940 resultados para hematopoietic homing


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Two major types of B cells, the antibody-producing cells of the immune system, are classically distinguished in the spleen: marginal zone (MZ) and follicular (FO). In addition, FO B cells are subdivided into FO I and FO II cells, based on the amount of surface IgM. MZ B cells, which surround the splenic follicles, rapidly produce IgM in response to blood-borne pathogens without T cell help, while T cell-dependent production of high affinity, isotype-switched antibodies is ascribed to FO I cells. The significance of FO II cells and the mechanism underlying B cell fate choices are unclear. We showed that FO II cells express more Sca1 than FO I cells and originate from a distinct B cell development program, marked by high expression of Sca1. MZ B cells can derive from the “canonical” Sca1lo pathways, as well as from the Sca1hi program, although the Sca1hi program shows a stronger MZ bias than the Sca1lo program, and extensive phenotypic plasticity exists between MZ and FO II, but not between MZ and FO I cells. The Sca1hi program is induced by hematopoietic stress and generates B cells with an Igλ-enriched repertoire. In aged mice, the canonical B cell development pathway is impaired, while the Sca1hi program is increased. Furthermore, we showed that a population of unknown function, defined as Lin-c-kit+Sca1+ (LSK-), contains early lymphoid precursors, with primarily B cell potential in vivo. Our data suggest that LSK- cells may represent a distinct precursor for the Sca1hi program in the bone marrow.

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In the recent years it is emerged that peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has become a growing health problem in Western countries. This is a progressive manifestation of atherothrombotic vascular disease, which results into the narrowing of the blood vessels of the lower limbs and, as final consequence, in critical leg ischemia. PAD often occurs along with other cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes mellitus (DM), low-grade inflammation, hypertension, and lipid disorders. Patients with DM have an increased risk of developing PAD, and that risk increases with the duration of DM. Moreover, there is a growing population of patients identified with insulin resistance (IR), impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity, a pathological condition known as “metabolic syndrome”, which presents increased cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis is the earliest symptom of PAD and is a dynamic and progressive disease arising from the combination of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Endothelial dysfunction is a broad term that implies diminished production or availability of nitric oxide (NO) and/or an imbalance in the relative contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing factors. The secretion of these agents is considerably reduced in association with the major risks of atherosclerosis, especially hyperglycaemia and diabetes, and a reduced vascular repair has been observed in response to wound healing and to ischemia. Neovascularization does not only rely on the proliferation of local endothelial cells, but also involves bone marrow-derived stem cells, referred to as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), since they exhibit endothelial surface markers and properties. They can promote postnatal vasculogenesis by homing to, differentiating into an endothelial phenotype, proliferating and incorporating into new vessels. Consequently, EPCs are critical to endothelium maintenance and repair and their dysfunction contributes to vascular disease. The aim of this study has been the characterization of EPCs from healthy peripheral blood, in terms of proliferation, differentiation and function. Given the importance of NO in neovascularization and homing process, it has been investigated the expression of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, eNOS, nNOS and iNOS, and the effects of their inhibition on EPC function. Moreover, it has been examined the expression of NADPH oxidase (Nox) isoforms which are the principal source of ROS in the cell. In fact, a number of evidences showed the correlation between ROS and NO metabolism, since oxidative stress causes NOS inactivation via enzyme uncoupling. In particular, it has been studied the expression of Nox2 and Nox4, constitutively expressed in endothelium, and Nox1. The second part of this research was focused on the study of EPCs under pathological conditions. Firstly, EPCs isolated from healthy subject were cultured in a hyperglycaemic medium, in order to evaluate the effects of high glucose concentration on EPCs. Secondly, EPCs were isolated from the peripheral blood of patients affected with PAD, both diabetic or not, and it was assessed their capacity to proliferate, differentiate, and to participate to neovasculogenesis. Furthermore, it was investigated the expression of NOS and Nox in these cells. Mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy patients, if cultured under differentiating conditions, differentiate into EPCs. These cells are not able to form capillary-like structures ex novo, but participate to vasculogenesis by incorporation into the new vessels formed by mature endothelial cells, such as HUVECs. With respect to NOS expression, these cells have high levels of iNOS, the inducible isoform of NOS, 3-4 fold higher than in HUVECs. While the endothelial isoform, eNOS, is poorly expressed in EPCs. The higher iNOS expression could be a form of compensation of lower eNOS levels. Under hyperglycaemic conditions, both iNOS and eNOS expression are enhanced compared to control EPCs, as resulted from experimental studies in animal models. In patients affected with PAD, the EPCs may act in different ways. Non-diabetic patients and diabetic patients with a higher vascular damage, evidenced by a higher number of circulating endothelial cells (CECs), show a reduced proliferation and ability to participate to vasculogenesis. On the other hand, diabetic patients with lower CEC number have proliferative and vasculogenic capacity more similar to healthy EPCs. eNOS levels in both patient types are equivalent to those of control, while iNOS expression is enhanced. Interestingly, nNOS is not detected in diabetic patients, analogously to other cell types in diabetics, which show a reduced or no nNOS expression. Concerning Nox expression, EPCs present higher levels of both Nox1 and Nox2, in comparison with HUVECs, while Nox4 is poorly expressed, probably because of uncompleted differentiation into an endothelial phenotype. Nox1 is more expressed in PAD patients, diabetic or not, than in controls, suggesting an increased ROS production. Nox2, instead, is lower in patients than in controls. Being Nox2 involved in cellular response to VEGF, its reduced expression can be referable to impaired vasculogenic potential of PAD patients.

