The polymorhism of crime scene investigation: an exploratory analysis of the influence of crime and forensic intelligence on decisions made by crime scene examiners

A growing body of scientific literature recurrently indicates that crime and forensic intelligence influence how crime scene investigators make decisions in their practices. This study scrutinises further this intelligence-led crime scene examination view. It analyses results obtained from two questionnaires. Data have been collected from nine chiefs of Intelligence Units (IUs) and 73 Crime Scene Examiners (CSEs) working in forensic science units (FSUs) in the French speaking part of Switzerland (six cantonal police agencies). Four salient elements emerged: (1) the actual existence of communication channels between IUs and FSUs across the police agencies under consideration; (2) most CSEs take into account crime intelligence disseminated; (3) a differentiated, but significant use by CSEs in their daily practice of this kind of intelligence; (4) a probable deep influence of this kind of intelligence on the most concerned CSEs, specially in the selection of the type of material/trace to detect, collect, analyse and exploit. These results contribute to decipher the subtle dialectic articulating crime intelligence and crime scene investigation, and to express further the polymorph role of CSEs, beyond their most recognised input to the justice system. Indeed, they appear to be central, but implicit, stakeholders in intelligence-led style of policing.

Suorituskyvyn kehittäminen ja niiden menetelmät suomalaisessa teollisuudessa

Viimeisien vuosikymmenien aikana teknologinen kehitys on muuttanut yritysten toimintaympäristöä suuresti. Yritysten käyttöön on tullut lukuisia teorioita ja menetelmiä, joilla yrityksen suorituskykyä voidaan mitata, kehittää ja vertailla. Näin myös erilaisten johtamisen menetelmien ja käytäntöjen rooli on korostunut yritysten johtamisjärjestelmissä. Myös yritysten suorituskykyä on tutkittu monella eri tavoin viimeisien vuosien aikana. Näiden tutkimusten tavoitteena on ollut löytää vertailtavuutta globaalien toimijoiden välillä. Tämä tutkimus lähestyy suorituskykyä aivan uudenlaisesta näkökulmasta ja tarkastelee tuloksia vertailuoppimisen, osaamisen ja tiedon johtamisen näkökulmasta. Oleellista on ollut luoda uusi näkökulma aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin, jotka ovat keskittyneet vertailemaan yrityksien operatiivista ja liiketoiminnan suorituskykyä sekä sitä, kuinka hyvin ne ovat pystyneet hyödyntämään parhaita käytäntöjä toiminnassaan. Tutkimuksen teoreettisen tarkastelun tavoite on selkeyttää koko strategisen johtamisen mallia. Tutkimus lähti liikkeelle analysoimalla aikaisemmista yritysten suorituskykyyn tehtyjä tutkimuksia. Tästä tehtiin havainto, että osaamisen johtamista ja kehittämistä on tutkittu varsin vähän yritysten suorituskyvyn kehittymiseen liittyen. Luotiin teoreettinen viitekehys, joka avulla henkilöstön osaaminen liitettiin osaksi strategian toteutumisen prosessia. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset ja johtopäätökset perustuvat vuosina 1993 ja 2003 Made in Finland tutkimuksessa kerättyyn yritysten suorituskykyä tarkastelevaan aineistoon. Se perustuu 23 yrityksen haastatteluihin. Aineistosta valittiin kaikki ne tulokset, joilla katsottiin olevan merkitystä osaamisen johtamisen ja kehittämisen kannalta. Tutkittujen yritysten suorituskyvyssä oli kymmenen vuoden seurantajakson aikana tapahtunut selvää kehittymistä. Työn joustavuus ja työntekijöiden sitoutuminen on lisääntynyt ja vertailuoppimista on hyödynnetty. Tuotannon prosesseja on kehitetty ja näin uusien tuotteiden markkinoille tuloaikaa on saatu nopeutetuksi. Merkillepantavaa on, että satsaukset koulutukseen eivät ole lisääntyneet vaan osissa tutkituissa yrityksissä satsaukset ovat jopa vähentyneet. Tulokset tavoitteisiin nähden ovat hyvin ristiriitaisia. Toiminnan tehostumista odotetaan kaikilla osa-alueilla. Kuitenkin osaamiseen ei olla valmiita satsaamaan, eikä yritysten johdossa nähdä osaamisen kehittämistä tärkeänä tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi. Suurimpana esteenä tavoitteen saavuttamiseksi yritysten johto näkee pätevän henkilökunnan saatavuuden. Vaikka moni yrityksistä käyttää tasapainotettua mittaristoa strategisen johtamisen työkaluna, ei sen kaikkia osa-alueita ja niiden tasapainon merkitystä ole selvästi ymmärretty.

