Avaliação da remoção de nitrogênio via nitrificação e desnitrificação simultânea em um reator biológico com leito móvel (IFAS).

O fenômeno conhecido como Nitrificação e Desnitrificação Simultânea (SND) significa que em um mesmo reator ocorre simultaneamente a nitrificação e a desnitrificação, sob condições de operações idênticas, podendo ser justificada principalmente pela teoria de microambiente no floco ou biofilme. Assim, em um único reator, sob condições controladas de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e elevados tempos de residênciacelular épossível que ocorra a nitrificação e a criação de zonas anóxicas no interior dos flocos ou biofilme para a ocorrência da desnitrificação. Neste sentido, a tecnologia MBBR/IFAStem como característicaelevado tempo de residência celular do biofilme formado nos meios suporte presentes no reator. Deste modo, neste estudo avaliou-se a remoção de nitrogênio via SND em um sistema IFAS quando submetido a diferentes concentrações de OD e Tempo de DetençãoHidraulica de 5,5 e 11 horas, tratando efluente sanitário e efluente sintético. Os resultados experimentais demonstraram que pode ser possível desenvolver efetiva SND com concentrações de OD média de 1,0 mg.L-1 e 1,5 mg.L-1. Sendo que, foram obtidas eficiência média de remoção de NTde cerca de 68% e concentrações médias efluente de N-NH4 de aproximadamente 5,0 mg L-1, de N-NO3 inferiores a 4,5 mg L-1 e de N-NO2 em torno de 0,1 mg L-1, e com eficiência média de remoção DQO solúvel acima de 90%, quando empregado efluente sintético. Ademais, por meio da avaliação da emissão de Óxido Nitroso (N2O), foi possível comprovar que a desnitrificação ocorreu de forma efetiva.

Nitrogen metabolism in haloarchaea

The nitrogen cycle (N-cycle), principally supported by prokaryotes, involves different redox reactions mainly focused on assimilatory purposes or respiratory processes for energy conservation. As the N-cycle has important environmental implications, this biogeochemical cycle has become a major research topic during the last few years. However, although N-cycle metabolic pathways have been studied extensively in Bacteria or Eukarya, relatively little is known in the Archaea. Halophilic Archaea are the predominant microorganisms in hot and hypersaline environments such as salted lakes, hot springs or salted ponds. Consequently, the denitrifying haloarchaea that sustain the nitrogen cycle under these conditions have emerged as an important target for research aimed at understanding microbial life in these extreme environments. The haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei was isolated 20 years ago from Santa Pola salted ponds (Alicante, Spain). It was described as a denitrifier and it is also able to grow using NO3-, NO2- or NH4+ as inorganic nitrogen sources. This review summarizes the advances that have been made in understanding the N-cycle in halophilic archaea using Hfx mediterranei as a haloarchaeal model. The results obtained show that this microorganism could be very attractive for bioremediation applications in those areas where high salt, nitrate and nitrite concentrations are found in ground waters and soils.

O estudo dos espaços escolares: balanço da investigação científica portuguesa (2005-2014)

O objetivo do capítulo é proceder ao balanço da produção científica portuguesa no período compreendido entre 2005 e 2014, no que ao estudo dos espaços escolares diz respeito. Dada a natureza do objeto de estudo, o propósito foi não ficar preso a uma história unidimensional; relevam-se, assim, olhares provenientes de diversas áreas do conhecimento (História da Educação, Arquitetura, História da Arte...). Paralelamente, indicam-se estudos de referência publicados no estrangeiro (tendências atuais da pesquisa) e lançam-se algumas pistas de investigação.

Mecanismos celulares, stress oxidativo e balanço protease-antiprotease na DPOC : revisão de literatura

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

O balanço anual 2014 da Petrobras e a eficiência do mercado acionário no Brasil: um estudo de evento

Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar os efeitos sobre as ações da Petrobras decorrentes da apresentação dos balanços do terceiro e quarto trimestre de 2014, primeiros balanços apresentados após as denúncias da Operação Lava Jato. Avaliamos os impactos nos preços das ações da empresa através de um Estudo de Evento. Como controle, analisamos os efeitos da divulgação de 1.152 balanços trimestrais sobre outras 48 ações de que fazem parte da Carteira Teórica do IBOVESPA no período entre 2010 e 2015. Buscamos identificar a presença de retornos anormais e verificar se toda informação se transfere automaticamente aos preços, sugerindo a eficiência semiforte do mercado de ações brasileiro de acordo com a Hipótese de Eficiência do Mercado (HEM) desenvolvida por Fama (1970). Ao final comparamos os resultados específicos dos balanços em estudo com os resultados observados em outros balanços da própria Petrobras. Não foram encontradas evidências de eficiência de mercado durante o período 2010-2015 nem para o grupo de 48 ações, chamadas de NÃO_PETRO, nem para o grupo PETRO, formado pelas duas ações da Petrobras. Ao dividir os mesmos grupos em dois momentos, os resultados para o período batizado de Bonança (2010-2013), permanecem iguais ao do período completo, ao passo que o período chamado de Crise (2014 -2015) apresenta retornos anormais estatisticamente significativos nas janelas de eventos. Ao avaliar os retornos de balanços individuais da Petrobras, identificamos a necessidade de informações adicionais, extrapolando o escopo de um estudo de evento.

