to the environment and the health, the discarding of the devices in end of life cycle is made. It analyzes the new European regulation of electric equipment residues and electronic, the WEEE, as it influenced the strategy of the companies manufacturers of mobile phone cellular and of that she forms is possible to create a Brazilian national industry for recycling of devices of cellular, with conditions to globally competition. For this some possible models of being implanted in Brazil are presented. The project of law 203/91 on solid residues is argued and as it would be interesting if to persist some proposals presented to the project, to create a Brazilian market of recycling with capacity of global competition for use to advantage of the European regulation if to get a competitive advantage

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os sistemas de Classificações existentes para a garantia da gestão da qualidade no setor hoteleiro, tendo como foco principal a Matriz de Classificação para os Meios de Hospedagem da EMBRATUR e a ISO 9000, observando os benefícios que esses sistemas e/ou processos de gestão poderão vir a proporcionar para o setor hoteleiro no que se refere à qualidade de seus serviços. Para a obtenção dessas informações foi realizada uma análise comparativa dos sistemas de gestão da qualidade através de pesquisas bibliográficas e de questionários enviados para empreendimentos hoteleiros certificados e classificados, onde os principais resultados fornecidos pela pesquisa foram trabalhados de forma a apresentar, de maneira clara, a superioridade de um sistema em relação ao outro

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This work studies the development, implementation and improvement of a macroscopic model to describe the behavior of the spouted bed dryer with continuous feeding for pastes and suspensions drying. This model is based on the CST model (Freire et al., 2009) and the model of Fernandes (2005), whose theoretical foundation is based on macroscopic mass and heat balances for the three phases involved in the process: gas, liquid and solid. Because this technique is quite relevant, the studies of modeling and simulation of spouted bed drying are essential in the analysis of the process as a whole, because through them it is possible to predict and understand the behavior of the process, which contributes significantly to more efficient project and operation. The development and understanding of the phenomena involved in the drying process can be obtained by comparing the experimental data with those from computer simulations. Such knowledge is critical for choosing properly the process conditions in order to obtain a good drying efficiency. Over the past few years, researches and development of works in the field of pastes and suspensions drying in spouted bed has been gaining ground in Brazil. The Particulate Systems Laboratory at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, has been developing several researches and generating a huge collection of experimental data concerning the drying of fruit pulps, vegetables pastes, goat milk and suspensions of agro-industrial residues. From this collection, some data of goat milk and residue from acerola (Malpighia glabra L.) drying were collected. For the first time, these data were used for the development and validation of a model that can describe the behavior of spouted bed dryer. Thus, it was possible to model the dryer and to evaluate the influence of process variables (paste feeding, temperature and flow rate of the drying air) in the drying dynamics. We also performed water evaporation experiments in order to understand and to study the behavior of the dryer wall temperature and the evaporation rate. All these analysis will contribute to future works involving the implementation of control strategies in the pastes and suspensions drying. The results obtained in transient analysis were compared with experimental data indicating that this model well represents the process

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São apresentadas séries históricas de indicadores demográficos e sanitários para a população com 60 anos e mais do Brasil, Estado de São Paulo e Município de Araraquara, de porte médio. em 1991, os idosos eram 7,8% da população brasileira e 9,7% de Araraquara, superando em número as crianças menores de 5 anos (8,9%). Aumentou o peso relativo do segmento com mais idade (70 anos e mais), que já representa 40% do total, assim como o índice de urbanização dos idosos, 93,7% no Estado e 96,3% no Município, acima da média da população em geral em 1991. As principais causas de morte são as doenças do aparelho circulatório (40% do total de óbitos) e os neoplasmas (15%). São sugeridas medidas para a assistência à saúde dos idosos: a) expansão da capacidade atual de atendimento, através do treinamento gerontológico de médicos generalistas e enfermeiros da rede pública e privada; b) incremento das atividades educativas já existentes, dirigidas aos idosos, profissionais da saúde e educadores do ensino médio; c) incremento do programa de visita domiciliar aos idosos e criação de hospital-dia para evitar internações necessárias e garantir a manutenção dos baixos níveis atuais de institucionalização em asilos (0,7% em Araraquara). A existência de pelo menos 35% dos idosos de Araraquara, com acesso à assistência privada à saúde, reforça a importância da inclusão desses serviços nos programas locais de saúde da terceira idade.

