Tasa-arvo ja muutoksen rajat : Sukupuolten tasa-arvo poliittisena ongelmana Ranskan parité- ja Suomen kiintiökeskusteluissa

The study looks at the debates on gender equality in political decision-making in Finland and France in the 1990s and 2000s by analysing the argumentation for parité and quotas and the ways in which gender equality was constructed as a political problem. The focus of the study is on the parliamentary debates on the amendment of the electoral law in France in 2000 and the introduction of quota regulations into the Act on Equality in Finland in 1994 - 1995. The debates ended in the adoption of quota regulations in the electoral lists (France) and in the executive and preparatory bodies at the national and the local level (Finland). Apart from the analysis of the parliamentary debates, the study explores the political processes preceding the adoption of legislation as well as the debates on quotas and parity in Finnish and French societies in the 1980s and 1990s. The debates on gender equality are analysed as the sites of struggle and change with regard to the normative boundaries of gender equality, as well as of politics and citizenship. The cross-cultural perspective gives room to explore the ways in which gender equality and change can be imagined in different national contexts, and which kinds of discursive resources are available for the politicization of gender equality. Specific attention is paid to the discursive frames and agenda settings in the debates and how these set the limits of the imaginable and the possible in the promotion of gender equality. In both Finland and France, the promotion of equality was constructed as a national project, in which the main beneficiary was the society or the nation as a whole. In France, gender equality was an inherent part of the promotion of French democracy; in Finland, gender equality was regarded as a means to bring the expertise of both women and men to the benefit of the whole society. Furthermore, in both countries the promotion of gender equality was based on the harmonious cooperation of women and men and the temporal dimension of "nearly achieved" gender equality. In this kind of a context, gender equality served as a means towards the wider national ends, and there was little room to discuss the aspects of power and agency with regard to gender equality. However, the internationalisation of equality politics, as well as the conflicting interpretations of gender equality in the national political arenas, calls into question the existence of clearly defined and immutable boundaries of "Finnish" and "French" gender equality. At the same time, the rules of the game in politics, including the meaning of French republicanism and Finnish "expert oriented" politics were contested. In this way, the new equality legislation and the preceding political processes played a part in the transformation of the limits of gender equality, politics and citizenship.

Strong metal-support interaction in nickel/niobium pentoxide and nickel/titania catalysts

EXAFS studies of Ni/Nb20, and Ni/Ti02 catalysts reduced at 773 K show evidence for the presence of a short Ni-Nb (Ti) and a long Ni-Nb (Ti) bond. The results provide evidence for considerable structural reorganization of the support in the vicinity of the Ni particles.

Drainage and separation factors for static foams containing agglomerates of microbial cells

The presence of cell agglomerates has been found to influence significantly the rates of liquid drainage from static foams. The process of drainage has been modelled by considering the foam to be made of pentagonal dodecahedral bubbles yielding films, nearly horizontal and nearly vertical Plateau borders. The films are assumed to drain into both kinds of Plateau borders equally. The horizontal Plateau borders are assumed to receive liquid from the films and drain into the vertical Plateau borders, which, in turn, form the main flow paths for gravity drainage. The drainage process is assumed to be similar to that for pure liquid until a stage is reached where the size of the cell agglomerates become equivalent to those of films and Plateau borders. Thereafter, a squeezing flow mechanism has been formulated where the aggromerates deform and flow. The model based on the above assumptions has been verified against experimental results and has been found to predict not only drainage data but also the separation of cell agglomerates from broths.

Longitudinal Magnetic Field Effect on Nonlocal Ultrasonic Vibration Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Based on Wave Propagation Approach

This paper studies the effect of longitudinal magnetic field on ultrasonic vibration in single walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based on nonlocal continuum medium theory. Governing partial differential equations of CNTs are derived by considering the Lorentz magnetic forces applied on CNTs induced by a longitudinal magnetic field through Maxwell equations. The vibration characteristics of CNTs under a longitudinal magnetic field are obtained by solving the governing equations via wave propagation approach. The effects of longitudinal magnetic field on vibration of CNTs are discussed through numerical experiments. The present analysis show that vibration frequencies of CNTs drops dramatically in the presence of the magnetic field for various circumferential wavenumbers. Such effect is also observed for various boundary conditions of the CNT. New features for the effect of longitudinal magnetic field on ultrasonic vibration of CNTs, presented in this paper are useful in the design of nano-drive device, nano-oscillator and actuators and nano-electron technology, where carbon nanotubes act as basic elements.

