959 resultados para Beta - 2
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Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Beta-amyloid Pathology -Applicability of Positron Emission Tomography with the Amyloid Radioligand 11C-PIB Accumulation of beta amyloid (Abeta) in the brain is characteristic for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Carbon-11 labeled 2-(4’-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (11C-PIB) is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid imaging agent that appears to be applicable for in vivo Abeta plaque detection and quantitation. The biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of 11C-PIB were investigated in 16 healthy subjects. The reproducibility of a simplified 11C-PIB quantitation method was evaluated with a test-retest study on 6 AD patients and 4 healthy control subjects. Brain 11C-PIB uptake and its possible association with brain atrophy rates were studied over a two-year follow-up in 14 AD patients and 13 healthy controls. Nine monozygotic and 8 dizygotic twin pairs discordant for cognitive impairment and 9 unrelated controls were examined to determine whether brain Abeta accumulation could be detected with 11C-PIB PET in cognitively intact persons who are at increased genetic risk for AD. The highest absorbed radiation dose was received by the gallbladder wall (41.5 mjuGy/MBq). About 20 % of the injected radioactivity was excreted into urine, and the effective whole-body radiation dose was 4.7 mjuSv/MBq. Such a dose allows repeated scans of individual subjects. The reproducibility of the simplified 11C-PIB quantitation was good or excellent both at the regional level (VAR 0.9-5.5 %) and at the voxel level (VAR 4.2-6.4 %). 11C-PIB uptake did not increase during 24 months’ follow-up of subjects with mild or moderate AD, even though brain atrophy and cognitive decline progressed. Baseline neocortical 11C-PIB uptake predicted subsequent volumetric brain changes in healthy control subjects (r = 0.725, p = 0.005). Cognitively intact monozygotic co-twins – but not dizygotic co-twins – of memory-impaired subjects exhibited increased 11C-PIB uptake (117-121 % of control mean) in their temporal and parietal cortices and the posterior cingulate (p<0.05), when compared with unrelated controls. This increased uptake may be representative of an early AD process, and genetic factors seem to play an important role in the development of AD-like Abeta plaque pathology. 11C-PIB PET may be a useful method for patient selection and follow-up for early-phase intervention trials of novel therapeutic agents. AD might be detectable in high-risk individuals in its presymptomatic stage with 11C-PIB PET, which would have important consequences both for future diagnostics and for research on disease-modifying treatments.
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OBJETIVO: avaliar a relação entre os níveis séricos do hormônio gonadotrópico coriônico (beta-hCG) e a medida da espessura endometrial, em pacientes submetidas ao tratamento de gravidez ectópica com metotrexate. MÉTODOS: estudo clínico prospectivo, no qual foram avaliados os títulos do beta-hCG e a maior medida da espessura endometrial no eixo longitudinal uterino por meio da ultra-sonografia transvaginal, em 38 pacientes com gravidez ectópica íntegra, com diâmetro < 3,5 cm, com estabilidade hemodinâmica e aumento dos níveis do beta-hCG num intervalo de 24-48 horas. Todas receberam terapia com dose única de metotrexate (50 mg/m² intra muscular). Foram comparadas as médias dos valores do beta-hCG e da espessura endometrial, das mulheres que evoluíram com sucesso do tratamento e com aquelas que apresentaram insucesso terapêutico. Posteriormente, foi avaliada a diferença entre as médias dos valores séricos do beta-hCG segundo a espessura endometrial (<10,0 mm e >10,0 mm), independente da resposta terapêutica. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: as médias dos valores iniciais do beta-hCG das 28 mulheres que apresentaram resposta terapêutica medicamentosa foi de 1936,2 mUI/ml, significativamente menor do que a média das 10 mulheres sem resposta, 6831,3 mUI/ml (<0,04). Da mesma forma a média da espessura do endométrio foi significativamente menor nas mulheres com resposta d que naquelas sem resposta, 6,4 mm e 11,7mm respectivamente (p<0,01). A média dos valores do beta-hCG das mulheres com espessura endometrial <10,0 mm foi 2008,7 mUI/ml, significativamente menor que daquelas com endométrio >10,0 mm, cuja média foi de 6925,9 mUI/ml. CONCLUSÕES: a medida da espessura endometrial avaliada pela ultra-sonografia sofre influência dos níveis séricos do beta-hCG, se mostrando valiosa como fator orientador adicional na indicação do tratamento medicamentoso com metotrexate na gravidez ectópica íntegra.