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As a result of the financial incentive provided by the GM / MS 1.444, since 2000, Brazil has experienced a substantial increase in the number of oral health services at the Family Health Strategy. There is, however, evidence that these teams have produced qualitatively different experiences which do not translate necessarily into improved quality of life and health. Thus, evaluative research of great importance. This study aims to assess the impact of the Family Health Strategy in oral health in a longitudinal perspective natalense the years 2006 and 2009. This is an intervention study whose design is a community trial in parallel, nearly randomized. The sample consisted of census tracts covered by oral health teams in the Family Health and the Traditional Model (Basic Health Units and non-FHS Program of Community Health Agents and areas not covered.) The sample was determined by drawing ten census tracts to form the experimental group and ten other sectors for the control group by pairing intentional based on socio-economic and geographic. To check the net effect of the intervention was performed multivariate analysis by Poisson regression. As a result of cross-sectional analysis of year 2009, it was found that the effects of the ESF in Natal were satisfactory only for the variables of injuries and for other purposes without and with negative impact on stock coverage reclaimers. However, the longitudinal analysis revealed that the ESB / ESF improved their performance in dealing with grievances, access and coverage of the type of actions and this fact is independent of age, sex and social and economic conditions. In other employees' words are related to the presence of the Family Health Strategy in the region. However it does not say that both models under study (the Family Health Strategy Model and Traditional) are different in terms of performance and it is pertinent to reflect on the need for further development of evaluation studies that use other approaches able to clarify the dynamics of the process whose results can come to the knowledge of the actors responsible for leading the ESF and encourage them to incorporate the assessment in their routine

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In Brazil, despite the decline in infant mortality in recent decades it still has high rates going against recommended by WHO. Being the largest percentage of infant mortality rate composed of neonatal deaths. Objective: A study was conducted to analyze the spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and its correlation with the biological, socioeconomic and maternal and child health care in the Brazilian states in the period from 2006 to 2010. Method: The study made thematic maps and correlation (LISA) for verification of spatial dependence and multiple linear regression models. Results: Was found that there is no spatial autocorrelation for neonatal mortality in the Brazilian states (R = 0.002, p = 0.48). Most of variables were correlated (r> 0.3, p <0.05) with neonatal mortality, forming clusters in the North and Northeast, with the highest rates of teenage mothers, low household income per capita, lower prenatal appointments and beds of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The number of Neonatal UCI beds remained independent effect after regression analysis. Conclusion: The study concludes that regional inequalities in living conditions and especially the access to maternal and child health services contribute to the unequal distribution of neonatal mortality in Brazil

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Dentre os vários aspectos da saúde do idoso, a saúde bucal merece atenção especial pelo fato de que, historicamente, nos serviços odontológicos, não se considera esse grupo populacional como prioridade de atenção. Por isso, se faz necessária a produção de um indicador multidimensional capaz de mensurar todas as alterações bucais encontradas em um idoso, facilitando a categorização da saúde bucal como um todo. Tal indicador representará um importante instrumento capaz de elencar prioridades de atenção voltadas à população idosa. Portanto, o estudo em questão propõe a produção e validação de um indicador de saúde bucal a partir dos dados secundários coletados pelo projeto SB Brasil 2010 referente ao grupo etário de 65 a 74 anos. A amostra foi representada pelos 7619 indivíduos do grupo etário de 65 a 74 anos que participaram da pesquisa nas 5 (cinco) regiões do Brasil. Tais indivíduos foram submetidos à avaliação epidemiológica das condições de saúde bucal, a partir dos índices CPO-d, CPI e PIP. Além disso, verificou-se o uso e necessidade de prótese, bem como características sociais, econômicas e demográficas. Uma análise fatorial identificou um número relativamente pequeno de fatores comuns, através da análise de componentes principais. Após a nomenclatura dos fatores, foi realizada a soma dos escores fatoriais por indivíduo. Por último, a dicotomização dessa soma nos forneceu o indicador de saúde bucal proposto. Para esse estudo foram incluídas na análise fatorial 12 variáveis de saúde bucal oriundas do banco de dados do SB Brasil 2010 e, também 3 variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas. Com base no critério de Kaiser, observa-se que foram retidos cinco fatores que explicaram 70,28% da variância total das variáveis incluídas no modelo. O fator 1 (um) explica sozinho 32,02% dessa variância, o fator 2 (dois) 14,78%, enquanto que os fatores 3 (três), 4 (quatro) e 5 (cinco) explicam 8,90%, 7,89% e 6,68%, respectivamente. Por meio das cargas fatoriais, o fator um foi denominado dente hígido e pouco uso de prótese , o dois doença periodontal presente , o três necessidade de reabilitação , já o quarto e quinto fator foram denominados de cárie e condição social favorável , respectivamente. Para garantir a representatividade do indicador proposto, realizou-se uma segunda análise fatorial em uma subamostra da população de idosos investigados. Por outro lado, a aplicabilidade do indicador produzido foi testada por meio da associação do mesmo com outras variáveis do estudo. Por fim, Cabe ressaltar que, o indicador aqui produzido foi capaz de agregar diver sas informações a respeito da saúde bucal e das condições sociais desses indivíduos, traduzindo assim, diversos dados em uma informação simples, que facilita o olhar dos gestores de saúde sobre as reais necessidades de intervenções em relação à saúde bucal de determinada população