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Background. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) may be of value in regeneration of renal tissue after damage, however lack of biological knowledge and variability of results in animal models limit their utilization. Methods. We studied the effects of MSC on podocytes ‘in vitro’ and ‘in vivo’ utilizing adriamycin (ADR) as a model of renal toxicity. The ‘in vivo’ experimental approach was carried out in male Sprague Dawley rats (overall 60 animals) treated with different ADR schemes to induce acute and chronic nephrosis. MSC were given a) concomitantly to ADR in tail vein or b) in aorta and c) in tail vein 60 days after ADR. Homing was assessed with PKH26-MSC. Results. MSC rescued podocytes from apoptosis induced by ADR ‘in vitro’. The maximal effect (80% rescue) was obtained with MSC/Podocytes co-culture ratio of 1:1 for 72 hours. All rats treated with ADR developed nephrosis. In no case MSC modified the clinical parameters (i.e. proteinuria, serum creatinine, lipids) but protected the kidney from severe glomerulosclerosis when given concomitantly to ADR. Rats given MSC 60 days after ADR developed the same severe renal damage. Only few MSC were found in renal tubule-interstitial areas after 1-24 hours from injection and no MSC was detected in glomeruli. Conclusions. MSC reduced apoptosis of podocytes treated with ADR ‘in vitro’. Early and repeated MSC infusion blunted glomerular damage in chronic ADR nephropathy. MSC did not modify proteinuria and progression to renal failure, that implies lack of regenerative potential in this model.

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Il concetto di mobilita' delle persone, assieme alla sempre maggior dipendenza di queste ai servizi offerti da Internet,ha fatto nascere la necessita' di rimanere connessi ad Internet indipendentemente dai propri spostamenti, mantenendo inalterate le prestazioni delle connessioni. HPforMSC, l'oggetto di questa tesi, e' un'architettura basata su hidden proxy che permette in maniera del tutto trasparente all'utente di utilizzare contemporaneamente le varie interfacce di rete a disposizione mantenendo inalterate le performance di tutte le comunicazioni in essere durante un handover, sia esso orizzontale o verticale.

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The arterial wall contains MSCs with mesengenic and angiogenic abilities. These multipotent precursors have been isolated from variously-sized human adult segments, belying the notion that vessel wall is a relatively quiescent tissue. Recently, our group identified in normal human arteries a vasculogenic niche and subsequently isolated and characterized resident MSCs (VW-MSCs) with angiogenic ability and multilineage potential. To prove that VW-MSCs are involved in normal and pathological vascular remodeling, we used a long-term organ culture system; this method was of critical importance to follow spontaneous 3-D vascular remodeling without any influence of blood cells. Next we tried to identify and localize in situ the VW-MSCs and to understand their role in the vascular remodeling in failed arterial homografts. Subsequently, we isolated this cell population and tested in vitro their multilineage differentiation potential through immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and ultrastructural analysis. From 25-30cm2 of each vascular wall homograft sample, we isolated a cell population with MSCs properties; these cells expressed MSC lineage molecules (CD90, CD44, CD105, CD29, CD73), stemness (Notch-1, Oct-4, Sca-1, Stro-1) and pericyte markers (NG2) whilst were negative for hematopoietic and endothelial markers (CD34, CD133, CD45, KDR, CD146, CD31 and vWF). MSCs derived from failed homografts (H-MSCs) exhibited adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic potential but scarce propensity to angiogenic and leiomyogenic differentiation. The present study demonstrates that failed homografts contain MSCs with morphological, phenotypic and functional MSCs properties; H-MSCs are long-lived in culture, highly proliferating and endowed with prompt ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes; compared with VW-MSCs from normal arteries, H-MSCs show a failure in angiogenic and leiomyogenic differentiation. A switch in MSCs plasticity could be the basis of pathological remodeling and contribute to aneurysmal failure of arterial homografts. The study of VW-MSCs in a pathological setting indicate that additional mechanisms are involved in vascular diseases; their knowledge will be useful for opening new therapeutic options in cardiovascular diseases.

