APROVEITAMENTO DA CASCA DO COCO-VERDE ( Cocos nucifera L.) PARA PRODU����O DE POLPA CELUL��SICA

A casca do coco-verde �� um res��duo do consumo da ��gua de coco. Em cidades litor��neas este res��duo j�� tem se tornado um grande problema, pois �� de dif��cil decomposi����o. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a casca do coco-verde ( Cocos nucifera L.) para a produ����o de celulose kraft. A mat��ria-prima foi caracterizada com rela����o �� densidade b��sica, composi����o qu��mica, dimens��o das fibras e propor����o de elementos anat��micos. Foram realizados tr��s cozimentos-teste sendo que um deles foi escolhido para repeti����o. Em cada um deles variou-se a carga alcalina visando �� elabora����o de curvas de cozimento. Nos resultados do processo de polpa����o foram encontrados valores altos de n��mero kappa, baixos rendimentos e baixos teores de rejeito. As seguintes caracter��sticas do material, baixa densidade b��sica (0,128 g/cm��), alta quantidade de extrativos (33,68%) e baixa propor����o de fibras (22,11%), corroboraram para estes resultados. Assim, a produ����o de polpa celul��sica a partir da casca do coco-verde pelo processo kraft, n��o se mostrou como uma alternativa vi��vel tecnicamente.

Purifica����o, caracteriza����o e an��lise da atividade bioinseticida, de um inibidor de tripsina em sementes de catanduva (Piptadenia moniliformis)

One Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors (PmTI) was purified from Piptadenia moniliformis seeds, a tree of the sub-family Mimosoideae, by TCA precipitation, affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsin-Sepharose, DEAE cellulose (ion exchange) and Superose 12 (molecular exclusion) column FPLC/AKTA. The inhibitor has Mr of 25 kDa by SDS-PAGE and chromatography molecular exclusion. The N-terminal sequence of this inhibitor showed high homology with other family Kunitz inhibitors. This also stable variations in temperature and pH and showed a small decrease in its activity when incubated with DDT in the concentration of 100mM for 120 minutes. The inhibition of trypsin by PmTI was competitive, with Ki of 1.57 x10-11 M. The activity of trypsin was effectively inhibited by percentage of inhibition of 100%, among enzymes tested, was not detected inhibition for the bromelain, was weak inhibitor of pancreatic elastase (3.17% of inhibition) and inhibited by 76.42% elastase of neutrophils, and inhibited in a moderate, chymotrypsin and papain with percentage of inhibition of 42.96% and 23.10% respectively. In vitro assays against digestive proteinases from Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera pests were carried out. Several degrees of inhibition were found. For Anthonomus grandis and Ceratitis capitata the inhibition was 89.93% and 70.52%, respectively, and the enzymes of Zabrotes subfasciatus and Callosobruchus maculatus were inhibited by 5.96% and 9.41%, respectively, and the enzymes of Plodia. interpunctella and Castnia licus were inhibited by 59.94% and 23.67, respectively. In vivo assays, was observed reduction in the development of larvae in 4rd instar of C. capitata, when PmTI was added to the artificial diet, getting WD50 and LD50 of 0.30% and 0.33%, respectively. These results suggest that this inhibitor could be a strong candidate to plant management programs cross transgenic

Modifica����es na produtividade e nas caracter��sticas f��sicas e qu��micas da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis causadas pela aduba����o com lodo de esgoto tratado

O Eucalyptus grandis �� uma das esp��cies mais cultivadas no Brasil devido �� sua produtividade e qualidade da madeira. Avaliaram-se o efeito da aplica����o de lodo de esgoto tratado (0 a 40 t ha-1 base seca) e uma dose de adubo mineral nos atributos f��sicos e qu��micos da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis de ��rvores com cinco anos de idade, no Munic��pio de Itatinga, S��o Paulo, Brasil. O tipo de solo foi caracterizado como Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distr��fico (argila = 120 g kg-1 na camada de 0-20 cm) e o clima, como mesot��rmico ��mido (Cwa), segundo a classifica����o de K��eppen. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repeti����es. O di��metro �� altura do peito (DAP), a altura das ��rvores e o volume de madeira foram obtidos em todas as parcelas de oito ��rvores com DAP na classe de maior freq����ncia. As caracteriza����es f��sicas e qu��micas da madeira foram realizadas de acordo com as normas da ABTCP, TAPPI e ABNT. O lodo de esgoto diminuiu a densidade b��sica da madeira, mas n��o afetou os teores de celulose, lignina, extrativos e o poder calor��fico da madeira. O decr��scimo de densidade da madeira pela aduba����o com lodo de esgoto foi compensado pela maior produtividade de madeira.

