Terrestrial biosphere changes over the last 120 kyr

A new global synthesis and biomization of long (> 40 kyr) pollen-data records is presented and used with sim- ulations from the HadCM3 and FAMOUS climate models and the BIOME4 vegetation model to analyse the dynamics of the global terrestrial biosphere and carbon storage over the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Simulated biome distribu- tions using BIOME4 driven by HadCM3 and FAMOUS at the global scale over time generally agree well with those in- ferred from pollen data. Global average areas of grassland and dry shrubland, desert, and tundra biomes show large- scale increases during the Last Glacial Maximum, between ca. 64 and 74 ka BP and cool substages of Marine Isotope Stage 5, at the expense of the tropical forest, warm-temperate forest, and temperate forest biomes. These changes are re- flected in BIOME4 simulations of global net primary pro- ductivity, showing good agreement between the two models. Such changes are likely to affect terrestrial carbon storage, which in turn influences the stable carbon isotopic composi- tion of seawater as terrestrial carbon is depleted in 13C.

An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit-speaking community in the High Atlas, Morocco

Traditional knowledge about medicinal plants from a poorly studied region, the High Atlas in Morocco, is reported here for the first time; this permits consideration of efficacy and safety of current practices whilst highlighting species previously not known to have traditional medicinal use. Our study aims to document local medicinal plant knowledge among Tashelhit speaking communities through ethnobotanical survey, identifying preferred species and new medicinal plant citations and illuminating the relationship between emic and etic ailment classifications. Ethnobotanical data were collected using standard methods and with prior informed consent obtained before all interactions, data were characterized using descriptive indices and medicinal plants and healing strategies relevant to local livelihoods were identified. 151 vernacular names corresponding to 159 botanical species were found to be used to treat 36 folk ailments grouped in 14 biomedical use categories. Thirty-five (22%) are new medicinal plant records in Morocco, and 26 described as used for the first time anywhere. Fidelity levels (FL) revealed low specificity in plant use, particularly for the most commonly reported plants. Most plants are used in mixtures. Plant use is driven by local concepts of disease, including “hot” and “cold” classification and beliefs in supernatural forces. Local medicinal plant knowledge is rich in the High Atlas, where local populations still rely on medicinal plants for healthcare. We found experimental evidence of safe and effective use of medicinal plants in the High Atlas; but we highlight the use of eight poisonous species.

Testemunha da tuberculose : antígeno liparabinomannan

O estudo pretendeu abordar a imunidade humoral na Tuberculose. Foi um estudo de teste diagnóstico que avaliou um antígeno específico, constituinte da parede celular da micobactéria, denominado LIPOARABINOMANNAN (LAM), proveniente de Cambridge, MA, USA da Companhia Dyna-Gen. O objetivo principal do estudo foi a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-LAM em casos de tuberculose pulmonar, extrapulmonar e formas combinadas da doença. A casuística total compreendeu 173 pacientes portadores de tuberculose, sendo a mesma confirmada por métodos bacteriológicos e/ou anatomopatológicos de biópsias de diversos órgãos em 114 casos (65,8%). Em 46 casos (26,5%) a doença se confirmou por rigorosos critérios clínicos, radiológicos e de seguimento após tratamento adequado. Cento e quinze pacientes eram do sexo masculino (66,5%) e 58 do sexo feminino (33,5%). Cento e trinta e um eram brancos (75,7%), 24 negros (13,9%) e 18 mistos (10,4%). O total de formas pulmonares foi de 88 casos (51%), sendo 81 (46,8%) formas bacilíferas e 7 casos (4,0%) não-bacilíferas. Dos casos com baciloscopia direta negativa, 3 apresentaram culturas positivas, 2 culturas negativas e em 2 casos a mesma não foi realizada. Formas extrapulmonares compreenderam 71 casos (41%) com predomínio de forma miliar, ganglionar, pleural e do SNC. A combinação de ambas as formas ocorreu em 14 casos (8,1%). Radiologicamente, houve predomínio de lesões escavadas (30,1%), consolidação (13,9%), padrão miliar (11%) e exame radiológico normal (11%), além de outros achados. Da série, 118 pacientes eram HIV negativos (68,2%) e 55 eram HIV positivos (31,8%). As principais comorbidades associadas foram Diabetes Melittus (DM), Alcoolismo, Cardiopatia e Neoplasia, entre outras. Exames culturais foram realizados em 145 pacientes, sendo que em 72 casos a cultura foi positiva (41,6%) e foi negativa em 10 casos (5,8%). Dos 72 exames culturais positivos, o teste do MycoDot foi positivo em 47 casos (65,2%) e negativo em 25 (34,7%). Em 10 exames culturais negativos, o mesmo foi positivo em 6 casos (60%) e negativo em 4 casos (40%). Em 63 exames culturais não realizados, o teste do MycoDot foi positivo em 46 casos e negativos em 17. Os resultados do teste MycoDot na série total foram: positivos em 120 pacientes (69,4%) e negativos em 53 pacientes (30,6%). As formas pulmonares bacilíferas, não bacilíferas, extrapulmonares e combinadas apresentaram sensibilidade de 74,1%, 85,7%, 63,4% e 64,3% respectivamente. O grupo controle foi de 77 indivíduos assim distribuídos: 41 sadios, 16 portadores de lesões residuais de tuberculose, 6 sadios com BCG prévia, 6 sadios sem BCG prévia e 8 com outras comorbidades. O resultado do teste MycoDot foi negativo em 73 casos (94,8%) e positivo em 4 casos (5,2%). A sensibilidade da casuística total foi de 69,4%, a especificidade foi de 94,8%, o valor preditivo positivo (VPP) foi de 96,8% e o valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foi de 57,9%. Dos pacientes HIV positivos a sensibilidade foi de 61,8% e a especificidade foi de 100%. Nos pacientes HIV negativos a sensibilidade foi de 72,9% e a especificidade foi de 94,7%. Concluiu-se que o Teste MycoDot é de fácil realização, baixo custo, podendo ser útil como uma ferramenta adicional para o diagnóstico da tuberculose.

