Photoelectrochemistry of GaAs and Si liquid junctions

A quantitative study has been performed on the stability of GaAs surfaces in a 0.10 M K₂Se-0.01 M K₂Se₂ aqueous solution. In this electrolyte, n-type GaAs electrodes displayed significant photocorrosion in competition with faradaic charge transfer to Se^2-. Chemisorption of group VIIIB metal ions onto the GaAs surfaces yielded improved current-voltage behavior of the GaAs photoanodes, and also resulted in a significant reduction in photocorrosion. This behavior implies that the chemisorbed metal ions act to increase the rate of hole transfer to the Se^2- species. Related experiments on n-GaAs, pGaAs, and Sn-doped In₂O₃ electrodes in Te^2-/- aqueous solutions have also been performed.

The majority carrier (electrons) transfer rate constant at a highly doped n⁺-Si/Co(Cp)₂Cl-methanol junction has been measured directly using the chronoamperometry electrochemical technique. The reduction reaction rate of Co(Cp)₂+ was 0.03 cm-s^-1 at the Si electrode, and was more than 100 times slower than at a hanging mercury electrode. The slower rate was attributed to the smaller optical and static dielectric constants, and the lower density of electrons of the semiconductor. The experimental results were compared to the Marcus theory of charge transfer.

The unique properties of high purity Si/liquid junctions have been investigated under illumination conditions in which the photogenerated carrier concentration exceeds the dopant concentration. Under these high injection conditions, negligible electric fields exist at the semiconductor/liquid interface, and carrier motion is driven by diffusion. Studies of the current-voltage properties of the Si in methanol solutions containing various redox couples suggested that high efficiency photoelectrochemical cells could be established through selective collection of carriers at the semiconductor/liquid junction. The quasi-Fermi levels of electrons and holes were measured directly against the solution potential. Steady-state and transient photovoltage measurements, and theoretical modeliug of the carrier transport, generation, and recombination dynamics indicated that the quasi-Fermi levels were flat across the semiconductor sample. The recombination velocities at the Si/liquid junctions have also been measured, and were shown to vary with the solution potential following the Shockley-Read-Hall theory on recombination.

Use of Freely-Available Weebly in Creating Quick and Easy Web Pages: poster presentation

Weebly is a freely-available software for creating Web pages without having to know HTML. It is easy to use, with its drag and drop editor, and offers the ability to add documents, Web links, videos, slideshows, audio, forms, polls, etc. It is hosted by Weebly and has no limits on storage space. Many templates are available for Web page design. One can publish and update almost immediately. Combined with usage of the freely-available Google Analytics, for example, it is possible to gather usage statistics. The site can be password protected, if need be. Weebly for Education is a special version for teachers and schools.

偏振光飞秒双脉冲微加工

利用具有纳焦能量、高重复频率的偏振光飞秒双脉冲对金属铬膜样品进行微加工,样品表面都会产生微突起状结构,它们的宽度在0～400 ps的双脉冲时延范围内没有明显的变化,但高度却都在1～10 ps的双脉冲时延范围内呈现明显的下降,在此时延范围之外并没有明显的变化。通过加工样品的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图片发现,对于偏振光,利用双脉冲方法,可以获得更好的加工质量。并且线偏振光得到的微突起状结构比较细长,在入射光束的偏振方向上有所伸长;圆偏振光得到的微突起状结构比较接近圆形。即在低脉冲能量、高重复频率情况下,具体的微加工特征形貌与入射光束的偏振状态有关。

Ultrafast double pulses ablation of Cr film on glass

Ultrafast lasers ablation of Cr film was investigated by using double-pulse method. Experimental results show that there exists a temporal ablation window effect with each of the double pulses adjusted just smaller than the threshold. When the delay between the double pulses is within the order of 400 ps, the ablation of Cr film could happen. When the delay between the double pulses is beyond the order of 400 ps, the ablation of Cr film would not happen, and the reflectivity from the surface of the Cr film shows a sharp rise at the same time. The two-temperature model was developed into the form of double pulses to explain the experimental phenomena. Furthermore, microbump structures were formed on the surface of Cr film after ablation by ultrafast double pulses. Their heights exhibit an obvious drop between 1 and 10 ps double pulses delay, which is involved with the electron-phonon coupling process according to the numerical simulation. These results should be helpful for understanding the dynamic processes during ultrafast lasers ablation of metal films. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

利用晶体串接实现高效宽带三倍频

从耦合波方程出发,分别在小信号、高功率(1.5 GW/cm2)条件下研究KDP晶体串接三次谐波转换。当两块混频晶体的长度选择为8 mm和6 mm,晶体分别偏离原混频匹配角0.35 mrad和-0.25 mrad时可以有0.3 nm的谐波转换带宽,同时系统的三次谐波转换效率与两块混频晶体之间的距离有密切关系,当两块晶体之间的距离使从第一块混频晶体出射的光波之间的相位差改变π时,会使第一块混频晶体产生的三次谐波大部分回流到基频和倍频光,从而使转换效率大幅度下降,最合适的距离应当使光波之间的相位差改变为2π。