Adi����o de superplastificante e anti-segregante �� base de CMC em pastas de cimento para Po��os de Petr��leo

Oil well cementing materials consist of slurries of Special class Portland cement dispersed in water. Admixtures can be used to provide the necessary fluidity, so the material can be efficiently pumped down as well as penetrate porous rocks with controlled filter loss. Construction admixtures can be used to modify the properties of oil well cements provided they can withstand and hold their properties at the higher than ambient temperatures usually encountered in oil fields. In civil construction, superplasticizer play the role of dispersants that reduce the facto r of water cement improve mechanical properties and fluidity of the cement, whereas anti-segregation agents improve the workability of the slurry. In the present study, oil well cement slurries were produced adding both a dispersant and an anti-segregation agent conventionally used in Portland CPII-Z-32 RS cement aiming at materials for primary cementing and squeeze operations. Three basic aspects were evaluated: fluidity, filter loss and the synergetic effect of the admixtures at two temperatures, i.e., 27��C and 56��C, following API RP 10B practical recommendations. The slurries were prepared using admixture concentrations varying from 2.60 Kgf/m3 (0.02 gallft3) to 5.82 Kgf/m3 (0.045 galJft3) BWOC. The density of the slurries was set to 1.89 g/cm3 (15.8 Ib/gal). 0.30 to 0.60% BWOC of a CMC-based anti-segregation agent was added to the cement to control the filter loss. The results showed that the addition of anti-segregation at concentrations above 0.55% by weight of cement resulted in the increased viscosity of the folders in temperatures evaluated. The increasing the temperature of the tests led to a reduction in the performance of anti-segregation. At concentrations of 5.20 kgf/m3 (0,040 gallft3) and 5.82 Kgf/m3 (0,045 gal/ft 3) observed a better performance of the properties evaluated in the proposed system. At low temperature was observed instability in the readings of rheology for all concentrations of anti-segregation. Contents that increasing the concentration of anti��-segregation is limited concentrations greater than 0.55 % BWOC of the CMC in temperature analyzed. The use of the system with CMC promoted a good performance against the properties evaluated. The principal function of anti��-segregation was optimized with increasing concentration of superplasticizer, at temperatures above the 2rC. The study of the behaviour of systemic additives, resulting in slurries of cement, which can be optimized face studies of other intrinsic properties in oil fields

Aproveitamento da fibra do epicarpo do coco baba��u em comp��sito com matriz ep��xi: estudo do efeito do tratamento da fibra

Nowadays the environmental issues are increasingly highlighted since the future of humanity is dependent on the actions taken by man. Major efforts are being expended in pursuit of knowledge and alternatives to promote sustainable development without compromising the environment. In recent years there has been a marked growth in the development of reinforced composite fiber plants, as an alternative for economic and ecological effects, especially in the substitution of synthetic materials such as reinforcement material in composites. In this current study the chemical- physical or (thermophysics )characteristics of the babassu coconut fiber, derived from the epicarp of the fruit (Orbignyda Phalerata), which the main constituents of the fiber: Klason lignin, insoluble, cellulose, holocellulose, hemicellulose and the content of ash and moisture will be determined. A study was conducted about the superficial modification of the fibers of the epicarp babassu coconut under the influence of chemical treatment by alkalinization, in an aqueous solution of NaOH to 2.5% (m/v) and to 5.0% to improve the compatibility matrix / reinforcement composite with epoxy matrix. The results of the changes occurred in staple fibers through the use of the techniques of thermogravimetric analyses (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results found on thermal analysis on samples of fiber without chemical treatment (alkalinities), and on fiber samples treated by alkalinization show that the proposed chemical treatment increases the thermal stability of the fibers and provides a growth of the surface of area fibers, parameters that enhance adhesion fiber / composite. The findings were evaluated and compared with published results from other vegetable fibers, showing that the use of babassu coconut fibers has technical and economic potential for its use as reinforcement in composites