Oxygen microprofiles and porewater chemistry in sediments of the Skagerrak

Sediment porewater oxygen profiles were measured with micro and needle electrodes in sediment cores of 27 stations in the Skagerrak (northeastern North Sea). Oxygen penetration depth ranged from 3 to 20 mm depth. Fluxes estimated from the oxygen gradients varied from 3 to 18 mmol m**-2 d**-1. Oxygen penetration and flux depend on water depth, but possibly more on the hydrological conditions, related to the import of fresh organic matter by primary production in the water column. Oxygen fluxes were not related to the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the sediments. Stations in the eastern part of the Skagerrak showed high burial rates of TOC. At 6 stations porewater chemistry of Fe, Mn and NO3- was strongly associated with the oxygen distribution. The average relative contribution of terminal electron acceptors to carbon mineralisation was estimated at 85% for O2, 0.5% for Mn, 4.5% for [NO3]3-, 1% for Fe and 9% for [SO4]2-. At one station the occurrence of exceptionally high solid manganese oxyhydroxides was probably related to an active internal manganese cycle.

Biogeochemical parameters of sea water and bottom sediments near the Curieuse Island (Seychelles Islands)

Biogeochemical reef studies carried out in 1981 and 1984 found low concentration of total natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in inshore waters. Detection of lignin in marine and bottom sediments indicates that the land has major effect on makeup of organic matter there. Comparison of compositions of organic matter in sea water, suspended matter and bottom sediments indicated that it was altered rapidly by the reef community. Thus, in the inshore zone of the island, runoff from the land is important in supplying nutrients to the reef ecosystem alongside with transport of nutrients by deep waters. Concentrations of nutri¬ents (N, P) in the inshore zone are higher than in waters of the tropical part of the ocean. Nitrogen is the limiting element in development of phytoplankton in the inshore zone.

Porewater and particulate geochemistry during Maria S. Merian cruise MSM17/4

We present sedimentary geochemical data and in situ benthic flux measurements of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN: NO3-, NO2-, NH4+) and oxygen (O2) from 7 sites with variable sand content along 18°N offshore Mauritania (NW Africa). Bottom water O2 concentrations at the shallowest station were hypoxic (42 µM) and increased to 125 µM at the deepest site (1113 m). Total oxygen uptake rates were highest on the shelf (-10.3 mmol O2 /m2 d) and decreased quasi-exponentially with water depth to -3.2 mmol O2 /m2 d. Average denitrification rates estimated from a flux balance decreased with water depth from 2.2 to 0.2 mmol N /m2 d. Overall, the sediments acted as net sink for DIN. Observed increases in delta 15NNO3 and delta 18ONO3 in the benthic chamber deployed on the shelf, characterized by muddy sand, were used to calculate apparent benthic nitrate fractionation factors of 8.0 pro mille (15epsilon app) and 14.1 pro mille (18epsilon app). Measurements of delta 15NNO2 further demonstrated that the sediments acted as a source of 15N depleted NO2-. These observations were analyzed using an isotope box model that considered denitrification and nitrification of NH4+ and NO2-. The principal findings were that (i) net benthic 14N/15N fractionation (epsilon DEN) was 12.9 ± 1.7pro mille, (ii) inverse fractionation during nitrite oxidation leads to an efflux of isotopically light NO2- (-22 ± 1.9 pro mille), and (iii) direct coupling between nitrification and denitrification in the sediment is negligible. Previously reported epsilon DEN for fine-grained sediments are much lower (4-8 pro mille). We speculate that high benthic nitrate fractionation is driven by a combination of enhanced porewater-seawater exchange in permeable sediments and the hypoxic, high productivity environment. Although not without uncertainties, the results presented could have important implications for understanding the current state of the marine N cycle.

Biological Atlas of the Arctic Seas 2000: Physical oceanography, hydrochemistry, meteorology, and plankton of the Barents and Kara Seas

Presented are physical and biological data for the region extending from the Barents Sea to the Kara Sea during 158 scientific cruises for the period 1913-1999. Maps with the temporal distribution of physical and biological variables of the Barents and Kara Seas are presented, with proposed quality control criteria for phytoplankton and zooplankton data. Changes in the plankton community structure between the 1930s, 1950s, and 1990s are discussed. Multiple tables of Arctic Seas phytoplankton and zooplankton species are presented, containing ecological and geographic characteristics for each species, and images of live cells for the dominant phytoplankton species.

Geochemistry, minerals, color, rare earth elements and d18O at DSDP Hole 92-504B

Investigations of borehole waters sampled in Hole 504B during Leg 92 revealed changes in major-ion composition similar to changes observed previously (during Leg 83). The uniformity of chloride concentrations with increasing depth suggests efficient downhole mixing processes along density gradients caused by large temperature gradients. Chemical and mineralogical studies of suspended drilling mud (bentonite) suggest that this material has undergone substantial alteration and that CaSO4 (anhydrite/gypsum) has precipitated in the deeper parts of the hole. Rare earth element studies suggest contributions of both the bentonites and the basalts to the REE distributions. Studies of the isotopic composition (87Sr/86Sr) of dissolved strontium indicate a strong contribution of basaltic nonradiogenic strontium, although differences between the Leg 83 and Leg 92 data indicate an influence of bentonite during Leg 92. The oxygen isotope composition of the water does not change appreciably downhole. This uniformity can be understood in terms of high water-rock ratios and suggests that the chemical changes observed are due either to alteration processes involving bentonites and basaltic material from the walls of the hole or to exchange with formation fluids from the surrounding basement, which may have altered in composition at relatively high water-rock ratios.