Propability of bark stripping damage by red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Austria

Abstract

Cell death-induced activation of epidermal growth factor receptor in keratinocytes: implications for restricting epidermal damage in dermatitis.

Recent findings have implicated Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) in mediating the death of keratinocytes in spongiotic lesions. We asked whether dying keratinocytes could potentially initiate a protective response of the skin to limit the destruction of the epidermis in the spongiotic areas. In addition to apoptosis, treatment of keratinocyte cultures in vitro with FasL triggers a profound phoshorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and of its downstream effectors ERK and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). Using a variety of inhibitors and blocking antibodies, we demonstrated that: (i) apoptosis is required for the generation of the signal(s) leading to the activation of EGFR, ERK, and Akt; (ii) the activation of EGFR, ERK, and Akt by FasL is indeed mediated by its bona fide receptor Fas; (iii) the activation of EGFR is essential for the subsequent activation of ERK and Akt; and (iv) apoptotic keratinocytes secrete soluble EGFR ligands (including amphiregulin) that are processed from membrane-bound proligand forms by metalloproteinase(s). Our findings demonstrate a potential mechanism for the restriction and repair of spongiotic damage in eczemas.

Laser-Ultraviolet-A induced ultra weak photon emission in human skin cells: A biophotonic comparison between keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Photons participate in many atomic and molecular interactions and processes. Recent biophysical research has discovered an ultraweak radiation in biological tissues. It is now recognized that plants, animal and human cells emit this very weak biophotonic emission which can be readily measured with a sensitive photomultiplier system. UVA laser induced biophotonic emission of cultured cells was used in this report with the intention to detect biophysical changes between young and adult fibroblasts as well as between fibroblasts and keratinocytes. With suspension densities ranging from 1-8x106 cells/ml, it was evident that an increase of the UVA-laser-light induced photon emission intensity could be observed in young as well as adult fibroblastic cells. By the use of this method to determine ultraweak light emission, photons in cell suspensions in low volumes (100 mu l) could be detected, in contrast to previous procedures using quantities up to 10 ml. Moreover, the analysis has been further refined by turning off the photomultiplier system electronically during irradiation leading to the first measurements of induced light emission in the cells after less than 10 mu s instead of more than 100 milliseconds. These significant changes lead to an improvement factor up to 106 in comparison to classical detection procedures. In addition, different skin cells as fibroblasts and keratinocytes stemining from the same donor were measured using this new highly sensitive method in order to find new biophysical insight of light pathways. This is important in view to develop new strategies in biophotonics especially for use in alternative therapies.

Understanding the multifaceted role of inflammatory mediators in ischemic stroke.

The evolution of ischemic brain damage is strongly affected by an inflammatory reaction that involves soluble mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, and specialized cells activated locally or recruited from the periphery. The immune system affects all phases of the ischemic cascade, from the acute intravascular reaction due to blood flow disruption, to the development of brain tissue damage, repair and regeneration. Increased endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and blood-brain barrier breakdown promotes extravasation and brain recruitment of blood-borne cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and T lymphocytes, as demonstrated both in animal models and in human stroke. Nevertheless, most anti-inflammatory approaches showing promising results in experimental stroke models failed in the clinical setting. The lack of translation may reside in the redundancy of most inflammatory mediators, exerting both detrimental and beneficial functions. Thus, this review is aimed at providing a better understanding of the dualistic role played by each component of the inflammatory/immune response in relation to the spatio-temporal evolution of ischemic stroke injury.

A Comparative Study: Service Animals and Emotional Support Animals under the Fair Housing Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act & An Overview of Assistance Animal Laws of Select States, April 18, 2010

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Fair Housing Act (FHA) prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability and govern the use of service or emotional support animals in places where pets may not be permitted. However, courts have been struggling with how to define and treat animals that qualify for protection under each law. This has created confusion as to what rights and duties are owed disabled persons and the animals that live with or accompany them. This essay attempts to clarify these two federal laws with regard to service or emotional support animals and the differing parties‘ rights and interests. It also includes an overview of select state laws that govern assistance animals of all types and our recommendations for enhancing the Iowa Civil Rights Act.