Large improvements in application throughput of long-running multi-component applications using batch grids

Computational grids with multiple batch systems (batch grids) can be powerful infrastructures for executing long-running multi-component parallel applications. In this paper, we evaluate the potential improvements in throughput of long-running multi-component applications when the different components of the applications are executed on multiple batch systems of batch grids. We compare the multiple batch executions with executions of the components on a single batch system without increasing the number of processors used for executions. We perform our analysis with a foremost long-running multi-component application for climate modeling, the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). We have built a robust simulator that models the characteristics of both the multi-component application and the batch systems. By conducting large number of simulations with different workload characteristics and queuing policies of the systems, processor allocations to components of the application, distributions of the components to the batch systems and inter-cluster bandwidths, we show that multiple batch executions lead to 55% average increase in throughput over single batch executions for long-running CCSM. We also conducted real experiments with a practical middleware infrastructure and showed that multi-site executions lead to effective utilization of batch systems for executions of CCSM and give higher simulation throughput than single-site executions. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Plasmodium falciparum Prp16 homologue and its role in splicing

Large numbers of Plasmodium genes have been predicted to have introns. However, little information exists on the splicing mechanisms in this organism. Here, we describe the DExD/DExH-box containing Pre-mRNA processing proteins (Prps), PfPrp2p, PfPrp5p, PfPrp16p, PfPrp22p, PfPrp28p, PfPrp43p and PfBrr2p, present in the Plasmodium falciparum genome and characterized the role of one of these factors, PfPrp16p. It is a member of DEAH-box protein family with nine collinear sequence motifs, a characteristic of helicase proteins. Experiments with the recombinantly expressed and purified PfPrp16 helicase domain revealed binding to RNA, hydrolysis of ATP as well as catalytic helicase activities. Expression of helicase domain with the C-terminal helicase-associated domain (HA2) reduced these activities considerably, indicating that the helicase-associated domain may regulate the PfPrp16 function. Localization studies with the PfPrp16 GFP transgenic lines suggested a role of its N-terminal domain (1-80 amino acids) in nuclear targeting. Immunodepletion of PfPrp16p, from nuclear extracts of parasite cultures, blocked the second catalytic step of an in vitro constituted splicing reaction suggesting a role for PfPrp16p in splicing catalysis. Further we show by complementation assay in yeast that a chimeric yeast-Plasmodium Prp16 protein, not the full length PfPrp16, can rescue the yeast prp16 temperature-sensitive mutant. These results suggest that although the role of Prp16p in catalytic step II is highly conserved among Plasmodium, human and yeast, subtle differences exist with regards to its associated factors or its assembly with spliceosomes. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influencia de rotación de cultivos y métodos de control sobre la dinámica de las malezas y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) var. D-55)

En la Estación Experimental de Las Mercedes municipio de Managua, se inició en la época de postrera en 1991, un experimento de rotación de cultivos bajo diferentes niveles de control de malezas. El presente trabajo evaluó el efecto de los cultivos antecesores sorgo, maíz y pepino con tres niveles de control de malezas : químico, período crítico y limpias periódicas a la dinámica de la cenosis de malezas, crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo sucesor sorgo. Cuando antecedió el pepino la abundancia de maleza fue mayor con 504 Ind/m2 reduciéndose considerablemente a la cosecha obteniendo una biomasa promedio de 133.9 gr/m2. Sucedió lo contrario con maíz como cultivo antecesor ya que al principio la abundancia fue de 201 Ind/m2 y se obtuvo la mayor biomasa con 259.8 gr/m2 y para sorgo-sorgo tuvo valores de 232 Ind/m2 y a la cosecha en menor valor en biomasa de sorgo 130.0 gr/m2. En el rendimiento se enmarcó una tendencia a favor de maíz como cultivo antecesor con 1878 Kg/ha de sorgo, mientras sorgo-sorgo obtuvo un rendimiento de 1839 Kg/ha comparándose con pepino como antecesor con 1832 Kg/ha de sorgo. Comparando los controles aquí hubo diferencias significativas y en mayor valor le correspondió al control químico con 2048.0 Kg/ha, control período crítico con 1786 Kg/ha y el menor valor le correspondió a limpia periódica con sólo 1715 Kg/ha. En el control período crítico presentó mayor abundancia la maleza al inicio con 444 Ind/m2, teniendo una reducción hasta 62 Ind/m2 en la cosecha. El control químico tuvo un comportamiento similar que el control período crítico con 295 Ind/m2, reduciendo al final del ciclo con 135 Ind/m2. El control limpias periódicas tuvo al inicio la menor abundancia con 200 Ind/m2, reduciendo a la cosecha a 3 Ind/m2.