Desenvolvimento e carateriza����o de hidrog��is f��sicos e qu��micos a partir de polissacar��deos naturais

Disserta����o de Mestrado, Engenharia Biol��gica, Faculdade de Ci��ncias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Biocomp��sitos polim��ricos obtidos a partir da fra����o lignocelul��sica e amil��cea do caro��o de manga (mangifera indica), Tommy atkins

This employment has the function the utilization of mango seeds Tommy Atkins, like starch source to obtain biopolymers and fibers source and nanowhiskers cellulose also, that will be use like reinforcing fillers in micro and nanobiocomposites polymeric. The fibers in natura removed from tegument mango seed were characterized, as weel as the treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose extracted from them. The starch extracted from seed s almond showed a good performance (32%) and a high purity. The chemicals analyzes, of crystallinity and morphological of the fibers in natura, treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose confirmed the efficacy of the chemical treatement performed to remove amorphous constituents (hemicellulose and lignina). The thermoplastic starch (TPS) obtained from two sources, corn starch and starchy material mango, was produced in a twin screw extruder with compositon mass of 62,5% of starch, 9,4% of water and 28,1% of glycerol. The starch material mango was the main objective of this work for the production of biodegradable materials, and the starch corn was utilized during the production stage to evaluate the processability of the starch and use as parameter for comparison, according of being a conventional source for obtaining conventional comercial starch. The incorporation of fibers (6% in mass) and nanowhiskers cellulose (1% in mass) in matrix of TPS to obtain composite and nanocomposite, respectively, it was performed in single screw extruder. The biocomposites and bionanocomposites polymeric were obtained and the TPS from starchy material mango presented better results of thermal and mechanicals properties when compared to TPS corn starch. Concludes that the sediment generated of the agroindustrial processing mango used presents potencial to producing of biodegradables materials

Pir��lise termoqu��mica de p��s da fibra de coco seco em um reator de cilindro rotativo para produ����o de bio-��leo

This master thesis aims at developing a new methodology for thermochemical degradation of dry coconut fiber (dp = 0.25mm) using laboratory rotating cylinder reactor with the goal of producing bio-oil. The biomass was characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis TG, with evaluation of activation energy the in non-isothermal regime with heating rates of 5 and 10 ��C/min, differential themogravimetric analysis DTG, sweeping electron microscopy SEM, higher heating value - HHV, immediate analysis such as evaluated all the amounts of its main constituents, i.e., lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. In the process, it was evaluated: reaction temperature (450, 500 and 550oC), carrier gas flow rate (50 and 100 cm��/min) and spin speed (20 and 25 Hz) to condensate the bio-oil. The feed rate of biomass (540 g/h), the rotation of the rotating cylinder (33.7 rpm) and reaction time (30 33 min) were constant. The phases obtained from the process of pyrolysis of dry coconut fiber were bio-oil, char and the gas phase non-condensed. A macroscopic mass balance was applied based on the weight of each phase to evaluate their yield. The highest yield of 20% was obtained from the following conditions: temperature of 500oC, inert gas flow of 100 cm��/min and spin speed of 20 Hz. In that condition, the yield in char was 24.3%, non-condensable gas phase was 37.6% and losses of approximately 22.6%. The following physicochemical properties: density, viscosity, pH, higher heating value, char content, FTIR and CHN analysis were evaluated. The sample obtained in the best operational condition was subjected to a qualitative chromatographic analysis aiming to know the constituents of the produced bio-oil, which were: phenol followed by sirigol, acetovanilona and vinyl guaiacol. The solid phase (char) was characterized through an immediate analysis (evaluation of moisture, volatiles, ashes and fixed carbon), higher heating value and FTIR. The non-condensing gas phase presented as main constituents CO2, CO and H2. The results were compared to the ones mentioned by the literature.