Factors affecting the snow and wind induced damage of a montane secondary forest in northeastern China

Abstract

Rastreabilidade de subprodutos de origem animal em dietas com levedura e trigo para frangos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi rastrear a inclussão de farinhas de origem animal em rações para frango de corte com ou sem levedura de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo, por meio da análise do músculo peitoral das aves pelas técnicas dos isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio. Foram utilizados 210 pintos machos (Cobb), com um dia de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em sete tratamentos de 30 aves cada, tendo sido um tratamento controle (dieta vegetal) e seis com inclusão de farinha de carne e ossos bovina ou farinha de vísceras de aves na dieta, com ou sem levedura de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo. Aos 42 dias de idade, foram abatidas quatro aves, por tratamento, escolhidas ao acaso, cujo músculo peitoral foi retirado para análise da razão isotópica. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise multivariada. Os tratamentos experimentais diferiram do tratamento controle, e foi identificada a inclusão de farinha de origem animal, pelas técnicas dos isótopos estáveis, mesmo com inclusão de levedura ou farelo de trigo na dieta.

Valor nutritivo da forragem e produção animal em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção animal e sua relação com as características dos pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cultivares Marandu, Xaraés e Piatã. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e duas repetições. Os piquetes com 2 ha foram subdivididos em dois e submetidos ao pastejo alternado, com 28 dias de utilização e 28 dias de descanso. Foram utilizados três novilhos teste, por piquete, e novilhos reguladores para manter resíduos pós pastejo em torno de 3 Mg ha-1 de matéria seca. Mensalmente, os pastos foram avaliados para se estimar o valor nutritivo da forragem. Os animais foram pesados, e as taxas de lotação foram ajustadas duas vezes por semana. No pasto da cv. Xaraés, apesar do menor ganho médio diário (GMD) dos animais, a taxa de lotação foi maior, o que resultou em maior produtividade da cv. Xaraés, em comparação às cvs. Marandu e Piatã. No pasto da cv. Piatã, houve aumento do GMD, o que indica que as cvs. Xaraés e Piatã são novas alternativas para a diversificação dos pastos no Cerrado. Assim, a escolha da forragem deve se dar em razão da meta do sistema de produção, ou seja, a produção por animal ou por área.

Publication bias in animal research: a systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of pre-clinical studies, in vivo animal experiments in particular, can influence clinical care. Publication bias is one of the major threats of validity in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Previous empirical studies suggested that systematic reviews and meta-analyses have become more prevalent until 2010 and found evidence for compromised methodological rigor with a trend towards improvement. We aim to comprehensively summarize and update the evidence base on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal studies, their methodological quality and assessment of publication bias in particular. METHODS/DESIGN: The objectives of this systematic review are as follows: âeuro¢To investigate the epidemiology of published systematic reviews of animal studies until present. âeuro¢To examine methodological features of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal studies with special attention to the assessment of publication bias. âeuro¢To investigate the influence of systematic reviews of animal studies on clinical research by examining citations of the systematic reviews by clinical studies. Eligible studies for this systematic review constitute systematic reviews and meta-analyses that summarize in vivo animal experiments with the purpose of reviewing animal evidence to inform human health. We will exclude genome-wide association studies and animal experiments with the main purpose to learn more about fundamental biology, physical functioning or behavior. In addition to the inclusion of systematic reviews and meta-analyses identified by other empirical studies, we will systematically search Ovid Medline, Embase, ToxNet, and ScienceDirect from 2009 to January 2013 for further eligible studies without language restrictions. Two reviewers working independently will assess titles, abstracts, and full texts for eligibility and extract relevant data from included studies. Data reporting will involve a descriptive summary of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. DISCUSSION: Results are expected to be publicly available later in 2013 and may form the basis for recommendations to improve the quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal studies and their use with respect to clinical care.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never-smoking animal farmers working inside confinement buildings

BACKGROUND: In animal farming, respiratory disease has been associated with indoor air contaminants and an excess in FEV1 decline. Our aim was to determine the characteristics and risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in never-smoking European farmers working inside animal confinement buildings. METHODS: A sample of participants in the European Farmers' Study was selected for a cross-sectional study assessing lung function and air contaminants. Dose-response relationships were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: COPD was found in 18 of 105 farmers (45.1 SD 11.7 years) (17.1%); 8 cases (7.6%) with moderate and 3 cases (2.9%) with severe disease. Dust and endotoxin showed a dose-response relationship with COPD, with the highest prevalence of COPD in subjects with high dust (low=7.9%/high=31.6%) and endotoxin exposure (low=10.5%/high=20.0%). This association was statistically significant for dust in the multivariate analysis (OR 6.60, 95% CI 1.10-39.54). CONCLUSION: COPD in never-smoking animal farmers working inside confinement buildings is related to indoor dust exposure and may become severe. [Authors]