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OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito da obesidade sobre a função das célulasbeta pancreáticas de pacientes portadoras de síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP). MÉTODOS: estudo transversal no qual foram avaliadas 82 pacientes portadoras de SOP, selecionadas de forma consecutiva, no momento do diagnóstico de SOP. Pacientes com índice de massa corporal (IMC) maior ou igual a 30 kg/m² foram consideradas SOP obesas (n=31). Valores de índice de massa corporal menores que este limite foram consideradas SOP não-obesas, o que correspondeu a 51 mulheres. Foram utilizadas a glicemia e a insulina de jejum para cálculo da função das células beta pancreáticas (HOMA-%beta-Cell) e da resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR e QUICKI) entre os grupos. Analisaram-se, também, variáveis secundárias como idade, idade da menarca, níveis séricos hormonais (testosterona, prolactina, LH e FSH) e de colesterol total, triglicerídeos, HDL colesterol e LDL-colesterol. RESULTADOS: a idade da menarca das pacientes obesas com SOP (11,7±1,8 anos) foi menor que as não-obesas (12,7±1,9) (p<0,05). As SOP obesas tiveram LH inferior (7,9±5,0 mUI/mL) ao valor encontrado nas não-obesas (10,6±6,0 mUI/mL) (p<0,05). Ambos os grupos apresentaram a média de HDL colesterol inferior a 50 mg/dL. As pacientes obesas apresentaram insulina basal (32,5±25,2 mUI/mL) e glicemia de jejum (115,9±40,7 mg/dL) mais elevadas que as não-obesas (8,8±6,6 mUI/mL e 90,2±8,9 mg/dL, respectivamente) (p<0,01). No grupo SOP obesas, a freqüência de resistência à insulina foi de 93 versus 25% no grupo SOP não-obesas (p<0,01). Foi verificada hiperfunção das células beta do pâncreas em 86% das obesas com SOP contra 41% das não-obesas portadoras de SOP (p<0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: as pacientes com SOP obesas apresentaram freqüência mais alta de resistência à insulina e hiperfunção de células beta do pâncreas quando comparadas com pacientes SOP não-obesas.
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Várias espécies de hortaliças são de muita importância para a alimentação humana e tornam-se alvos da deriva de herbicidas, pois comumente são cultivadas nas proximidades de culturas como arroz, soja e milho, pulverizadas com esses produtos. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se verificar possíveis efeitos de doses reduzidas dos herbicidas glyphosate e clomazone sobre plantas de beterraba (Beta vulgaris) e de cenoura (Daucus carota), em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento. As doses avaliadas dos herbicidas foram de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% da dose recomendada, equivalentes a 0, 63, 126, 189 e 252 g ha-1 de glyphosate e 0, 14,4, 28,8, 43,2 e 57,6 g ha-1 de clomazone, respectivamente, aplicadas aos 20, 30 e 40 dias após a emergência das culturas. Observou-se aumento no percentual de fitotoxicidade do glyphosate com o incremento na dose do herbicida, e a maior suscetibilidade ocorreu com a deriva nos estádios mais precoces, em ambas as espécies. As doses de clomazone não causaram qualquer sintoma detectável visualmente para as plantas de beterraba e de cenoura. Os resultados sugerem que o herbicida glyphosate causa injúrias às plantas de beterraba e cenoura, independentemente do estádio em que ocorre a interceptação do produto. No entanto, o herbicida clomazone não interfere no desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de beterraba e cenoura.
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Stress hormones can alter metabolic functions in adipose tissue and liver, as well as the sensitivity of rat white adipocytes and rat atrial responses to ß-adrenergic agonists. In this study, we examined the effects of three daily footshock stress sessions on the plasma corticosterone, glucose, glycerol and triacylglycerol levels of fed, conscious male rats, and on the plasma glucose, glycerol and triacylglycerol levels of the same rats following iv infusions of ß-adrenergic agonists (isoproterenol: 0.4 nmol kg-1 min-1, noradrenaline: 5.0 µg kg-1 day-1, and BRL 37344 ([±]-[4-(2-[(2-[3-chlorophenyl]-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propyl)phenoxy]acetic acid), a selective ß3-adrenoceptor agonist: 0.4 nmol kg-1 min-1). Plasma corticosterone levels increased significantly after each stress session, while triacylglycerol levels increased after the first session and glucose increased after the second and third sessions. Glycerol levels were unaltered after stress. These results suggest that repeated footshock stress may induce a metabolic shift from triacylglycerol biosynthesis to glucose release by hepatic tissue, with glycerol serving as one of the substrates in both pathways. Stressed rats were more sensitive to infusion of noradrenaline plus prazosin and to infusion of isoproterenol, with elevated plasma glucose, glycerol and triacylglycerol levels. The higher sensitivity of stressed rats to isoproterenol and noradrenaline was probably related to the permissive effect of plasma corticosterone. Only BRL 37344 increased plasma glycerol levels in stressed rats, probably because ß3-adrenoceptors are not involved in hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis, thus allowing glycerol to accumulate in plasma.