Swiss family physicians' perceptions and attitudes towards knowledge translation practices.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have been performed to understand the way family physicians apply knowledge from medical research in practice. However, very little is known concerning family physicians in Switzerland. In an environment in which information constantly accumulates, it is crucial to identify the major sources of scientific information that are used by family physicians to keep their medical knowledge up to date and barriers to use these sources. Our main objective was to examine medical knowledge translation (KT) practices of Swiss family physicians. METHODS: The population consisted of French- and German-speaking private practice physicians specialised in family medicine. We conducted four interviews and three focus groups (n = 25). The interview guides of the semi-structured interviews and focus groups focused on (a) ways and means used by physicians to keep updated with information relevant to clinical practice; (b) how they consider their role in translating knowledge into practice; (c) potential barriers to KT; (d) solutions proposed by physicians for effective KT. RESULTS: Family physicians find themselves rather ambivalent about the translation of knowledge based on scientific literature, but generally express much interest in KT. They often feel overwhelmed by "information floods" and perceive clinical practice guidelines and other supports to be of limited usefulness for their practice. They often combine various formal and informal information sources to keep their knowledge up to date. Swiss family physicians report considering themselves as artisans, caring for patients with complex needs. CONCLUSION: Improved performance of KT initiatives in family medicine should be tailored to actual needs and based on high quality evidence-based sources.

Tomografia computadorizada da coluna lombar após artrodese com emprego de material metálico: avaliação da qualidade da imagem para diferentes algoritmos matemáticos

OBJETIVO: Selecionar os melhores algoritmos para o exame de coluna lombar na avaliação de artrodese com material metálico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se um equipamento de tomografia computadorizada de 16 fileiras de detectores. Imagens de dez pacientes foram reconstruídas com filtros 20, 40, 60 e 80 e realizadas reformatações em três dimensões e multiplanares com espessuras de 2 mm e 4 mm. Um total de 320 imagens foi avaliado por três experientes radiologistas, que deram notas de 1 a 5 (1 = não-aceitável; 2 = abaixo dos padrões; 3 = aceitável; 4 = acima da média; 5 = excelente). Além disso, foram realizadas medidas de ruído para correlação com o tipo de filtro utilizado. RESULTADOS: As médias do valor de ruído para reconstrução com 2 mm e filtros 20, 40, 60 e 80 foram de 24,7 ± 4,3; 35,5 ± 4,2; 106,0 ± 18,5 e 145,9 ± 26,9, respectivamente, e para 4 mm foram de 18,1 ± 2,4; 25,1 ± 4,6; 76,7 ± 17,2 e 106,6 ± 23,4. CONCLUSÃO: As imagens coloridas em três dimensões são mais bem visualizadas com filtro 20, entretanto, nas imagens em tons de cinza um filtro intermediário de 40 ou 60 pode ser útil para demonstrar os parafusos com maior detalhe. Para reconstruções multiplanares com espessura de 2 mm o filtro 40 é mais bem aceito, e para uma espessura de 4 mm um filtro 60 apresentou melhor qualidade.

CSR : a new governance approach for regulating professional sport ? : the case of french professionnal sports clubs

The purpose of this paper is to examine the CSR practices and their implementation in the context of French professional sports clubs. In doing so, it analyses the link between the governance of sports clubs and CSR, which is viewed as a component of governance expanded to stakeholders and contributing to the creation of shared value. Drawing on interview data with key stakeholders of four professional sport clubs (football and basketball) and secondary material, the study sheds light on the determinants, the implementation as well as the impact of CSR on the governance of the professional clubs under examination.