非完整力学的第二类,第一类和中间类型变分原理

提出非完整力滨第二类微分变分原理，在此基础上建立一系列第二类积分变分原理，并由此出发导出“δｑ‘－δｑ普遍关系”和每类及中间类型积分变分原理的普遍形式，它概括了所有可能的δｑ’－δｑ关系和所有可能的积分变分原理，从而统一了所有的δｑ‘－δｑ关系和所有的积分变分原理。

基于比拟理论的翼型扰流声场数值模拟

从二维模型方程的全离散形式出发，重点分析了差分格式的色散特性和各向异性效应，证实迎风紧致格式比对称格式有更好的色散和各向同性特性，故有利于声场的数值模拟。并采用三阶迎风紧致格式(UCD3)和四阶对称紧致格式(SCD4)计算了绕NACA0012翼型的可压缩非定常流场，并将此流场作为近场声源，运用声学比拟理论对气动声进行模拟。

Efecto de diferentes niveles de NPK en el comportamiento agronómico del tomate, en el Valle de Sébaco, Nicaragua

Se realizó un estudio sobre niveles de fertilización NPK en el cultivo del tomate cv. Rio Grande, en terrenos de la cooperativa "Leonel Valdivia" del Valle de Sebaco, Nicaragua, en el periodo comprendido de Noviembre 1998 a Marzo de 1999, con el objetivo de determinar las curvas de respuesta optimas a la fertilización N,P y la respuesta a la fertilización con potasio en la producción de tomate, los niveles de fertilizantes evaluados fueron: O, 60, 120 y 180 kg ha-1 de Nitrógeno; O, 40 y 80 kg ha-1 de P2 05 ; O y 80 kg ha-1 de K2O. Los Tratamientos evaluados fueron trece incluyendo tratamientos con y sin potasio para determinar su respuesta. El diseño experimental usado fue de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones con un arreglo factorial 3x3 (N*P), para estudiar los efectos individuales y las interacciones a nitrógeno y fósforo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura, diámetro del tallo, numero de racimos por planta, población final y rendimiento. Los resultados evidencian que aportes de 180 kg ha-1 de nitrógeno combinadas con aplicaciones de fósforo y potasio inducen a un mayor crecimiento, diámetro y numero de racimos en la planta del tomate: sin embargo aplicaciones de 60-40-80 y 60-80-80 kg ha-1 de P2 05 y K2 0 respectivamente garantizan rendimientos significativos mayores de las 52 t ha-1 utilidades netas que alcanzan los 20000 Córdobas por hectárea, relación valor costo de al menos C$ 19.00 por cada Córdoba invertido en fertilización e índices de productividad máximos de 68.0 kg de tomate por cada kg aportado en fertilizantes

Evaluación agronómica de siete variedades de yuca, (Manihot esculenta Crantz) en las condiciones del municipio de Nueva Guinea/Nicaragua 2002

El cultivo de la Yuca en los últimos 3 años se ha convertido en un rubro generador de empleo para los productores de la zona húmeda de Nicaragua, la cual produce el 75% de la producción nacional. El principal problema del cultivo son los bajos rendimientos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las variedades de yuca que mejor rendimiento presentan bajo las condiciones de Nueva Guinea. Se evaluaron siete variedades que cultivan los productores de Rama y Nueva Guinea (Algodón, Campeona, Sutra, Valencia, Pata de Paloma, Arbolito y Masaya). Se estableció el ensayo en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. El menor número de unidades nodales del tallo y mayor altura de orqueta favorece a los productores porque incrementan el rendimiento. A mayor altura de orqueta menor es la longitud de las raíces comerciales favoreciendo la exportación. Las variedades Algodón, Pata de paloma y Valencia fueron las mejores en rendimiento, adecuadas para el transporte y el mercado internacional. Se encontraron variedades suceptibles y resistentes al ataque de plagas y enfermedades. Existen variedades que por la longitud de la raíz comercial se adecuan al mercado nacional ó internacional. Cuando se realizó la prueba de cocción se determinó que unas dilataban más que otras para estar cocinadas, favoreciendo el trabajo de las amas de casa y la economía del hogar, al evitar mayores gastos en combustible.