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Infarct-induced heart failure is usually associated with cardiac hypertrophy and decreased ß-adrenergic responsiveness. However, conflicting results have been reported concerning the density of L-type calcium current (I Ca(L)), and the mechanisms underlying the decreased ß-adrenergic inotropic response. We determined I Ca(L) density, cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]i) transients, and the effects of ß-adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol) in a model of postinfarction heart failure in rats. Left ventricular myocytes were obtained by enzymatic digestion 8-10 weeks after infarction. Electrophysiological recordings were obtained using the patch-clamp technique. [Ca2+]i transients were investigated via fura-2 fluorescence. ß-Adrenergic receptor density was determined by [³H]-dihydroalprenolol binding to left ventricle homogenates. Postinfarction myocytes showed a significant 25% reduction in mean I Ca(L) density (5.7 ± 0.28 vs 7.6 ± 0.32 pA/pF) and a 19% reduction in mean peak [Ca2+]i transients (0.13 ± 0.007 vs 0.16 ± 0.009) compared to sham myocytes. The isoproterenol-stimulated increase in I Ca(L) was significantly smaller in postinfarction myocytes (Emax: 63.6 ± 4.3 vs 123.3 ± 0.9% in sham myocytes), but EC50 was not altered. The isoproterenol-stimulated peak amplitude of [Ca2+]i transients was also blunted in postinfarction myocytes. Adenylate cyclase activation through forskolin produced similar I Ca(L) increases in both groups. ß-Adrenergic receptor density was significantly reduced in homogenates from infarcted hearts (Bmax: 93.89 ± 20.22 vs 271.5 ± 31.43 fmol/mg protein in sham myocytes), while Kd values were similar. We conclude that postinfarction myocytes from large infarcts display reduced I Ca(L) density and peak [Ca2+]i transients. The response to ß-adrenergic stimulation was also reduced and was probably related to ß-adrenergic receptor down-regulation and not to changes in adenylate cyclase activity.
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Cells usually lose adhesion and increase proliferation and migration during malignant transformation. Here, we studied how proliferation can affect the other two characteristics, which ultimately lead to invasion and metastasis. We determined the expression of ß1 integrins, as well as adhesion and migration towards laminin-1, fibronectin, collagens type I and type IV presented by LISP-1 colorectal cancer cells exposed to 2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an agent capable of decreasing proliferation in this poorly differentiated colorectal cell line. Untreated cells (control), as shown by flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies, expressed alpha2 (63.8 ± 11.3% positive cells), alpha3 (93.3 ± 7.0%), alpha5 (50.4 ± 12.0%) and alpha6 (34.1 ± 4.9%) integrins but not alpha1, alpha4, alphav or ß4. Cells adhered well to laminin-1 (73.4 ± 6.0%) and fibronectin (40.0 ± 2.0%) substrates but very little to collagens. By using blocking monoclonal antibodies, we showed that alpha2, alpha3 and alpha6 mediated laminin-1 adhesion, but neither alpha3 nor alpha5 contributed to fibronectin adherence. DMSO arrested cells at G0/G1 (control: 55.0 ± 2.4% vs DMSO: 70.7 ± 2.5%) while simultaneously reducing alpha5 (24.2 ± 19%) and alpha6 (14.3 ± 10.8%) expression as well as c-myc mRNA (7-fold), the latter shown by Northern blotting. Although the adhesion rate did not change after exposure to DMSO, alpha3 and alpha5 played a major role in laminin-1 and fibronectin adhesion, respectively. Migration towards laminin-1, which was clearly increased upon exposure to DMSO (control: 6 ± 2 cells vs DMSO: 64 ± 6 cells), was blocked by an antibody against alpha6. We conclude that the effects of DMSO on LISP-1 proliferation were accompanied by concurrent changes in the expression and function of integrins, consequently modulating adhesion/migration, and revealing a complex interplay between function/expression and the proliferative state of cells.