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Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, ein innovatives System zur Herstellung einer konditional/reversiblen SCL-knock-out Maus zu etablieren. Es wurde deshalb ein neuer knock-in/knock-out Ansatz mit Hilfe des Tet-Systems gewählt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit war es möglich für die Generierung der konditionalen SCL-knock-out Maus essentielle Effektor- und Respondermauslinien zu etablieren und zu charakterisieren. Durch knock-in der rtTA-cDNA in den SCL-Lokus wurde eine Effektormauslinie hergestellt, welche in allen untersuchten hämatopoietischen Geweben rtTA exprimierte.Die zur Generierung der SCL-knock-out Maus notwendigen transgenen Responderlinien wurden ebenfalls generiert. Diese Linien wurden in einem Funktionsassay auf ihre Regulierbarkeit rekombinanter SCL-Expression untersucht. Dabei wurde eine Linie identifiziert, welche stringent/exogen regulierbar war.Effektor- und Responderlinie konnten etabliert und durch adäquate Kreuzung eine heterozygote Effektor/Responderlinie generiert werden. Die Rückkreuzung dieser Linie bei gleichzeitiger Gabe von DOX sollte in der konditionalen/reversiblen SCL-knock-out Maus resultieren. Bei Ende dieser Arbeit wurde allerdings in keinem Fall ein Rescue des letalen SCL Nullhintergrunds durch die rtTA-vermittelte rekombinante SCL-Expression beobachtet. Die in dieser Arbeit bereits hergestellten und verbesserten neuen Effektorkonstrukte sowie das Zurückgreifen auf alle vorhandenen SCL-Respondermäuse können in Zukunft zur erfolgreichen Etablierung eines exogen regulierbaren konditional/reversiblen SCL knock-out führen.

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Recently, the existence of a capillary-rich vasculogenic zone has been identified in adult human arteries between the tunica media and adventitia; in this area it has been postulated that Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) may be present amidst the endothelial progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells. This hypothesis is supported by several studies claiming to have found the in vivo reservoir of MSCs in post-natal vessels and by the presence of ectopic tissues in the pathological artery wall. We demonstrated that the existence of multipotent progenitors is not restricted to microvasculature; vascular wall resident MSCs (VW-MSCs) have been isolated from multidistrict human large and middle size vessels (aortic arch, thoracic aorta and femoral artery) harvested from healthy multiorgan donors. Each VW-MSC population shows characteristics of embryonic-like stem cells and exhibits angiogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic and leiomyogenic potential but less propensity to osteogenic ifferentiation. Human vascular progenitor cells are also able to engraft, differentiate into mature endothelial cells and support muscle function when injected in a murine model of hind limb ischemia. Conversely, VW-MSCs isolated from calcified femoral arteries display a good response to osteogenic commitment letting us to suppose that VW-MSCs could have an important role in the onset of vascular pathologies such as Mönckeberg sclerosis. Taken together these results show two opposite roles of vascular progenitor cells and underline the importance of establishing their in vivo pathological and regenerative potential to better understand pathological events and promote different therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular research and clinical applications.