一种制作掺Yb相移光纤光栅激光器的实验方案

采用遮挡法引入相移制作了掺Yb相移光纤光栅(PS-FBG)。在制作光栅的过程中,将其作为激光器的谐振腔,通过监测激光器的输出功率来确定相移大小。当激光器的输出功率开始下降时,停止曝光,此时引入的相移为π/2。为了使光栅的特性尽快稳定下来需要对光栅进行退火,这将导致引入的相移小于π/2。为了弥补退火过程中引起的相移降低,需要对退火后的光栅进行二次曝光,以使光栅的相移恢复π/2。利用该方法制作了一只光纤光栅激光器。当抽运功率为100 mW时,获得了25 mW的输出功率,信噪比(SNR)为60 dB。在1 h内

Estudo da Comunidade de anfíbios anuros ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal na Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ. Rio de Janeiro 2010

Este estudo investigou a variação altitudinal da comunidade de anfíbios anuros em uma montanha de floresta Atlântica da Ilha Grande, avaliando a ocorrência, distribuição, organização e riqueza de anuros nas diferentes altitudes. Estabelecemos seis faixas de altitude para realização do estudo: 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 e 900 metros acima do nível do mar. Utilizamos duas metodologias de amostragem: o método de parcelas grandes (5 x 5 metros) e o método de transecção, entre janeiro de 2008 e março de 2009. Os dados indicaram que na região de Mata Atlântica do Pico do Papagaio ocorre uma considerável riqueza de espécies de anuros, a qual varia dependendo da faixa de altitude ao longo do gradiente altitudinal do morro. Houve em geral uma tendência a um decréscimo da riqueza com aumento da altitude, com exceção da altitude de 900 metros, onde a riqueza teve um aumento quando comparado à faixa altitudinal imediatamente abaixo. Nossos dados mostram ainda que ao longo de todo o gradiente altitudinal do morro, as maiores riquezas de anuros em geral ocorrem nas faixas de altitudes de 150 e 300 metros. Nossos dados indicaram para a região estudada uma considerável densidade de anuros, que além de variar significativamente entre as estações seca e chuvosa, foi influenciada negativamente pela altitude: na medida em que houve um aumento da altitude ocorreu uma correspondente diminuição na densidade geral de anuros da comunidade componente. A anurofauna da região do Pico do Papagaio apresentou uma queda abrupta na abundância a partir dos 450 metros de altitude, com grande dominância, em termos numéricos, de três espécies com desenvolvimento direto. Nossos dados mostraram haver uma variação sazonal na abundância e, nas densidades de anuros na região do Pico do Papagaio. Concluímos que a região de Mata Atlântica do Pico do Papagaio possui uma elevada riqueza de espécies de anuros, a qual varia ao longo do gradiente altitudinal com os maiores valores de riqueza e abundâncias encontradas entre as faixas de 150 e 300 metros, o que pode ser favorecido pela menor inclinação do terreno, pela maior ocorrência de cursos dágua e pela elevada pluviosidade que ocorre nestas faixas altitudinais na Ilha Grande. A considerável similaridade na comunidade componente de anuros entre as altitudes de 150 e 300 pode resultar da similaridade estrutural da vegetação entre estas faixas de altitudes. A região em geral teve uma alta densidade de anuros, que além de variar sazonalmente, foi negativamente influenciada pela altitude. A observada redução na abundância dos anuros a partir dos 450 metros de altitude pareceu favorecer espécies com desenvolvimento direto.

Structural change of laser-irradiated Ge2Sb2Te5 films studied by electrical property measurement

Sheet resistance of laser-irradiated Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering was measured by the four-point probe method. With increasing laser power the sheet resistance undergoes an abrupt drop from 10(7) to 10(3) Omega/square at about 580 mW. The abrupt drop in resistance is due to the structural change from amorphous to crystalline state as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study of the samples around the abrupt change point. Crystallized dots were also formed in the amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 films by focused short pulse laser-irradiated, the resistivities at the crystallized dots and the non-crystallized area are 3.375 x 10(-3) and 2.725 Omega m, sheet resistance is 3.37 x 10(4) and 2.725 x 10(7) Omega/square respectively, deduced from the I-V Curves that is obtained by conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Improved Mechanical Properties of Compatibilized Polypropylene/Polyamide-12 Blends