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Pancreatic ß cell function and insulin sensitivity, analyzed by the homeostasis model assessment, before and after 24 weeks of insulin therapy were studied and correlated with the presence of autoantibodies against ß cells (islet cell and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies), in a group of 18 Brazilian lean adult non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with oral hypoglycemic agent failure (OHAF). Median fasting plasma glucose before and after insulin treatment was 19.1 and 8.5 mmol/l, respectively (P < 0.001); median HbA1c was 11.7% before vs 7.2% after insulin treatment (P < 0.001). Forty-four percent of the patients were positive (Ab+) to at least one autoantibody. Fasting C-peptide levels were lower in Ab+ than Ab- patients, both before (Ab+: 0.16 ± 0.09 vs Ab-: 0.41 ± 0.35 nmol/l, P < 0.003) and after insulin treatment (Ab+: 0.22 ± 0.13 vs Ab-: 0.44 ± 0.24 nmol/l, P < 0.03). Improvement of Hß was seen in Ab- (median before: 7.3 vs after insulin therapy: 33.4%, P = 0.003) but not in Ab+ patients (median before: 6.6 vs after insulin therapy: 20.9%). These results show that the OHAF observed in the 18 NIDDM patients studied was due mainly to two major causes: autoantibodies and ß cell desensitization. Autoantibodies against ß cells could account for 44% of OHAF, but Ab- patients may still present ß cell function recovery, mainly after a period of ß cell rest with insulin therapy. However, the effects of ß cell function recovery on the restoration of the response to oral hypoglycemic agents need to be determined.
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Type 2 diabetes is a disorder of glucose metabolism characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Initially type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired function of beta cells, leading progressively to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes is treated with diet and other lifestyle changes, and with medication modulating e.g. insulin resistance, liver glucose production and insulin secretion. Injectable insulin is added to the treatment when lifestyle changes and other medication are insufficient to maintain adequate control of hyperglycemia. The aim of the treatment is to remove the symptoms of diabetes and to prevent late complications of diabetes. Insulin was traditionally started at hospital wards, but from the early 1990’s also in outpatient care. The first substudy of this thesis examined retrospectively initiation practices and how successfully insulin treatment was introduced in 1990 – 1996 in Southwestern Finland. This study aimed also at identifying the best methods of controlling plasma glucose. It showed that in the 1990’s the incidence of insulin treatment increased and was initiated more often in outpatient care than previously. The use of combination treatment also increased, first with sulfonylureas and later with metformin as the oral drug. In combination therapy the insulin dose was smaller than with insulin monotherapy. HbA1c improved similarly in middle-aged and older age groups. Weight increase associated with insulin initiation was smaller when combined with oral agents. A prospective insulin initiation study (1994 – 1998) tested the hypothesis that hyperglycemia (fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia) may affect the outcome of insulin initiation. The type of hyperglycemia was determined by the relation of fasting plasma glucose to HbA1c. Treatment was initiated with insulin Lente or human NPH insulin. In patients treated with insulin monotherapy twice daily the decline in HbA1c was markedly greater for postprandial than fasting hyperglycemia patients suggesting that hyperglycemia type has significance in the selection of the insulin regimen. Another insulin initiation study showed that patients with fasting hyperglycemia starting on insulin (2004-2005) were significantly more prone to overweight than patients with postprandial hyperglycemia. Irrespective of the insulin preparation (insulin NPH or insulin glargine), patients with fasting hyperglycemia had a greater weight increase compared to patients with postprandial hyperglycemia. Special attention should be paid to prevention of weight increase in these patients.
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Os teores de retinol, beta-caroteno e alfa-tocoferol foram determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em leites em pó, pasteurizados e esterilizados, comercializados na Cidade de São Paulo. Após a saponificação e extração, os compostos foram determinados simultaneamente utilizando-se coluna de sílica, fase móvel constituída por hexano:isopropanol (99:1) e fluxo de 2,0mL/min. O retinol e o beta-caroteno foram determinados no detector UV/visível e o alfa-tocoferol no detector de fluorescência, ligado em série com o anterior. Os valores de vitamina A dos leites foram calculados com e sem a consideração do beta-caroteno. A maior contribuição deste nutriente no valor de vitamina A esteve entre os leites em pó, cerca de 17% em uma das marcas. Os altos teores das vitamina A e E encontrados em alguns leites, indicam que os mesmos provavelmente receberam adição destas vitaminas, não trazendo, entretanto, tal informação no rótulo. A análise de vitaminas nestes produtos indica a necessidade de maior controle de qualidade dos mesmos.