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Eine der häufigsten Komplikationen bei der allogenen Blutstammzelltransplantation stellt die Transplantat-gegen-Wirt-Erkrankung (Graft versus Host Disease, GvHD) dar. Sie wird durch allogene Spender-T-Lymphozyten verursacht, die Gewebe des Transplantatempfängers erkennen und inflammatorische Entzündungsprozesse auslösen. Neben dieser Alloreaktivität induzieren Spender-T-Lymphozyten jedoch auch immuntherapeutisch erwünschte Transplantat-gegen-Leukämie-Reaktionen (Graft versus Leukemia, GvL-Reaktion), bei denen residuelle Tumor- bzw. Leukämiezellen im Patienten durch Spender-T-Zellen spezifisch erkannt und eliminiert werden. Im Rahmen einer verbesserten Immmuntherapie wird daher versucht, GvHD-reaktive und GvL-reaktive Spender-T-Lymphozyten effizient voneinander zu separieren und so eine wirkungsvolle GvHD-Prophylaxe bzw. optimierte GvL-Induktion zu erreichen. In diesem Kontext war es Ziel dieser Arbeit, murine dendritische Zellen (DZ) so zu modifizieren, daß sie für die spezifische Deletion alloreaktiver T-Zellen in murinen GvHD/GvL-Tiermodellen eingesetzt werden können. Die Modifikation der DZ sollte dazu führen, daß über das CD95/CD178-System Aktivierungs-induzierter Zelltod (activation induced cell death, AICD) in alloreaktiven T-Zellen ausgelöst wird. Hierzu wurden für die Modifikation der DZ zwei verschiedene Mechanismen angewandt: a) die Transfektion der DZ mit CD178-mRNA sowie b) die zielgerichtete Immobilisierung von hCD178-X-Fusionsproteinen auf Oberflächenmolekülen von DZ bzw. T-Zellen. Als Positivkontrolle für die Induktion CD95-vermittelter Apoptose diente der agonistische anti-CD95-Antikörper Jo2. Bei der Transfektion muriner DZ mit mRNA zeigte sich anhand des Reportergens EGFP, daß aus dem Knochenmark generierte DZ mit hoher Effizienz mit EGFP-mRNA transfizierbar waren. Im Falle von hCD178-mRNA führte die Transfektion jedoch zu einer insuffizienten CD178-Expression, die mit den regulatorischen Eigenschaften der zytoplasmatischen CD178-Region in Verbindung gebracht werden konnte. So führte die Verwendung einer zytoplasmatisch trunkierten Form der CD178-mRNA (CD178Dzyt) zu einer durchflußzytometrisch nachweisbaren CD178-Expression in DZ. Mit diesen CD178Dzyt-exprimierenden DZ konnte in einem Proliferationstest die Proliferation alloreaktiver T-Zellen inhibiert werden. Die Beladung von DZ bzw. von T-Zellen mit hCD178-X-Fusionsproteinen führte in vitro ebenfalls zu einer deutlichen Reduktion von Alloreaktivität. Dabei konnte eine spezifische Deletion/Inhibition alloreaktiver T-Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Die Elimination alloreaktiver T-Zellen erfolgte in beiden Verfahren über AICD. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Bifunktionalität der Fusionsproteine festgestellt, da sie neben der Induktion CD95-vermittelter Apoptose auch in der Lage waren, die Kostimulation allogener T-Zellen effizient zu inhibieren. Mit Hilfe adoptiver T-Zell-Transferexperimente konnten abschließend die in vitro gewonnenen Ergebnisse in vivo in zwei verschiedenen GvHD-Mausmodellen bestätigt werden.

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CD33 is a myeloid cell surface marker absent on normal hematopoietic stem cells and normal tissues but present on leukemic blasts in 90% of adult and paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cases. By virtue of its expression pattern and its ability to be rapidly internalized after antibody binding, CD33 has become an attractive target for new immunotherapeutic approaches to treat AML. In this study two immunoconjugates were constructed to contain a humanised single-chain fragment variable antibody (scFv) against CD33 in order to create new antibody-derived therapeutics for AML. The first immunoconjugate was developed to provide targeted delivery of siRNAs as death effectors into leukemic cells. To this purpose, a CD33-specific scFv, modified to include a Cys residue at its C-terminal end (scFvCD33-Cys), was coupled through a disulphide bridge to a nona-d-arginine (9R) peptide carrying a free Cys to the N-terminal. The scFvCD33-9R was able to completely bind siRNAs at a protein to nucleic acid ratio of about 10:1, as confirmed by electrophoretic gel mobility-shift assay. The conjugate was unable to efficiently transduce cytotoxic siRNA (siTox) into the human myeloid cell line U937. We observed slight reductions in cell viability, with a reduction of 25% in comparison to the control group only at high concentration of siTox (300 nM). The second immunoconjugate was constructed by coupling the scFvCD33-Cys to the type 1 ribosome inactivating protein Dianthin 30 (DIA30) through a chemical linking The resulting immunotoxin scFvCD33-DIA30 caused the rapid arrest of protein synthesis, inducing apoptosis and leading ultimately to cell death. In vitro dose-dependent cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that scFvCD33-DIA30 was specifically toxic to CD33-positive cell U937. The concentration needed to reach 50 % of maximum killing efficiency (EC50) was approximately 0.3 nM. The pronounced antigen-restricted cytotoxicity of this novel agent makes it a candidate for further evaluation of its therapeutic potential.