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Northeastern Brazil is mainly formed by crystalline terrains (around 60% in area). Moreover, this region presents a semi-arid climate so that it is periodically subject to drought seasons. Furthermore, ground water quality extracted fromwells usually presents poor quality because of their high salinity contents. Nevertheless, ground water is still a very important source of water for human and animal consumption in this region. Well sitting in hard rocks terrains in Northeastern Brazil offers a mean success index of aboul 60%, given that a successful siting is defined by a well producing at least 0.5 m³/h. This low index reveals lack of knowledga about the true conditions of storage and percolation of ground water in crystalline rocks. Two models for structures storing and producing ground water in crystalline rocks in Northeastem Brazil have been proposed in the literature. The first model,tradnionally used for well sitting since the sixties are controlled by faults or fractures zones. This model is commonly referred, in Brazilian hydrogeological literature, as the "creek-crack" model (riacho-fenda in Portuguese). Sites appearing to present dense drainage network are preferred for water well siting - particularly at points where the drainages cross-cul each other. Field follow up work is usually based only on geological criteria. The second model is the "eluvio-alluvial through" (calha eluvio-aluvionar in Portuguese); it is also described in the literature but it is not yet incorporated in well sitting practice. This model is based on the hypothesis that reclilinear drainages can also be controlled by the folietion of the rock. Eventually, depending upon the degree of weathering, a through-shaped structure filled with sediments (alluvium and regolith) can be developed which can store and water can be produced from. Using severalfield case studies, this Thesis presents a thorough analysis ofthe two above cited models and proposes a new model. The analysis is based on an integrated methodological approach using geophysics and structural geology. Both land (Resitiviy and Ground Penetrating Radar- GPR) and aerogeophysical (magnetics and frequency domain eletromagnetics) surveys were used. Slructural analysis emphasized neolectonic aspects; in general, itwas found that fractures in the E-W direction are relatively open, as compared to fracturas inthe N-S direction, probably because E-W fractures were opened by the neotectonic stress regime in Northeastern Brazil, which is controlled by E-W compression and N-S extension. The riacho-fenda model is valid where drainages are controlled by fractures. The degree of fracturing and associated weathering dictale the hydrogeological potential of the structure. Field work in structural analogues reveals that subvertical fractures show consistent directions both in outcrop and aerophotograph scales. Geophysical surveys reveal subvertical conductive anomalies associated to the fracture network controlling the drainage; one of the borders of the conductive anomaly usually coincide wih the drainage. An aspect of particular importance to the validation of fracture control are the possible presence of relalively deep conductive anomalies wihoul continuation or propagalion to the surface. The conductive nature of lhe anomaly is due to the presence of wealhered rock and sedirnenls (alluvium and/or regolilh) storing ground waler which occur associated to the fracture network. Magnetic surveys are not very sensisnive to these structures.lf soil or covering sedirnents are resislive (> 100 Ohm.m), GPR can ba used to image precisely lhe fracture network. A major limialion of riacho-fenda model, revealed by GPR images, is associated to the fact thal subhorizontal fractures do play a very important role in connecting the fracture network, besides connect shallow recharge zones to relalively deep subvertical frecture zones. Iffractures play just a secondary control on the drainage, however, r/acho-fenda model may have a very limiled validny; in these cases, large portions oflhe drainage do nol coincide wilh frectures and mosl oflhewells localed in lhe drainage surrounding would resull dry. Usually, a secondary conlrol on lhe drainage by Ihefraclure networkcan be revealed only wilh detailed geophysical survey. The calha elClv1o-aluvlonarmodel is valid where drainages are conlrolled by folialion. The degree 01 wealhering 01 lhe lolialion planes dictales lhe hydrogeological polenlial 01 lhe slruclure. Outcrop analysis reveals Ihal lolialion and drainage direclions are parallel and Ihal no Iraclures, orfraclures wilh diflerent directions 01 lhe drainage direclion occur. Geophysical surveys reveal conduclive anomalies in a slab lorm associaled 10 lhe Ihrough 01 lhe wealhered rock and sedimenls (alluvium and/or regolith). Magnelic surveys can ofler a very good conlrol on lolialion direclion. An importanl aspect 10 validale lolialion conlrol are lhe presence 01 conductive anomalies showing shallow and deep portions area which are linked. Illhere is an exlensive soil cover, r/acho-fenda and calha eIClv1o-aluv/onar conlrols can be easily misinlerpreled in lhe absence 01 geophysical conlrol. Certainly, Ihis lacl could explain at leasl a part of lhe failure index in well sitting. The model wealhering sack (bolsllo de Intempertsmo in Portuguese) is proposed to explain cases where a very inlensive wealhering occur over lhe crystalline rock so Ihal a secondary inlerslilial porosity is crealed. The waler is Ihen stored in lhe porous of lhe regolilh in a similar mannerlo sedimentary rocks. A possible example ofthis model was delecled by using land geophysical survey where a relalivelyvery deep isolaled conduclive anomaly, in a slab form, was delected. Iflhis structure does store ground waler, certainly Ihere must be a link 01 lhe deep slructure wilh lhe surface in orderlo provide walerfeeding. This model mighl explain anomalous waler yields as greal as 50 m³/h Ihalsomelimescan occur in crystalline rocks in Northeaslern Brazil