Disseny de les llantes en material compòsit de les rodes davanteres i roda posterior del vehicle de baix consum "Àguila"

Durant els últims dos anys un grup d’estudiants de l’Escola Politècnica Superior de laUniversitat de Girona han construït i evolucionat un prototip per competir en la Shell EcoMarathon, una cursa de caràcter internacional que es celebra cada any a Nogaro (França) ia on l’objectiu primordial és aconseguir el mínim consum. Equips de diferents països delmón recorren amb els seus prototips la mateixa distància i el guanyador és qui en finalitzarhagi fet servir menys quantitat de combustible. La intenció de l’equip és continuar competint en aquest cursa durant els propers anys, peraquest motiu cada any es plantegen noves modificacions a realitzar per tal d’aconseguir unprototip més competitiu. Una de les modificacions consisteix en substituir les actuals llantesd’alumini equipades en el vehicle per unes llantes lenticulars fabricades en fibra de carboni.Aquestes llantes en material compòsit representen una millora en prestacions respecte lesllantes convencionals en reduir la inèrcia.Escollir la fibra de carboni com el material a emprar no ha estat a l’atzar. Els avantatges quecomporta la fibra de carboni en referència als rati rigidesa/pes i resistència/pes sónindiscutibles. La resistència a la fatiga d’aquest tipus de material és més elevada que la del’alumini, material utilitzat en les actuals llantes, a més, la voluntat d’entendre millor elcomportament i els processos de fabricació d’aquest material per part dels membres del’equip posicionen a la fibra de carboni com el material més idoni.La solució final adoptada pel disseny de les llantes consta per la unió adhesiva de duespeces iguals fabricades en fibra de carboni. La facilitat de poder fabricar dos “plats” simètricsresulta el punt fort d’aquest disseny, el qual, amb un únic motllo s’arriben a construir latotalitat de les llantes

Cultura material i formes de vida a la Barcelona de mitjan segle XVII (1655-1660) : Les llars de taverners i hostalers a través dels inventaris dels seus béns

L'estudi dels inventaris postmortem ens ha permès apropar-nos a la quotidianitat de taverners i hostalers que visqueren durant el segle XVII a la ciutat de Barcelona. Aquest tipus de document notarial ens deixa, entre d'altres, testimoni de la cultura material; els objectes, estris, mobles, robes... que ens poden ajudar a entendre diferents usos i costums, així com altres aspectes relacionats amb les mentalitats.

Fiber-reinforced Composite as Oral Implant Material. Experimental studies of glass fiber and bioactive glass in vitro and in vivo

Fiber-reinforced composite as oral implant material: Experimental studies of glass fiber and bioactive glass in vitro and in vivo Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 2008. Biocompatibility and mechanical properties are important variables that need to be determined when new materials are considered for medical implants. Special emphasis was placed on these characteristics in the present work, which aimed to investigate the potential of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) material as an oral implant. Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of bioactive glass (BAG) on osseointegration of FRC implants. The biocompatibility and mechanical properties of FRC implants were studied both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanical properties of the bulk FRC implant were tested with a cantilever bending test, torsional test and push-out test. The biocompatibility was first evaluated with osteoblast cells cultured on FRC substrates. Bone bonding was determined with the mechanical push-out test and histological as well as histomorplanimetric evaluation. Implant surface was characterized with SEM and EDS analysis. The results of these studies showed that FRC implants can withstand the static load values comparably to titanium. Threaded FRC implants had significantly higher push-out strength than the threaded titanium implants. Cell culture study revealed no cytotoxic effect of FRC materials on the osteoblast-like-cells. Addition of BAG particles enhanced cell proliferation and mineralization of the FRC substrates The in vivo study showed that FRC implants can withstand static loading until failure without fracture. The results also suggest that the FRC implant is biocompatible in bone. The biological behavior of FRC was comparable to that of titanium after 4 and 12 weeks of implantation. Furthermore, addition of BAG to FRC implant increases peri-implant osteogenesis and bone maturation.