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Blutlymphozyten, die aus allogenen, serologisch HLA (humanes Leukozytenantigen)-identischen gesunden Geschwisterspendern von Nierenzellkarzinom (RCC, engl. renal cell carcinoma)-Patienten isoliert wurden, auf ihre antitumorale Reaktivität in vitro untersucht. Dazu war die vorangehende Generierung von stabil in vitro wachsenden Tumorzelllinien der Patienten zwingende Voraussetzung. Insgesamt wurden aus primärem Tumorgewebe von 65 Nierenzellkarzinom-Patienten Tumorzellen isoliert und daraus Zellkulturen angelegt. In 28 % der Fälle gelang es, eine konstant in Zellkultur wachsende Tumorzelllinie zu etablieren. Daneben wurden aus 56 Tumorpatienten auch die aus dem angrenzenden Nierengewebe gewonnenen nicht-malignen Nierenzellen über wenige Zellkultur-Passagen expandiert. In vier Patienten mit stabil in vitro wachsender Tumorzelllinie war ein allogener HLA-identischer Geschwisterspender verfügbar. In diesen Modellsystemen wurden in gemischten Lymphozyten-Tumorzell-Kulturen (MLTCs, engl. mixed lymphocyte tumor cell cultures) die Blutlymphozyten der Patienten und der gesunden Geschwisterspender mit der jeweiligen Nierenzellkarzinom-Zelllinie stimuliert und tumorreaktive CD8+ zytotoxische T-Lymphozyten (CTLs, engl. cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) generiert. Wenn möglich wurden aus den so gewonnenen „Responder“-Massenkulturen CD8+ T-Zellklone isoliert und hinsichtlich ihrer Funktionalität in IFN-γ-ELISpot-Assays und 51Chrom-Zytotoxizitätstests untersucht. Durch Blockade der HLA-Moleküle mit monoklonalen Antikörpern wurden die HLA-Restriktionselemente sowie weitere an der Erkennung beteiligte Oberflächenmoleküle analysiert. Kreuzreaktivitätsuntersuchungen mit einem breiten Zielzell-„Panel“ gaben Aufschluss über die Reaktivität der CTLs gegen RCC, nicht-maligne Nierenzellen, hämatopoetische Zielzellen von Patient und Geschwisterspender und weitere Tumorzelllinien aus Nierenzellkarzinomen und anderen Tumorentitäten. Interessanterweise zeigten die Geschwister-MLTC-„Responder“-Lymphozyten im Vergleich zu den autologen MLTC-„Responder“-Lymphozyten eine stärkere Proliferation und Zytotoxizität nach Stimulation mit Tumorzellen. Die allogenen tumorreaktiven „Responder“-Lymphozyten entstammten der CD8+ CD62L(high)+ Subpopulation, die naive Vorläufer- und „central memory“-T-Zellen enthält. Im Gegensatz zu autologen MLTC-Lymphozyten und tumorinfiltrierenden Lymphozyten konnte aus nahezu allen allogenen MLTCs mithilfe des Grenzverdünnungsverfahrens ein breites Spektrum an tumorreaktiven CTL-Klonen expandiert werden. Diese lysierten entweder ausschließlich die autologe RCC-Zelllinie oder kreuzreagierten mit autologen nicht-malignen Nierenzellen. Eine Minderheit der CTL-Klone erkannte außerdem hämatopoetische Zellen des Patienten oder allogene Tumorzellen. Als HLA-Restriktionselemente der allogenen tumorreaktiven CD8+ CTL-Klone wurden HLA-A2, -A3, -A11, -A24 und -B7 identifiziert. Weiterhin wurden in einem Modellsystem bisher unbekannte, stark proliferierende CD3+ CD16+ CD57+ CTL-Klone mit nicht-HLA-restringierter Tumorreaktivität isoliert. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Arbeit erstmals, dass allogene Blutlymphozyten von HLA-identischen gesunden Geschwistern eine Vielfalt von tumorreaktiven CD8+ CTL-Klonen enthalten. Im direkten Vergleich mit autologen Blutlymphozyten der betroffenen Patienten besitzen allogene Blutlymphozyten der Geschwister eine stärkere proliferative und zytotoxische Tumorreaktivität. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit ermutigen weitere Bemühungen, tumorreaktive T-Zellen aus dem Blut von HLA-identischen gesunden Geschwisterspendern in vitro zu generieren. Solche T-Zellen wären in zweierlei Hinsicht von Interesse: Zum einen ermöglichen sie die Identifizierung der Zielantigene, die von T-Zellen aus gesunden Individuen auf Tumoren erkannt werden und als Zielstrukturen von antigenspezifischen Immuntherapien (z. B. Vakzination) dienen könnten. Zum anderen könnten diese T-Zellen möglicherweise für eine adoptive Immuntherapie der betroffenen Tumorpatienten verwendet werden.