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A fibra alimentar é composta por celulose, hemiceluloses, gomas, pectinas e mucilagens sendo classificada em solúvel e insolúvel, quanto a sua solubilidade em água. As beta-glicanas são componentes da fibra alimentar solúvel presentes na aveia e sua importância é devido às propriedades funcionais e aos efeitos hipocolesterolêmicos e hipoglicêmicos apresentados. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os teores de fibra alimentar solúvel, insolúvel e total e de beta-glicanas de cultivares de aveia recomendados pela Comissão Brasileira de Pesquisa de Aveia. Grãos de aveia (Avena sativa, L) foram descascados, as cariopses moídas e as amostras acondicionadas e armazenadas à temperatura de -20° C. Para a análise de fibra alimentar foi adotada a metodologia da AOAC (1997). Entre os cultivares analisados, UPF 7, UPF 13, UPF 14 e UPF 16 apresentaram os maiores teores de fibra alimentar insolúvel. Os maiores teores de fibra alimentar solúvel foram verificados nos cultivares UFRGS 7, CTC 13, UPF 16 e CTC 2. O cultivar UPF 16 apresentou o maior teor de fibra alimentar total, seguido de UFRGS 7, CTC 13 e UFRGS 18. Para a determinação de beta-glicanas foi adotada a metodologia da AOAC (1997). Os maiores teores de beta-glicanas foram verificados nos cultivares UFRGS 7, UPF 14 e UFRGS 18.
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Sendo o Brasil um grande produtor mundial de soja, torna-se necessário uma avaliação do teor de isoflavonas naqueles cultivares de maior importância para o setor agrícola e a verificação do efeito da temperatura na composição destas isoflavonas na soja. Neste trabalho pode-se observar que na temperatura de 25ºC, o cultivar IAC Foscarin 31-1 apresentou teor médio de isoflavonas de 1405mig/g, enquanto que o cultivar IAC 15-1 apresentou cerca de 3008mig/g. O aquecimento a 121ºC durante 40 minutos promoveu uma redução de até 17,6 vezes no teor de malonil isoflavonas e um aumento de aproximadamente 2,6 vezes na concentração de glicosil isoflavonas.
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Foi utilizado o método enzimático recomendado pela AOAC para determinação de beta-glucanas em cereais e alimentos que os contém. O método, utiliza liquenase (EC 3.2.1.73) e beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) para hidrólise debeta-glucanas, é rápido, fácil de executar e específico para beta-glucanas com ligações beta(1->3) e beta(1->4). As sementes analisadas foram subministradas pelo Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) e os alimentos adquiridos nos supermercados. Aveia e cevada são os grãos com maior conteúdo de beta-glucanas. Na aveia os teores determinados foram 6,48 e 5,94%. Nos 10 cultivares de cevada os teores de beta-glucanas oscilaram entre 2,04 e 9,68%. Trigo e triticale apresentaram teores de b-glucanas menores que 1%. Nos produtos comerciais o teor de beta-glucanas estava relacionado ao tipo de cereal da fórmula. O produto comercial de maior conteúdo de beta-glucanas é o farelo de aveia. As beta-glucanas são ingredientes funcionais em potencial e a conveniência ou não de estimular sua incorporação em alimentos deve ser mais estudada. Quanto à composição centesimal dos grãos de cereais, o teor de proteínas foi o que apresentou a maior variação e isso se reflete na composição dos produtos comerciais.
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Cogumelos comestíveis contêm importantes propriedades funcionais. Em particular, beta-glucanos, homo- e hetero-glucanos com ligações glicosídicas beta(1->3), beta(1->4) e beta(1->6), supostamente responsáveis por algumas propriedades benéficas à saúde humana, como atividade imunomodulatória, antioxidante, antiinflamatória e anticancerígena. Neste trabalho, a quantidade de beta-glucano presente em cogumelo Agaricus blazei Murill, coletados de três diferentes locais, foi analisada utilizando-se método enzimático. As amostras (em base seca) foram tratadas com alfa-amilase, protease bacteriana e com glicoamilase fúngica. beta-glucano foi quantificado após hidrólise ácida e determinação da glicose liberada. Foi verificado que amostras de A. blazei Murill cultivadas em estufas apresentaram menor concentração de b-glucano (8,4±0,9 e 7,6±2,8g/100g) quando comparado com amostras cultivadas em campo aberto (10,1±2,1g/100g). Observou-se ainda que, mesmo sendo cultivado em condições semelhantes, porém em locais diferentes, as amostras apresentaram diferenças significativas (7,6±2,8 e 8,4±0,9g/100g).