Aggregate material formulated with MSWI bottom ash and APC fly ash for use as secondary building material

The main goal of this paper is to obtain a granular material formulated with Municipal Solid Waste Incinerarion (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) and air pollution control (APC) ash to be used as secondary building material. Previously, an optimum concrete mixture using both MSWI residues as aggregates was formulated. A compromise between the environmental behaviour and the economy of the process was considered. Unconfined compressive strength and abrasion resistance values were measured in order to evaluate the mechanical properties. From these results, the granular mixture was not suited for certain applications owing to the high BA/APC content and low cement percentages used to reduce the costs of the final product. Nevertheless, the leaching test performed showed that the concentrations of all heavy metals were below the limits established by the current Catalan legislation for their reutilization. Therefore, the material studied might be mainly used in embankments, where high mechanical properties are not needed and environmental safety is assured.

Standard care practices and psychosocial interventions aimed at reducing parental distress following stillbirth: A systematic narrative review

Objective: To summarise and critically evaluate the evidence informing the provision of standard care practices and psychosocial interventions following stillbirth. Background: Stillbirth is increasingly recognised as a significant bereavement experience with the potential to cause substantial psychological distress for parents. Standard care practices and psychosocial interventions to support parents have undergone dramatic changes, with limited basis in evidence. Methods: A systematic narrative review was conducted of quantitative studies examining interventions designed to reduce psychological distress in parents following the loss of a stillborn baby. Results: Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. Substantial methodological weaknesses were identified among reviewed studies, including small and heterogeneous loss samples, weak study designs and lack of clarity in reported methods and outcomes. Inadequate replication of many findings substantially limits the generalisability of the evidence. Conclusion: Tentative evidence was found for the provision of mementoes of the baby and information regarding the cause of the loss, support group attendance, and cognitive behavioural interventions for parents identified with clinical levels of distress. Contradictory findings for the impact of contact with the baby prevent the formation of clear conclusions for this practice. Due to the methodological weaknesses prevalent in the research identified, the current evidence base is not considered sufficiently able to reliably inform care practices and intervention approaches. High-quality research evidence in this field is urgently required.

Paediatric end-of-life care needs in Switzerland: current practices, and perspectives from parents and professionals. A study protocol.

AIM: To present a protocol for a multi-phase study about the current practice of end-of-life care in paediatric settings in Switzerland. BACKGROUND: In Switzerland, paediatric palliative care is usually provided by teams, who may not necessarily have specific training. There is a lack of systematic data about specific aspects of care at the end of a child's life, such as symptom management, involvement of parents in decision-making and family-centred care and experiences and needs of parents, and perspectives of healthcare professionals. DESIGN: This retrospective nationwide multicentre study, Paediatric End-of-LIfe CAre Needs in Switzerland (PELICAN), combines quantitative and qualitative methods of enquiry. METHODS: The PELICAN study consists of three observational parts, PELICAN I describes practices of end-of-life care (defined as the last 4 weeks of life) in the hospital and home care setting of children (0-18 years) who died in the years 2011-2012 due to a cardiac, neurological or oncological disease, or who died in the neonatal period. PELICAN II assesses the experiences and needs of parents during the end-of-life phase of their child. PELICAN III focuses on healthcare professionals and explores their perspectives concerning the provision of end-of-life care. CONCLUSION: This first study across Switzerland will provide comprehensive insight into the current end-of-life care in children with distinct diagnoses and the perspectives of affected parents and health professionals. The results may facilitate the development and implementation of programmes for end-of-life care in children across Switzerland, building on real experiences and needs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01983852.

Sickness certification in primary care: a survey on views and practices among Swiss physicians.