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Donor-derived CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) eliminating host leukemic cells mediate curative graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactions after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The leukemia-reactive CTLs recognize hematopoiesis-restricted or broadly expressed minor histocompatibility and leukemia-associated peptide antigens that are presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules on recipient cells. The development of allogeneic CTL therapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is hampered by the poor efficiency of current techniques for generating leukemia-reactive CTLs from unprimed healthy donors in vitro. In this work, a novel allogeneic mini-mixed lymphocyte/leukemia culture (mini-MLLC) approach was established by stimulating CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors at comparably low numbers (i.e. 10e4/well) with HLA class I-matched primary AML blasts in 96-well microtiter plates. Before culture, CD8+ T cells were immunomagnetically separated into CD62L(high)+ and CD62L(low)+/neg subsets enriched for naive/central memory and effector memory cells, respectively. The application of 96-well microtiter plates aimed at creating multiple different responder-stimulator cell compositions in order to provide for the growth of leukemia-reactive CTLs optimized culture conditions by chance. The culture medium was supplemented with interleukin (IL)-7, IL-12, and IL-15. On day 14, IL-12 was replaced by IL-2. In eight different related and unrelated donor/AML pairs with complete HLA class I match, numerous CTL populations were isolated that specifically lysed myeloid leukemias in association with various HLA-A, -B, or -C alleles. These CTLs recognized neither lymphoblastoid B cell lines of donor and patient origin nor primary B cell leukemias expressing the corresponding HLA restriction element. CTLs expressed T cell receptors of single V-beta chain families, indicating their clonality. The vast majority of CTL clones were obtained from mini-MLLCs initiated with CD8+ CD62L(high)+ cells. Using antigen-specific stimulation, multiple CTL populations were amplified to 10e8-10e10 cells within six to eight weeks. The capability of mini-MLLC derived AML-reactive CTL clones to inhibit the engraftment of human primary AML blasts was investigated in the immunodeficient nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune deficient IL-2 receptor common γ-chain deficient (NOD/SCID IL2Rγnull) mouse model. The leukemic engraftment in NOD/SCID IL2Rγnull was specifically prevented if inoculated AML blasts had been pre-incubated in vitro with AML-reactive CTLs, but not with anti-melanoma control CTLs. These results demonstrate that myeloid leukemia-specific CTL clones capable of preventing AML engraftment in mice can be rapidly isolated from CD8+ CD62L(high)+ T cells of healthy donors in vitro. The efficient generation and expansion of these CTLs by the newly established mini-MLLC approach opens the door for several potential applications. First, CTLs can be used within T cell-driven antigen identification strategies to extend the panel of molecularly defined AML antigens that are recognizable by T cells of healthy donors. Second, because these CTLs can be isolated from the stem cell donor by mini-MLLC prior to transplantation, they could be infused into AML patients as a part of the stem cell allograft, or early after transplantation when the leukemia burden is low. The capability of these T cells to expand and function in vivo might require the simultaneous administration of AML-reactive CD4+ T cells generated by a similar in vitro strategy or, less complex, the co-transfer of CD8-depleted donor lymphocytes. To prepare clinical testing, the mini-MLLC approach should now be translated into a protocol that is compatible with good manufacturing practice guidelines.