Adsor����o de cobre e cromo utilizando fibra de sisal visando o tratamento da ��gua produzida pela ind��stria petrol��fera

Currently, the oil industry is the biggest cause of environmental pollution. The objective was to reduce the concentration of copper and chromium in the water produced by the oil industry. It was used as adsorbent natural sisal fiber Agave sp treated with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. All vegetable fibers have physical and morphological properties that enablies the adsorption of pollutants. The basic composition of sisal is cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The features are typically found in the characterization of vegetable fibers, except the surface area that was practically zero. In the first stage of adsorption, it was evaluated the effect of temperature and time skeeking to optimize the execution of the factorial design. The results showed that the most feasible fiber was the one treated with acid in five hours (30��C). The second phase was a factorial design, using acid and five hours, this time was it determined in the first phase. The tests were conducted following the experimental design and the results were analyzed by statistical methods in order to optimize the main parameters that influence the process: pH, concentration (mol / L) and fiber mass/ metal solution volume. The volume / mass ratio factor showed significant interference in the adsorption process of chromium and copper. The results obtained after optimization showed that the highest percentages of extraction (98%) were obtained on the following operating conditions: pH: 5-6, Concentration: 100 ppm and mass/ volume: 1 gram of fiber/50mL solution. The results showed that the adsorption process was efficient to remove chromium and copper using sisal fibers, however, requiring further studies to optimize the process.

Pir��lise r��pida catal��tica do capim elefante utilizando materiais mesoporosos e ��xidos met��licos para deoxigena����o em bio-��leo

The fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a thermochemical conversion process for production energy which have been very atratactive due to energetic use of its products: gas (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etc.), liquid (bio-oil) and charcoal. The bio-oil is the main product of fast pyrolysis, and its final composition and characteristics is intrinsically related to quality of biomass (ash disposal, moisture, content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and efficiency removal of oxygen compounds that cause undesirable features such as increased viscosity, instability, corrosiveness and low calorific value. The oxygenates are originated in the conventional process of biomass pyrolysis, where the use of solid catalysts allows minimization of these products by improving the bio-oil quality. The present study aims to evaluate the products of catalytic pyrolysis of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) using solid catalysts as tungsten oxides, supported or not in mesoporous materials like MCM-41, derived silica from rice husk ash, aimed to reduce oxygenates produced in pyrolysis. The biomasss treatment by washing with heated water (CEL) or washing with acid solution (CELix) and application of tungsten catalysts on vapors from the pyrolysis process was designed to improve the pyrolysis products quality. Conventional and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass was performed in a micro-pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC/MS. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X ray fluorescence, temperature programmed reduction and thermogravimetric analysis. Kinetic studies applying the Flynn and Wall model were performed in order to evaluate the apparent activation energy of holoceluloce thermal decomposition on samples elephant grass (CE, CEL and CELix). The results show the effectiveness of the treatment process, reducing the ash content, and were also observed decrease in the apparent activation energy of these samples. The catalytic pyrolysis process converted most of the oxygenate componds in aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc

Purifica����o e caracteriza����o parcial de uma B-D glicosidase de Artemia franciscana com a����o sobre celobiose e lactose