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Studies from several countries (Scandinavia, United Kingdom) report that general practitioners (GPs) experience problems in sickness certification. Our study explored views of Swiss GPs towards sickness certification, their practice and experience, professional skills and problematic interactions with patients. METHODS: We conducted an online survey among GPs throughout Switzerland, exploring behaviour of physicians, patients and employers with regard to sickness certification; GPs' views about sickness certification; required competences for certifying sickness absence, and approaches to advance their competence. We piloted the questionnaire and disseminated it through the networks of the five Swiss academic institutes for primary care. RESULTS: We received 507 valid responses (response rate 50%). Only 43/507 GPs experienced sickness certification as problematic per se, yet 155/507 experienced problems in sickness certification at least once a week. The 507 GPs identified estimating a long-term prognosis about work capacity (64%), handling conflicts with patients (54%), and determining the reduction of work capacity (42%) as problematic. Over 75% would welcome special training opportunities, e.g., on sickness certifications during residency (93%), in insurance medicine (81%), and conflict management (80%). CONCLUSION: Sickness certification as such does not present a major problem to Swiss GPs, which contrasts with the experience in Scandinavian countries and in the UK. Swiss GPs did identify specific tasks of sickness certification as problematic. Training opportunities on sick-leave certification and insurance medicine in general were welcomed.

English as a medium of instruction in teaching other languages: attitudes and practices

Internationalisation of HE and emergence of English as a global academic lingua franca used by people who share neither a common native tongue nor cultural and educational background have not only offered more opportunities but also raised challenges. According to recent European surveys, the percentage of pupils attaining the level of independent user in English varies from 14% to 82%, which evidences the potential and the complexity for English as a medium of instruction at tertiary level. This study aims to present the model of foreign language instruction at Vytautas Magnus University where one third of 30 languages are taught through English. It investigates the attitudes and practices of teachers in delivering their English-medium language courses by discussing the questions whether teaching other languages through English is psychologically, culturally and educationally preferable for teachers and students, whether it can limit the content taught and require a special methodology, how the teaching process changes with multiple languages used in the classroom and what level of English is necessary for teachers and students to ensure high quality of English-medium language teaching. The study is based on qualitative methodology with 12 language teachers participating as respondents. The results reveal areas in need of improvement.

Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy of Patients with Venous Thromboembolism. What Are the Practices?

Current guidelines of antithrombotic therapy suggest early initiation of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in non-cancer patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE), and long-term therapy with low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for those with cancer. We used data from RIETE (international registry of patients with VTE) to report the use of long-term anticoagulant therapy over time and to identify predictors of anticoagulant choice (regarding international guidelines) in patients with- and without cancer. Among 35,280 patients without cancer, 82% received long-term VKA (but 17% started after the first week). Among 4,378 patients with cancer, 66% received long term LMWH as monotherapy. In patients without cancer, recent bleeding (odds ratio [OR] 2.70, 95% CI 2.26-3.23), age >70 years (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24), immobility (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.93-2.19), renal insufficiency (OR 2.42, 95% CI 2.15-2.71) and anemia (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.65-1.87) predicted poor adherence to guidelines. In those with cancer, anemia (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.64-2.06), immobility (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.30-1.76) and metastases (OR 3.22, 95% CI 2.87-3.61) predicted long-term LMWH therapy. In conclusion, we report practices of VTE therapy in real life and found that a significant proportion of patients did not receive the recommended treatment. The perceived increased risk for bleeding has an impact on anticoagulant treatment decision.

The composition of airborne and grain-dust fungal communities is shaped at regional scale by plant genotypes and farming practices

Chronic exposure to airborne fungi has been associated with different respiratory symptoms and pathologies in occupational populations, such as grain workers. However, the homogeneity in the fungal species composition of these bioaerosols on a large geographical scale and the different drivers that shape these fungal communities remain unclear. In this study, the diversity of fungi in grain dust and in the aerosols released during harvesting was determined across 96 sites at a geographical scale of 560 km(2) along an elevation gradient of 500 m by tag-encoded 454-pyrosequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Associations between the structure of fungal communities in the grain dust and different abiotic (farming system, soil characteristics, geographic and climatic parameters) and biotic (wheat cultivar, previous crop culture) factors were explored. These analyses revealed a strong relationship between the airborne and grain dust fungal communities and showed the presence of allergenic and mycotoxigenic species in most samples, which highlights the potential contribution of these fungal species to work-related respiratory symptoms of grain workers. The farming system was the major driver of the alpha and beta phylogenetic diversity of fungal communities. In addition, elevation and soil CaCO3 concentrations shaped the alpha diversity whereas wheat cultivar, cropping history and the number of freezing days per year shaped the taxonomic beta diversity of these communities.