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Die Untersuchungen der murinen Cytomegalovirus (mCMV) Infektion im BALB/c Mausmodell konzentrierten sich bislang auf die Lunge, da diese einen Hauptort der mCMV Latenz darstellt. Da latentes CMV auch häufig durch Lebertransplantationen übertragen wird, wurde in dieser Arbeit die Leber als ein weiteres medizinisch relevantes Organ der CMV Latenz und Reaktivierung untersucht. Um zunächst die zellulären Orte der mCMV Latenz in der Leber zu ermitteln, wurden verschiedengeschlechtliche Knochenmarktransplantationen (KMT) mit männlichen tdy-positiven Spendern und weiblichen, tdy-negativen Empfängern, mit anschließender mCMV Infektion durchgeführt, um latent infizierte Mäuse mit geschlechtschromosomalem Chimärismus zu generieren. Diese Chimären erlaubten eine Unterscheidung zwischen tdy-positiven Zellen hämatopoetischen Ursprungs und tdy-negativen stromalen und parenchymalen Gewebszellen. Die Separation von Leberzellen der Chimären mittels zentrifugaler Elutriation und anschließender DNA Quantifizierung viraler und zellulärer Genome durch eine quantitative real-time PCR ergab einen ersten Hinweis, dass Endothelzellen ein zellulärer Ort der mCMV Latenz sind. Die darauf folgende immunomagnetische Zelltrennung lokalisierte latente virale DNA in der CD31-positiven Zellfraktion. Die Koexpression von CD31 mit dem endothelzellspezifischen Oberflächenmarker ME-9F1 identifizierte die sinusoidalen Endothelzellen der Leber (LSEC) als die Zellen, die latente virale DNA beherbergen. In den zytofluorometrisch aufgereinigten CD31+/ME-9F1+ LSEC waren bei gleichzeitigem Rückgang der männlichen tdy Markergene virale Genome angereichert, was darauf hinwies, dass Zellen, die virale DNA enthalten, vom Knochenmark-Empfänger stammen. Durch zytofluorometrische Analysen isolierter LSEC konnte eine vom Spender abstammende Subpopulation MHCII+/CD11b+ LSEC identifiziert werden. Anschließende Quantifizierungen viraler DNA aus latent infizierten Mäusen detektierten eine Abnahme viraler Genome mit zunehmender Menge an tdy-positiven Zellen, was beweist, dass MHCII+/CD11b+ LSEC keinen Ort der mCMV Latenz darstellen. Die limiting dilution Untersuchungen der isolierten latent infizierten LSEC ergaben eine Frequenz von einer latent infizierten Zelle unter ~1,9x104 LSEC und eine Anzahl von 7 bis 19 viralen Genomen pro latent infizierter Zelle. Nach 24 Stunden Kultivierung der LSEC konnte mittels quantitativer real-time RT-PCR mit Gesamt-RNA aus LSEC ein Anstieg der Genexpression der immediate early Gene ie1 und ie3 sowie eine Induktion des early Gens e1 gezeigt werden. Eine Erhöhung der transkriptionellen Reaktivierung durch die Inkubation der LSEC mit unterschiedlichen HDAC Inhibitoren konnte allerdings nicht erzielt werden, da sowohl die Menge der isolierten RNA aus behandelten Kulturen, als auch die Anzahl viraler Transkripte im Vergleich zu den unbehandelten Kulturen erniedrigt war. Aufgrund der kurzen Lebensdauer isolierter LSEC in vitro konnte durch Kokultivierungen latent infizierter LSEC zusammen mit murinen embryonalen Fibroblasten keine Virusreaktivierung induziert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden durch den Transfer gereinigter ME-9F1+/CD31+ LSEC aus latent infizierten Spendern in immunsupprimierte Empfänger virale Rekurrenzen in Lungenexplantatkulturen des Rezipienten detektiert. Damit konnten LSEC eindeutig als zellulärer Ort von mCMV Latenz und Reaktivierung in der Leber identifiziert werden.

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Il trapianto allogenico di cellule staminali emopoietiche è spesso l’unica soluzione per la cura di diverse malattie ematologiche. La aGVHD è la complicanza più importante che si può avere a seguito del trapianto allogenico ed è causata dai linfociti T del donatore che riconoscono gli antigeni del ricevente presentati dalle APC. Eliminare o inattivare la APC del ricevente prima del trapianto potrebbe prevenire la aGVHD. Ad oggi non esistono farmaci specifici diretti contro le APC, sono però noti i meccanismi molecolari coinvolti nella sopravvivenza cellulare come la via di segnale di PI3K. In questo lavoro abbiamo testato l’attività di due farmaci, che colpiscono target molecolari della via di PI3K, la rapamicina e la perifosina, sul differenziamento dei monociti a differenti popolazioni di cellule dendritiche (DC), in vitro. La rapamicina riduceva il recupero cellulare delle DC derivate da monociti coltivate in presenza di IL-4 aumentando l’apoptosi, mentre i monociti coltivati in presenza di GM-CSF con o senza IFN-α risultavano resistenti alla rapamicina. Inoltre la rapamicina riduceva l’espressione della molecola costimolatoria CD86 e incrementava l’espressione della molecola CD1a solo nei monociti coltivati con GM-CSF e IL-4. Nelle DC derivate dai monociti in presenza di IL-4 la rapamicina bloccava la produzione di IL-12 e TNF-α e ne alterava la capacità allostimolatoria. La rapamicina non alterava la sopravvivenza e la funzione delle DC circolanti. Il trattamento con perifosina provocava un incremento di apoptosi nei monociti coltivati sia con GM-CSF che con GM-CSF e IL-4. La perifosina bloccava la produzione di TNF-α nelle DC derivate da monociti coltivati nelle diverse condizioni. Questi risultati dimostrano che l’azione della rapamicina è strettamente dipendente dalla presenza dell’IL-4 nel terreno di coltura, in vitro, rispetto alla perifosina e suggeriscono un possibile ruolo della perifosina nella prevenzione della GVHD prima del trapianto allogenico di cellule staminali.