���-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is one of the most interesting glycosidases, especially for hydrolysis cellobiose releasing glucose, is last step degradation of cellulose. This function makes the ���-D-glucosidase is of great interest as a versatile industrial biocatalyst, being critical to various bio-treatment / biorefinery processes, such as bioethanol production. Hen in the report, a ���-D-glucosidase was extracts from protein extracted of the invertebrate marine Artemia franciscana was purified and characterized with a combination of precipitation with ammonium sulfate (0 - 30%, 30 to 50%, 50 to 80%), the fraction saturated in the range of 30 to 50% (called F-II) was applied in a molecular exclusion chromatography, in Sephacryl S-200, the fractions corresponding to the first peak of activity of ���-D-glucosidase were gathered and applied in a chromatography of ion exchange in Mono Q; the third peak this protein obtained chromatography, which coincides with the peak of activity of ���-D-glucosidase was held and applied in a gel filtration chromatography Superose 12 where the first peak protein, which has activity of ���-D-glucosidase was rechromatography on Superose 12. This enzyme is probably multimerica, consisting of three subunit molecular mass of 52.7 kDa (determined by SDS-PAGE) with native molecular mass of 157 kDa (determined by gel filtration chromatography on Superose 12 under the system FPLC). The enzyme was purified 44.09 times with a recovery of 1.01%. Using up p-nitrophenyl-��-D-glucopiranoside as substrate obtained a Km apparent of 0.229 mM and a Vmax of 1.109 mM.60min-1.mL-1mM. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of catalysis of the synthetic substrate were 5.0 and 45 ��C, respectively. The activity of the ���-D-glucosidase was strongly, inhibited by silver nitrate and N- etylmaleimide, this inhibition indicates the involvement of radical sulfidrila the hydrolysis of synthetic substrate. The ���-D-glucosidase of Artemia franciscana presented degradativa action on celobiose, lactose and on the synthetic substrate ���-nitrophenyl-��-D-glucopiranoside indicating potential use of this enzyme in the industry mainly for the production of bioethanol (production of alcohol from the participating cellulose), and production hydrolysate milk (devoid of milk lactose)

Participation of portuguese manufacturing industry in global value chains

Portugal���s manufacturing sector has a significant importance both in national income and employment. As has been pointed out by several researchers, the traditional methods of analysis fail to grasp all the dimensions of economic competitiveness. This dissertation is then, at its core, an analysis of Portugal���s manufacturing industry in terms of the latter���s value added to production and impact to employment under the framework of global value chains. The current dissertation seeks to study in which way the Portuguese manufacturing industry, and its respective sectors, has a direct and indirect impact on the creation of value added and employment and how this impact can be measured. For development of this work the input-output approach for calculation of multipliers and the new framework proposed by Timmer et al. (2013) for calculation of GVC income and GVC jobs indicators were used, elaborated on the basis of the WIOD project dataset. Moreover, to illustrate the application of the provided methodology the Portuguese textile industry was used as an example. It was found that the changes in final demand of such sectors as Pulp, Paper, Printing and Publishing; Machinery, Nec and Textiles and Textile Products would have a larger impact on generated value added than other manufacturing sectors. At the same time, employment created by the changes in final demand would be more impacted by such sectors as Food, Beverages and Tobacco; Wood and Products of Wood and Cork and Textiles and Textile Products. In this regard, the number of low-skilled workers in Portugal seems to be more effected by changes in final demand, than those occupied by higher -skilled individuals. Moreover, it was found that the distribution of GVC income and GVC jobs for the Portuguese manufacturing industry shares a similar outlook. However, upon closer inspection of GVC labour distribution by skill levels there seems to exist a general progression in which low-skilled jobs requirements are met by local resources, while the need for higher skilled jobs require a greater ���off-shoring��� of work The results obtained through calculations of presented multipliers provide a powerful tool for policy makers in strategic planning of development of national economy. Using the provided methodology and obtained results, a government and supranational organizations could define which industry would have the greatest impact for an additional unit of output generated through the economy, and thus define the sectors for further investments.