Atlas dos setores postais do interior de São Paulo

O CEP, Código de Endereçamento Postal, pode ser utilizado como método de descrição de localizações. O "Atlas de Setores Postais" extrai as propriedades bidimensionais do CEP, apresentando o contorno das regiões postais brasileiras, das sub-regiões do estado de São Paulo e dos setores do interior do Estado. As informações georreferenciadas do atlas podem participar dos processos de tomada e implementação de decisões.

Allegretto 120

Som componente do jogo “Musikinésia (http://www.loa.sead.ufscar.br/musikinesia.php)” desenvolvido pela equipe do Laboratório de Objetos de Aprendizagem da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (LOA/UFSCar).

Metagenômica: busca de novos genes envolvidos com a biodegradação de hidrocarbonetos

Industrial activities, oil spills and its derivatives, as well as the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels have caused a great accumulation of hydrocarbons in the environment. The number of microorganisms on the planet is estimated at 1030 and prokaryotes the most abundant. They colonized diverse environments for thousands of years, including those considered extreme and represent an untapped source of metabolic and genetic diversity with a large biotechnological potential. It is also known that certain microorganisms have the enzymatic capacity to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons and, in many ecosystems, there is an indigenous community capable of performing this function. The metagenomic has revolutionized the microbiology allowing access uncultured microbial communities, being a powerful tool for elucidation of their ecological functions and metabolic profiles, as well as for identification of new biomolecules. Thus, this study applied metagenomic approaches not only for functional selection of genes involved in biodegradation and emulsification processes of the petroleum-derived hydrocarbons, but also to describe the taxonomic and metabolic composition of two metagenomes from aquatic microbiome. We analyzed 123.116 (365 ± 118 bp) and 127.563 sequences (352 ± 120 bp) of marine and estuarine metagenomes, respectively. Eight clones were found, four involved in the petroleum biodegradation and four were able to emulsify kerosene indicating their abilities in biosurfactants synthesis. Therefore, the metagenomic analyses performed were efficient not only in the search of bioproducts of biotechnological interest and in the analysis of the functional and taxonomic profile of the metagenomes studied as well

Sewage sludge as nitrogen and phosphorus source for cane-plant and first ratoon crops

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Acúmulo de massa seca e marcha de absorção de nutrientes em mudas de goiabeira 'Pedro Sato'

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Projeto cartográfico e implementação de um protótipo de atlas escolar interativo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desenvolvimento de um protótipo de um atlas escolar interativo: projeto e produção