Compatibilized blends of polypropylene (PP) and polyamide-12 (PA12) as a second component were obtained by direct injection molding having first added 20% maleic anhydride-modified copolymer (PP-g-MA) to the PP, which produced partially grafted PP (gPP). A nucleating effect of the PA12 took place on the cooling crystallization of the gPP, and a second crystallization peak of the gPP appeared in the PA12-rich blends, indicating changes in the crystalline morphology. There was a slight drop in the PA12 crystallinity of the compatible blends, whereas the crystallinity of the gPP increased significantly in the PA12-rich blends. The overall reduction in the dispersed phase particle size together with the clear increase in ductility when gPP was used instead of PP proved that compatibilization occurred. Young's modulus of the blends showed synergistic behavior. This is proposed to be both due to a change in the crystalline morphology of the blends on the one hand and, on the other, in the PA12-rich blends, to the clear increase in the crystallinity of the gPP phase, which may, in turn, have been responsible for the increase in its continuity and its contribution to the modulus.

Propiedades básicas de materiales soporte y parámetros de control en biofiltración.

[ES]En la problemática medioambiental generada por la contaminación atmosférica hay tres aspectos que marcan las directrices de actuación institucional: la presión social, la legislación vigente y la tecnología disponible. En cuanto a este último aspecto, la biofiltración es una tecnología eficaz, asequible y sostenible basada en la actividad biodegradadora de microorganismos específicos adheridos a la superficie de un material soporte que constituye el lecho del biofiltro. La elección de un material soporte adecuado es de especial importancia para asegurar el correcto funcionamiento de los biofiltros. Esta decisión está basada en las propiedades intrínsecas del material que deben ser analizadas previamente a su uso. En este proyecto se ha seleccionado cuales son estas propiedades básicas a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, destacando la capacidad de retención de humedad, superficie específica, porosidad, y estabilidad física y química del material. En este trabajo, también se han fijado los parámetros de control que deben ser medidos de forma rutinaria en un biofiltro para asegurar la eficacia del tratamiento de descontaminación. En base a la información bibliográfica recopilada, se ha concluido que los parámetros básicos son pH, temperatura, contenido de humedad del lecho y pérdidas de carga. A nivel experimental, se han medido las pérdidas de carga generadas en biofiltros empacados con tres materiales soportes que son de especial interés para una investigación posterior a desarrollar por el grupo Biofiltración de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU). Durante el período de arranque inicial de los tres biofiltros, las pérdidas de carga medidas fueron muy bajas en los tres casos, aunque algo superiores cuando la alimentación era en sentido ascendente frente al flujo descendente. Sin embargo, cuando se midieron las pérdidas de carga bajo condiciones de encharcamiento del lecho, que es una de las situaciones más problemáticas en un biofiltro, todos los soportes presentaron un aumento puntual de la pérdida de carga aunque la tendencia en los días posteriores fue claramente descendente, recuperando valores de operación habituales. La comparativa del comportamiento frente a las pérdidas de carga permitió seleccionar el soporte más idóneo de los tres analizados, aunque los otros dos podrían ser alternativas viables en caso de sustitución.

Hypoxic and low pH water in the nearshore marine environments of Monterey Bay, California: characterizing a decade of oxygen and pH, and drivers of variability.

A decade-long time series recorded in southern Monterey Bay, California demonstrates that the shallow, near-shore environment (17 m depth) is regularly inundated with pulses of cold, hypoxic and low pH water. During these episodes, oxygen can drop to biologically threatening levels, and pH levels were lower than expected. Weekly water chemistry monitoring revealed that the saturation state of aragonite (the more soluble form of calcium carbonate) was often below saturation and had a moderate positive relationship with pH, however, analytical and human error could be high. Pulses of hypoxia and low pH water with the greatest intensity arise at the onset of the spring upwelling season, and fluctuations are strongly semidurnal (tidal) and diurnal. Arrival of cold, hypoxic water on the inner shelf typically occurs 3 days after the arrival of a strong upwelling event and appears to be driven by upwelling modulated by internal tidal fluctuations. I found no relationship between the timing of low-oxygen events and the diel solar cycle nor with terrestrial nutrient input. These observations are consistent with advection of hypoxic water from the deep, offshore environment where water masses experience a general decline of temperature, oxygen and pH with depth, and inconsistent with biochemical forcing. Comparisons with concurrent temperature and oxygen time series taken ~20 km away at the head of the Monterey Canyon show similar patterns but even more intense hypoxic events due to stronger semidiurnal forcing there. Analysis of the durations of exposure to low oxygen levels establishes a framework for assessing the ecological relevance of these events. Increasing oceanic hypoxia and acidification of both surface and deep waters may increase the number, intensity, duration and spatial extent of future intrusions along the Pacific coast. Evaluation of the resiliency of nearshore ecosystems such as kelp forests, rocky reefs and sandy habitats, will require consideration of these events.