Analytical evaluation of paper degradation

The aim of this work was in first place to define a methodology for the use of Py-GC/MS as a characterization technique for the organic compounds present in paper samples containing foxing stains, paper have a complex structure and mostly consist with cellulose fibers. Additionally, it was intent to characterize paper samples containing foxing stains with a batch of non-destructive analytical techniques. The work intent to deepen our knowledge on foxing stains, its chemical nature and morphological aspects. For characterization of the morphology of paper samples and foxing stains was used photography under different illuminations and optical microscopy. The presence of fibers disruption was observed with scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and also the nature of the fillers that is present in different areas. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used for identification of the sizing agents, determination of the chemical composition of additives that were used for production of paper, and comparison between foxing stains and unfoxed areas was allowed. Micro X-ray diffraction was used to evaluate the crystalline fillers in the sample. Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS was used for chemical analysis to identify the organic components and different classes of organic compounds; Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir, em primeiro lugar, uma metodologia para o uso de Py-GC / MS como t��cnica de caracteriza����o dos compostos org��nicos presentes em amostras de papel contendo manchas de foxing, o papel tem uma estrutura complexa e consiste principalmente com fibras de celulose. Al��m disso, pretendia caracterizar amostras de papel contendo manchas de raposas com t��cnicas anal��ticas n��o destrutivas. Para a caracteriza����o da morfologia das amostras de papel e das manchas de foxing foi usada fotografia sob diferentes ilumina����es e microscopia ��ptica. A presen��a de fibras de ruptura foi observada por microscopia electr��nica de varrimento juntamente com espectroscopia dispersiva de energia (EDS-SEM), assim como a natureza dos materiais de enchimento que est�� presente em diferentes ��reas. Espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier em modo de reflex��o total atenuada (ATR-FTIR) foi utilizada na identifica����o dos agentes de colagem, e na determina����o da composi����o qu��mica de aditivos usados na produ����o de papel, e a compara����o entre foxing manchas e ��reas unfoxed foi deixada. Micro difrac����o de raios X foi usada para avaliar o enchimentos cristalinos na amostra. Cromatografia pir��lise-gasosa / espectrometria de massa (Py-GC / MS) foi utilizada para an��lise qu��mica para identificar os componentes org��nicos e diferentes classes de compostos org��nicos.

Intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance of rations containing different levels of murumuru meal in sheep diets.

A pesquisa objetivou estudar o potencial de utiliza����o da torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru, M art.) (TM) em dietas de ovinos, em substitui����o �� gram��nea Momba��a (Panicum maximum Jacq) com teores crescentes. Realizou-se ensaio metab��lico, com 20 ovinos machos, castrados, na Embrapa Amaz��nia Oriental, Bel��m, Par��, durante 26 dias. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em cinco dietas e quatros repeti����es. TM0: 100% de gram��nea; TM10: 10% de TM e 90% de gram��nea; TM20: 20% de TM e 80% de gram��nea; TM40: 40% de TM e 60% de gram��nea e TM60: 60% de TM e 40% de gram��nea. Foram avaliados o consumo e o coeciente de digestibilidade aparente da mat��ria seca (CMS e CDMS), mat��ria org��nica (CMO e CDMO), prote��na bruta (CPB e CDPB), bra em detergente neutro (CFDN e CDFDN), bra em detergente ��cido (CFDA e CDFDA), extrato et��reo (CEE e CDEE), celulose (CCEL e CDCEL), hemicelulose (CHEM e CDHEM) e balan��o de nitrog��nio (BN) das dietas experimentais. O CMS, CMO, CMM, CPB, CFDN e CFDA apresentaram efeito linear decrescente em fun����o dos teores de substitui����o da gram��nea Momba��a por TM na dieta. O CEE e o CLIG apresentaram efeitos quadr��ticos em fun����o dos teores de substitui����o da TM na dieta. O CDMS, CDMO e CDHEM tiveram efeitos lineares crescentes, entre TM0 e TM60. O CDEE, CDFDN, CDFDA e CDCEL apresentaram efeito quadr��tico, com teores de substitui����o ��timos de 56,65%, 41%, 31,33% e 27,46%, respectivamente. O balan��o de nitrog��nio apresentou efeito linear negativo no intervalo de inclus��o de 0% a 60% de torta. Conclui-se que a torta de murumuru constitui alternativa para a suplementa����o alimentar de ruminantes, em substitui����o �� gram��nea Momba��a, pois proporciona aumento na digestibilidade dos nutrientes por ovinos. Entretanto, deve-se respeitar um limite de inclus��o, considerando-se que a partir de 27,46%, 31,33%, 41% e 56,65% de substitui����o ocorrem decr��scimos, respectivamente da CDCEL, CDFDA, CDFDN e CDEE, embora n��o ocorra valor negativo para o balan��o de nitrog��nio.

Baga��o de cana-de-a����car hidrolisado para uso como substrato na caracteriza����o de enzimas lignocelulol��ticas.

O baga��o de cana-de-a����car (BCA), possui em sua composi����o principalmente celulose e hemicelulose que podem ser hidrolisadas para produ����o de etanol de segunda gera����o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o BCA hidrolisado quimicamente poderia ser utilizado como substrato para a caracteriza����o de enzimas lignocelulol��ticas.