Screening for Language Disorders in Stroke: German Validation of the Language Screening Test (LAST)

BACKGROUND Screening of aphasia in acute stroke is crucial for directing patients to early language therapy. The Language Screening Test (LAST), originally developed in French, is a validated language screening test that allows detection of a language deficit within a few minutes. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate two parallel German versions of the LAST. METHODS The LAST includes subtests for naming, repetition, automatic speech, and comprehension. For the translation into German, task constructs and psycholinguistic criteria for item selection were identical to the French LAST. A cohort of 101 stroke patients were tested, all of whom were native German speakers. Validation of the LAST was based on (1) analysis of equivalence of the German versions, which was established by administering both versions successively in a subset of patients, (2) internal validity by means of internal consistency analysis, and (3) external validity by comparison with the short version of the Token Test in another subset of patients. RESULTS The two German versions were equivalent as demonstrated by a high intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.91. Furthermore, an acceptable internal structure of the LAST was found (Cronbach's α = 0.74). A highly significant correlation (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001) between the LAST and the short version of the Token Test indicated good external validity of the scale. CONCLUSION The German version of the LAST, available in two parallel versions, is a new and valid language screening test in stroke.

A Tahitian and English dictionary, with introductory remarks on the Polynesian language, and a short grammar of the Tahitian dialect: with an appendix containing a list of foreign words used in the Tahitian Bible, in commerce, etc., with the sources from whence they have been derived.

Mode of access: Internet.

A new French-English general dictionary : compiled from the French dictionaries of L'Académie, Bescherelle, Littré, etc., and the English dictionaries of Johnson, Webster, Richardson, etc., and the technical works in both languages ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

The principles of grammar : being a compendious treatise on the languages, English, Latin, Greek, German, Spanish, and French. Founded on the immutable principle of the relation which one word sustains to another ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Lexicon tetraglotton, an English-French-Italian-Spanish dictionary: whereunto is adjoined a large nomenclature of the proper terms (in all the four) belonging to several arts and sciences, to recreations, to professions both liberal and mechanick, &c. Divided into fiftie two sections; with another volume of the choicest proverbs in all the said toungs, (consisting of divers compleat tomes)

"Proverbs d'elite ... " "Proverbi gli più scelti nella lingua italiana ... " "Refranes ... " "Diharebion Cymraeg ... " and "Divers centuries of nevv sayings ... " preceded by half-title pages.

Handbook of Greek synonymes [sic] from the French of Alex. Pillon.

Translation of Synonymes grecs ....

The French genders taught in six fables : being a plain and easy art of memory, by which the genders of 15,548 French nouns may be learned in a few hours /

Mode of access: Internet.

Parisian phraseology : or, Choix de phrases diverses : being a collection of sentences in common use, to facilitate the knowledge of the formation fo French syntax ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Nature displayed in her mode of teaching language to man : being a new and infallible method of acquiring languages with unparalleled rapidity : deduced from the analysis of the human mind and consequently suited to every capacity /

Mode of access: Internet.

Progressive pronouncing French reader; on a plan new, simple and effective being a course of interesting and instructive lessons selected from the works of the best prose writers and poets, preceded by a collection of easy fables /

First published 1837.

The French first class book : being a new selection of reading lessons ... : the whole calculated to interest as well as improve the learner /

Mode of access: Internet.

Boyer's French dictionary : comprising all the additions and improvements of the latest Paris and London editions ... with the pronunciation of each word according to the dictionary of the Abbé Tardy, to which are prefixed rules for the pronunciation of French vowels, diphthongs, and final consonants chiefly collected from the prosody of the Abbé D'Olivet, with a table of French verbs, &c.

The second part (250 p.) has title: An English-French dictionary, designed as the second part to the Boston edition of Boyer's French dictionary, with Tardy's pronunciation.

Boyer's French dictionary; comprising all the additions and improvements of the latest Paris and London editions, with a very large number of useful words and phrases, now first selected from the modern dictionaries of Boiste, Wailly, Catineau, and others; with the pronunciation of each word, according to the dictionary of the Abbé Tardy: to which are prefixed, rules for the pronunciation of French vowels, diphthongs, and final consonants, chiefly collected from the prosody of the Abbé D'Olivet, with a table of French verbs, &c.

Edited by William Bentley Fowle.

Boyer's French dictionary; comprising all the improvements of the latest Paris and London editions, with a very large number of useful words and phrases, now first selected from the modern dictionaries of Boiste, Wailly, Catineau, and others; with the pronunciation of each word, according to the dictionary of the Abbé Yardy: to which are prefixed, rules for the pronunciation of French vowels, diphthongs, and final consonants, chiefly collected from the prosody of the Abbé D'Olivet, with a table of French verbs, &c.

[Vol. 2] has t.p.: An English-French dictionary, designed as a second part to the Boston edition of Boyer's French dictionary , with Tardy's pronunciation.

Boyer's French dictionary : comprising all the improvements of the latest Paris and London editions, with a large number of useful words and phrases, selected from the modern dictionaries of Boiste, Wailly, Catineau, and others, with the pronunciation of each word, according to the dictionary of the Abbé Tardy. To which are prefixed Rules for the pronunciation of French vowels, diphthongs, and final consonants, collected from the prosody of the Abbé D'Olivet, with a table of French verbs, &c.

Vol. 2 has title: An English-French dictionary designed as a second part to the Boston edition of Boyer's French dictionary, with Tardy's pronunciation.