This paper aims at presenting an Interactive School Atlas prototype which was developed for cartography and environmental education. The methodology was based on the theoretical study about child mental development of Piaget theory, in order to elaborate strategies that allow the student a better comprehension about the spatial information understanding. It was defined as study case of sixth grade students, because they belong to the Formal Operation stage, in which the children reach the needed mental operations for understanding cartographic key concepts. This Atlas was developed in two stages: cartographic design and Atlas production. The Atlas implementation was developed seeking the use of Multimedia Cartography and animation resources that may attract students and teachers, instigating them to explore the tools and strategies to lead users to a correct interpretation of map contents. The Atlas was implemented by using the Macromedia Flash and Visual Basic softwares and the MapObjects library. Though the map has bot been evaluated yet, one should point out that it was designed according to the theoretical and methodological knowledge of the cognitive development and its relationship to cartographic conceptions, aiming at adapting the product to children cognitive skills.

Prolapse-free relativistic Gaussian basis sets for the superheavy elements up to Uuo (Z=118) and Lr (Z=103)

Prolapse-free basis sets suitable for four-component relativistic quantum chemical calculations are presented for the superheavy elements UP to (118)Uuo ((104)Rf, (105)Db, (106)Sg, (107)Bh, (108)Hs, (109)Mt, (110)Ds, (111)Rg, (112)Uub, (113)Uut, (114)Uuq, (115)Uup, (116)Uuh, (117)Uus, (118)Uuo) and Lr-103. These basis sets were optimized by minimizing the absolute values of the energy difference between the Dirac-Fock-Roothaan total energy and the corresponding numerical value at a milli-Hartree order of magnitude, resulting in a good balance between cost and accuracy. Parameters for generating exponents and new numerical data for some superheavy elements are also presented. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Aspectos anatômicos do olho e neuroquímicos da retina do mocó (Kerodon rupestris)

The visual system is an important link between the animal and the environment, com profound influences on the habits and lifestyle in various habitats. Adaptive mechanismsto the temporal niche are present in the visual system of many vertebrates, involving changins in ocular dimensios and design, retinal cell distribution and organization of neurochemical circuits related to the retinal resolution or sensitivity. The sensory system of the eye is represented by the retina, whose organization is responsible by receipty, initial analysis, and transmission of the information to the brain. The knowledge of the position of the eyes in the head and the distribution of retinal cells allow to identify adaptive aspects of each species to its visual field, which is characteristic to the ecological niche it occupies. In this research, we study eye anatomical characteristics and retina neurochemical features of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a tipical Brazilian rodent from the suborder Hystricomorpha, family Caviidae. The rock cavy has lateral eyes well constitute bony orbit and well differentiated extrinsic muscle. The study of the descriptive and morphometric anatomy of the showed mean values of axial diameter 10.7±0,5mm and equatorial diameter 11.6±0.7mm. The pupil is slit shaped and the lens has mean axial diameter 5.4±0.03 mm, corresponding to ~45% of the axial diameter of the eye. The posterior nodal distance and the retinal magnification factor were estimated at 6.74 mm e 118 μm/grau, respectively. Flat mounts were processed for Nissl stain, and the topographic distribution of ganglion cells showed a moderate visual band, just below the optic disc, with higher density in the ventral retina. Retinal vertical sections and flat mounts were processed for immunohistochemistry to visualize tyrosine hydroxilase (TH) and thus two types of TH+ cells were detected. Type 1 cells had strong TH-immunoreactivity, the body cell varied from 120.047 to 269.373 μm2 stratifying in the sublamina 1 of the IPL. Type 2 cells were weakly TH-imunoreactive, had cell body located mostly in the IPL, varying from 54.848 to 177.142 μm2, constituting ~10% of the TH+ cells. Both cell types exhibited similar topographic distribution with higher density found in a horizontal band along of the naso-temporal axis in the dorsal retina. The total population of dopaminergic cells was 2,156±469,4 cells, occupying an average area of 198,164 μm2. The presence of cones and rods was detected by immunohistochemistry in vertical sections and flat mounts. S cones density is around 10 times smaller than L cones, with different degree of spatial organization. Other retinal neuronal populations of the rock cavy were also detected in vertical sections with specific markers. Comparative analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the rock cavy eye 12 suggest that it was designed to acquire higher sensitivity to light, at expense of image sharpness, compatible with a vision at mesopic conditions. Additionally, the distribution of the 2 subtypes of dopaminergic cells in a naso-temporal band in the dorsal retina seems suitable to a gain in sensitivity, coherent with an animal with predominantly crepuscular activity pattern