Reservatório de gás não convencional: história de caso na Bacia do Recôncavo - Brasil

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi à realização de um estudo geológico sobre os folhelhos fraturados da Formação Candeias que ocorrem em diferentes partes da Bacia do Recôncavo, sendo enfatizadas suas principais relações com a acumulação de petróleo. Este trabalho contempla, ainda, uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da evolução da campanha exploratória nesta bacia, desde seus primórdios, na década de trinta, além de uma análise sob as perspectivas na área de exploração e produção. A Bacia do Recôncavo, situada na região Nordeste do Brasil, está inserida numa grande bacia tafrogênica (Rifte abortado Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá), originada nos momentos iniciais de ruptura do paleocontinente Gondwana ocidental, no Eocretáceo, sob os campos de tensões que produziram o Oceano Atlântico. Em termos estratigráficos, a bacia guarda um importante registro geológico, compreendido por depósitos continentais (lacustres, fluvio-deltáicos, neríticos, eólicos e leques aluviais), sendo subdividido em seis seqüências sedimentares, referentes aos estágios pré-rifte e rifte. As principais acumulações de petróleo na bacia podem ser agrupadas em três grandes sistemas: pré-rifte, rifte-Candeias e rifte-Ilhas, representando plays exploratórios distintos. As perspectivas futuras para a Bacia do Recôncavo devem considerar a importância da identificação de novos plays exploratórios, através da caracterização de novos intervalos geradores e reservatórios, como é o caso dos folhelhos fraturados e do shale gas. Não menos importante é o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de produção, aumentando o fator de recuperação de campos produtores.

Dimensionamiento geométrico y resistente de manipulador paralelo XY.

[ES]Se trata de diseñar, programar, fabricar y montar un manipulador paralelo de 5 pares de revolución, que sirva para el atrape y posterior desplazamiento de objetos pequeños en un área de trabajo determinado. Este proyecto se centra exclusivamente en el análisis cinemático, resistente y posterior optimización del diseño del mecanismo de barras del manipulador.

Krisiari aurrea hartuz: SAKANA S. COOP. enpresaren estrategia aldaketaren ezarpena eta analisia

[EU] Gradu Amaierako Lan honetan SAKANA kooperatiba da aztertzeko erabili dudan enpresa. 1975. Urtean sortu zen fundizio enpresa industrial bat da. Enpresa hau Lakuntzan dago kokatuta (Nafarroa) eta gaur egun 290 langile ditu. SAKANAK krisi ekonomikoarekin batera etorri zen eskariaren jaitsiera sufritu zuen. Hala ere, gaur egungo egoera ona da, lehiakide batzuen porrota ikusita, krisiari aurre egitea lortu duen enpresa bat izan da. Egungo egoera honen erantzulerik nagusiena 2007. urtean egin zuten aldaketa estrategikoa da. Aldaketa hau integrazio bertikalean oinarritu zen. SAKANAK pieza eolikoak funditzeaz gain, mekanizazioa eta margotzea gehitu zituen bere balio katera. Aldaketa honek kooperatiba honen etorkizunerako norabide bat markatu zuen. Estrategia aldaketa horren kudeaketari dagozkion atal nagusiei egingo zaie aipamena lan honetan, hau da, estrategia horren ezarpena aztertuz eta balorazioa eginez.

Estimating species and size composition of rockfishes to verify targets in acoustic surveys of untrawlable areas

Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) biomass is difficult to assess with standard bottom trawl or acoustic surveys because of their propensity to aggregate near the seafloor in highrelief areas that are inaccessible to sampling by trawling. We compared the ability of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), a modified bottom trawl, and a stereo drop camera system (SDC) to identify rockfish species and estimate their size composition. The ability to discriminate species was highest for the bottom trawl and lowest for the SDC. Mean lengths and size distributions varied among the gear types, although a larger number of length measurements could be collected with the bottom trawl and SDC than with the ROV. Dusky (S. variabilis), harlequin (S. variegatus), and northern rockfish (S. polyspinis), and Pacific ocean perch (S. alutus) were the species observed in greatest abundance. Only dusky and northern rockfish regularly occurred in trawlable areas, whereas these two species and many more occurred in untrawlable areas. The SDC was able to resolve the height of fish off the seafloor, and some of the rockfish species were observed only near the seafloor in the acoustic dead zone. This finding is important, in that fish found exclusively in the acoustic dead zone cannot be assessed acoustically. For these species, methods such as bottom trawls, long-lines, or optical surveys using line transect or area swept methods will be the only adequate means to estimate the abundance of these fishes. Our results suggest that the selection of appropriate methods for verifying targets will depend on the habitat types and species complexes to be examined.