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The aim of this study is to investigate the eco-environmental vulnerability, its changes, and its causes to develop a management system for application of eco-environmental vulnerability and risk assessment in the Apodi-Mossory estuary, Northeast Brazil. This analysis is focused on the interference of the landscape conditions, and its changes, due to the following factors: the oil and natural gas industry, tropical fruits industry, shrimp farms, marine salt industry, occupation of the sensitive areas; demand for land, vegetation degradation, siltation in rivers, severe flooding, sea level rise (SLR), coastal dynamics, low and flat topography, high ecological value and tourism in the region and the rapid growth of urbanization. Conventional and remote sensing data were analyzed using modeling techniques based on ArcGIS, ER-Mapper, ERDAS Imagine and ENVI software. Digital images were initially processed by Principal Component Analysis and transformation of the maximum fraction of noise, and then all bands were normalized to reduce errors caused by bands of different sizes. They were integrated in a Geographic Information System analysis to detect changes, to generate digital elevation models, geomorphic indices and other variables of the study area. A three band color combination of multispectral bands was used to monitor changes of land and vegetation cover from 1986 to 2009. This task also included the analysis of various secondary data, such as field data, socioeconomic data, environmental data and prospects growth. The main objective of this study was to improve our understanding of eco-environmental vulnerability and risk assessment; it´s causes basically show the intensity, its distribution and human-environment effect on the ecosystem, and identify the high and low sensitive areas and area of inundation due to future SLR, and the loss of land due to coastal erosion in the Apodi-Mossoró estuary in order to establish a strategy for sustainable land use. The developed model includes some basic factors such as geology, geomorphology, soils, land use / land cover, vegetation cover, slope, topography and hydrology. The numerical results indicate that 9.86% of total study area was under very high vulnerability, 29.12% high vulnerability, 52.90% moderate vulnerability and 2.23% were in the category of very low vulnerability. The analysis indicates that 216.1 km² and 362.8 km² area flooded on 1m and 10m in sea levels respectively. The sectors most affected were residential, industrial and recreational areas, agricultural land, and ecosystems of high environmental sensitivity. The results showed that changes in eco-environmental vulnerability have a significant impact on the sustainable development of the RN state, since the indicator is a function of sensitivity, exposure and status in relation to a level of damage. The model were presented as a tool to assist in indexing vulnerability in order to optimize actions and assess the implications of decisions makers and policies regarding the management of coastal and estuarine areas. In this context aspects such as population growth, degradation of vegetation, land use / land cover, amount and type of industrialization, SLR and government policies for environmental protection were considered the main factors that affect the eco-environmental changes over the last three decades in the Apodi-Mossoró estuary.