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Die allogene hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation (allo-HSCT) bietet bei einem hohen Anteil akuter Leukämien die einzige kurative Behandlungsmöglichkeit. Um die mit ihr assoziierte Morbidität und Mortalität zu senken und ihre Effektivität zu steigern, soll die GvL (graft-versus-leukemia)-Reaktion als eigentliches Therapieziel gegenüber der unerwünschten GvHD (graft-versus-host disease) möglichst selektiv verstärkt werden. Wesentliche Mediatoren beider Effekte sind alloreaktive T-Zellen. Bei HLA-Übereinstimmung zwischen Spender und Empfänger sind so genannte Minorhistokompatibilitätsantigene (mHAgs) und Leukämie-assoziierte Antigene (LAA) die mutmaßlichen Zielstrukturen beider Reaktionen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden in dem Leukämie-Modell der Patientin MZ201 [akute myeloische Leukämie (AML) vom Subtyp FAB M5] mittels T-Zell-basierter cDNA-Expressionsklonierung zwei neue Antigene identifiziert, die von allogenen, AML-reaktiven CD8+ T-Lymphozyten aus Blut eines HLA-passenden gesunden Spenders erkannt wurden. Es handelt sich zum einen um das HLA-B*5601-restringierte mHAg PLAUR-317P, das aus einem Polymorphismus des Gens PLAUR (plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor) resultiert. Das von den T-Zellen am Besten erkannte Peptid enthält die Aminosäuren 316 - 327. PLAUR wird in lymphohämatopoetischen Zellen und in verschiedenen Malignomen überexprimiert und ist dabei mit schlechterer Prognose und vermehrter Gewebeinvasivität assoziiert. Etwa 30% getesteter Individuen tragen das Allel PLAUR-317P. Zum anderen handelt es sich um ein Epitop aus der Signalregion des Chemokins CXCL3 [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3], das von CD8+ T-Zellen des gleichen Spenders auf Leukämiezellen der Patientin MZ201 in Assoziation mit HLA-A*0201 erkannt wurde. Auch CXCL3 wird vorwiegend in Zellen der Myelopoese exprimiert. Aufgrund ihres Expressionsmusters sind beide Antigene potentielle Zielstrukturen für die Elimination der Empfänger-Hämatopoese unter Einschluss der Leukämieblasten im Rahmen der allo-HSCT. Weiterführende Untersuchungen müssen zeigen, ob diese Antigene tatsächlich in vivo GvL-Reaktionen hervorrufen. Die Kenntnis eines repräsentativen Spektrums solcher Antigene würde verbesserte Spenderselektionen erlauben und neue Wege des adoptiven T-Zelltransfers erschließen helfen.

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In the last decades mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), intriguing for their multilineage plasticity and their proliferation activity in vitro, have been intensively studied for innovative therapeutic applications. In the first project, a new method to expand in vitro adipose derived-MSC (ASC) while maintaining their progenitor properties have been investigated. ASC are cultured in the same flask for 28 days in order to allow cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell interactions and to mimic in vivo niche. ASC cultured with this method (Unpass cells) were compared with ASC cultured under classic condition (Pass cells). Unpass and Pass cells were characterized in terms of clonogenicity, proliferation, stemness gene expression, differentiation in vitro and in vivo and results obtained showed that Unpass cells preserve their stemness and phenotypic properties suggesting a fundamental role of the niche in the maintenance of ASC progenitor features. Our data suggests alternative culture conditions for the expansion of ASC ex vivo which could increase the performance of ASC in regenerative applications. In vivo MSC tracking is essential in order to assess their homing and migration. Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have been used to track MSC in vivo due to their biocompatibility and traceability by MRI. In the second project a new generation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) used to label MSC were tested. These MNP have been functionalized with hyperbranched poly(epsilon-lysine)dendrons (G3CB) in order to interact with membrane glycocalix of the cells avoiding their internalization and preventing any cytotoxic effects. In literature it is reported that labeling of MSC with SPION takes long time of incubation. In our experiments after 15min of incubation with G3CB-MNP more then 80% of MSC were labeled. The data obtained from cytotoxic, proliferation and differentiation assay showed that labeling does not affect MSC properties suggesting a potential application of G3CB nano-particles in regenerative medicine.