DNA barcodes for soil animal taxonomy

The biodiversity of soil communities remains very poorly known and understood. Soil biological sciences are strongly affected by the taxonomic crisis, and most groups of animals in that biota suffer from a strong taxonomic impediment. The objective of this work was to investigate how DNA barcoding - a novel method using a microgenomic tag for species identification and discrimination - permits better evaluation of the taxonomy of soil biota. A total of 1,152 barcode sequences were analyzed for two major groups of animals, collembolans and earthworms, which presented broad taxonomic and geographic sampling. Besides strongly reflecting the taxonomic impediment for both groups, with a large number of species-level divergent lineages remaining unnamed so far, the results also highlight a high level (15%) of cryptic diversity within known species of both earthworms and collembolans. These results are supportive of recent local studies using a similar approach. Within an impeded taxonomic system for soil animals, DNA-assisted identification tools can facilitate and improve biodiversity exploration and description. DNA-barcoding campaigns are rapidly developing in soil animals and the community of soil biologists is urged to embrace these methods.

Role of pparß in irradiation mediated intestinal damage

Les récepteurs activés proliférateurs de peroxisomes (PPARs) appartiennent à la grande famille des récepteurs nucléaires et ont été impliqué dans plusieurs processus physiologiques. Parmi les trois isotypes PPAR, PPARβ est bien connu pour son rôle dans les décisions déterminant le destin des cellules, notamment dans les processus de prolifération, de différentiation et d'apoptose. Ce rôle a particulièrement été souligné comme protecteur dans les contextes de survie cellulaire et de cicatrisation. Il est fortement exprimé dans l'intestin grêle. Notre groupe a déjà rapporté sa présence importante dans les cryptes duodénales, où se trouvent les cellules souches intestinales. Précédemment, nous avons aussi fait remarquer le rôle de PPARβ dans la differentiation des cellules de Paneth, par la régulation négative de la signalisation Ihh de l'épithélium intestinal. Malgré sa capacité de figurer parmi les tissus du corps qui se régénèrent le plus rapidement, l'épithélium intestinal est particulièrement sensible aux attaques cytotoxiques, surtout celles dues à la radiothérapie des cancers abdomino-pelviens. Cela peut donner lieu à des lésions gastro-intestinal en tant qu'effet indésirable d'une exposition aiguë et chronique à l'irradiation. En raison du rôle protecteur de PPARβ le but de cette étude était de comprendre les voies de signalisation moléculaires régulées par PPARβ qui sont impliquées dans les réponses des cellules intestinales aux dommages causés par l'irradiation.Afin de déchiffrer les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents, un modèle in-vitro d'une lignée cellulaire - HT-29 a été utilisée. Il n'y a cependant pas de preuve d'un effet protecteur de PPARβ dans divers contextes d'endommagement cellulaire testés in-vitro. Ceci contraste avec les observations in-vivo qui indiquent que l'irradiation provoque une létalité supérieure dans les souris PPARβ-/- par rapport aux souris PPARβ+/+, entre autre correlée avec une apoptose augmentée des cellules souches intestinales à 4h après irradiation. En plus, le décès plus important de cellules mésenchymateuses a été observé dans les souris PPARβ-/-, 8 jours après irradiation. Moins nombreuses, ces cellules se sont également détachées de la matrice extracellulaire reliant l'épithélium et le mésenchyme. Nous stipulons qu'in-vivo, PPARβ participe au dialogue entre le mésenchyme et l'épithélium, ce qui est concordant avec le délai observé lors de la réparation tissulaire. Ce dialogue entre l'épithélium et le mésenchyme, n'existe pas de la même manière in-vitro. Il en résulte donc un défaut de réponse mésenchymale médiée par PPARβ, d'où le paradoxe entre les conditions in-vivo et in-vitro.Ces observations indiquent l'implication possible de PPARβ dans les lesions actiniques, en tant que conséquence naturelle de la radiothérapie de patients avec un cancer. Les mécanismes précis de l'action de PPARβ nécessitent une exploration approfondie de son rôle physiologique dans ce contexte.

Postharvest mechanical damage affects fruit quality of 'Montenegrina' and 'Rainha' tangerines

The objective of this work was to evaluate the visual and chemical quality of tangerines after mechanical damage by impacts. The tangerine cultivars Montenegrina and Rainha were submitted to different degrees of impact and evaluated for decay and oleocellosis, loss of fresh weight, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and ascorbic acid degradation, as well as for epicarp color changes. Experiments with three replicates and experimental units of six fruit for each cultivar were done in a completely randomized design. Impact produced qualitative internal and minor external changes on tangerines. The main modifications produced by impact on the fruit were losses of citric acid and soluble solids, which increased the solid:acid ratio, and losses of ascorbic acid. 'Montenegrina' tangerines are more susceptible to internal quality damage than 'Rainha'.