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Foram estudados os conhecimentos e opiniões dos profissionais de saúde do Município de Botucatu, SP (Brasil), acerca da freqüência e gravidade de treze sintomas e sinais de doenças, visando à comparação com as opiniões emitidas pela população urbana do Município. Foram entrevistados 435 profissionais de saúde ativos (médicos, enfermeiros, auxiliares e atendentes de enfermagem e outros), a maioria do sexo feminino, com idade de 25 a 44 anos. A categoria de atendentes foi a mais numerosa. de modo geral, os cinco últimos sintomas da relação constante do formulário - sangue no escarro, sangramento vaginal, caroço no seio, acessos e sangue na urina, foram considerados menos freqüentes e mais graves, comparativamente aos oito primeiros: falta de ar, febre, fraqueza, dor nas costas, dor no peito, dor de cabeça, tosse e diarréia. Dentre as categorias, os médicos diferenciaram-se atribuindo, com menor freqüência, escores altos para a freqüência e gravidade. Os clínicos valorizaram mais do que os cirurgiões, esses dois fatores, para quase todos os sintomas. O cotejo com a opinião dos leigos entrevistados revelou semelhanças nas tendências, embora tenha havido, por parte destes, maior valorização da freqüência e gravidade.

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OBJETIVOS: avaliar a percepção das condições de saúde bucal de um grupo de gestantes, através da aplicação do índice General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). MÉTODOS: participaram do estudo 53 gestantes que freqüentavam uma Unidade Básica de Saúde em Araraquara, São Paulo. Foi aplicado um questionário contendo questões do índice GOHAI, questões sobre a autopercepção das condições bucais e sobre as características sócio-demográficas. Por meio dos testes não-paramétricos Mann-Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis, foram determinados a associação das variáveis sociais e de autopercepção com o índice GOHAI. RESULTADOS: a percepção das condições bucais, medida pelo índice GOHAI, foi positiva e apresentou um valor médio de 31,6. Os dados subjetivos mostram que apenas 12,0% das gestantes classificaram sua condição bucal como ruim, a maioria declarou nenhum problema dentário, embora 58,7% tenha relatado distúrbios gengivais. As questões como dor e/ou desconforto foram as mais percebidas pelas gestantes. CONCLUSÕES: as gestantes fizeram uma avaliação positiva de sua condição bucal, estando o índice GOHAI associado a variáveis relacionadas à autopercepção. Tal índice pode ser aplicado em grupos populacionais como as gestantes, possibilitando medidas educativas e/ou preventivas direcionadas às suas reais necessidades.

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O estudo de reprodutoras de frangos de corte é de grande importância para o País, uma vez que o frango de corte é um dos maiores itens agropecuários em exportação, sendo o Brasil o segundo maior exportador mundial dessa carne. O comportamento animal é conceituado como reflexo do efeito da interação de diversos fatores, entre os quais o ambiental. Dessa forma, o ambiente interno do galpão de produção constitui um dos elementos que fornecem indicações sobre o conforto térmico das aves. O comportamento de matrizes expressa, sob a forma de padrões específicos, a saúde e o bem-estar dessas aves. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a aplicação dos modelos estatísticos preditivos, por meio da construção de cenários, apresentando resultados do conforto animal perante diversas condições ambientais. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com dados coletados em ambiente controlado, utilizando a linhagem Hybro-PG®, submetida a diferentes níveis de temperatura ambiente, tipos padronizados de ração e idade. Foram procedidas as análises descritiva e exploratória e, posteriormente, a modelagem, utilizando as Equações de Estimação Generalizadas (EEG). A pesquisa permitiu o desenvolvimento de indicadores de bem-estar térmico por meio das equações dos modelos estatísticos de predição, sob os distintos cenários estudados.

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Levando-se em consideração que a natação é um exercício excelente para a saúde e tem sido um esporte preferido por pessoas de várias idades de ambos os sexos; e que a massa líquida, contida em tanques, pode veicular doenças, procurou-se estudar as condições sanitárias de algumas piscinas públicas e particulares da Cidade de Araraquara, SP (Brasil). em 36 tomadas de amostras de águas de piscinas públicas e 22 de piscinas particulares, constatou-se que, embora recebendo tratamento específico, elas não mantêm os níveis de cloro suficiente para impedir a proliferação de bactérias, algumas das quais perigosas para a saúde dos freqüentadores. Verificou-se que os níveis de cloretos estavam altos, indicando contaminação das águas por urina ou mesmo suor do corpo, e concluiu-se que o banhista deveria receber instruções a respeito.