Elaboración de embutidos emulsionados y no emulsionados utilizando inulina como sustituyente parcial de la grasa de cerdo

El presente proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo principal la elaboración de embutidos emulsionados y no emulsionados, salchicha tipo Viena y chorizos respectivamente, con la sustitución parcial de la grasa de cerdo por inulina, para disminuir el contenido graso de este tipo de productos. Para este fin se realizaron cinco tratamientos, que consistieron en elaborar los embutidos con determinadas concentraciones de inulina, las cuales fueron del 0, 20, 30, 40 y 50%. Mediante pruebas bromatológicas se determinó la calidad del producto terminado, obteniendo porcentajes de los componentes humedad, grasa, proteína y almidón dentro de lo establecido por la normativa. Además se evidenció la acción que tiene la inulina como reemplazante de grasa al disminuir el contenido graso de los productos para cada ensayo realizado. Se realizó además, una clasificación de los embutidos de acuerdo al valor de proteína, clasificándolos como Tipo I, II y III según corresponda.Cada producto cuenta con su informe y semáforo nutricional respectivo. Por su parte, el análisis sensorialdemostró quela concentración de inulina óptima y adecuada para este tipo de embutidoses del 20% para la salchicha tipo Viena y del 50% para los chorizos.

Milk composition of Murrah buffalo cows supplemented with cupuassu byproduct in Western Amazon.

The aim of this study was to evaluate milk composition of Murrah buffalo cows supplemented with rations containing cupuassu byproduct in substitution of ground corn. Isoprotein and isoenergy rations were balanced with 22.0% of crude protein (CP) and 80.1% of total digestible nutrient (TDN).

Lightweight Middleware for Software Defined Radio (SDR) Inter-Components Communication

The ability to use Software Defined Radio (SDR) in the civilian mobile applications will make it possible for the next generation of mobile devices to handle multi-standard personal wireless devices and ubiquitous wireless devices. The original military standard created many beneficial characteristics for SDR, but resulted in a number of disadvantages as well. Many challenges in commercializing SDR are still the subject of interest in the software radio research community. Four main issues that have been already addressed are performance, size, weight, and power. This investigation presents an in-depth study of SDR inter-components communications in terms of total link delay related to the number of components and packet sizes in systems based on Software Communication Architecture (SCA). The study is based on the investigation of the controlled environment platform. Results suggest that the total link delay does not linearly increase with the number of components and the packet sizes. The closed form expression of the delay was modeled using a logistic function in terms of the number of components and packet sizes. The model performed well when the number of components was large. Based upon the mobility applications, energy consumption has become one of the most crucial limitations. SDR will not only provide flexibility of multi-protocol support, but this desirable feature will also bring a choice of mobile protocols. Having such a variety of choices available creates a problem in the selection of the most appropriate protocol to transmit. An investigation in a real-time algorithm to optimize energy efficiency was also performed. Communication energy models were used including switching estimation to develop a waveform selection algorithm. Simulations were performed to validate the concept.

High Pressure and Low Temperature Study of Ammonia Borane and Lithium Amidoborane

Hydrogen has been considered as a potentially efficient and environmentally friendly alternative energy solution. However, one of the most important scientific and technical challenges that the “hydrogen economy” faces is the development of safe and economically viable on-board hydrogen storage for fuel cell applications, especially to the transportation sector. Ammonia borane (BH3NH3), a solid state hydrogen storage material, possesses exceptionally high hydrogen content (19.6 wt%).However, a fairly high temperature is required to release all the hydrogen atoms, along with the emission of toxic borazine. Recently research interests are focusing on the improvement of H2 discharge from ammonia borane (AB) including lowering the dehydrogenation temperature and enhancing hydrogen release rate using different techniques. Till now the detailed information about the bonding characteristics of AB is not sufficient to understand details about its phases and structures. Elemental substitution of ammonia borane produces metal amidoboranes. Introduction of metal atoms to the ammonia borane structure may alter the bonding characteristics. Lithium amidoborane is synthesized by ball milling of ammonia borane and lithium hydride. High pressure study of molecular crystal provides unique insight into the intermolecular bonding forces and phase stability. During this dissertation, Raman spectroscopic study of lithium amidoborane has been carried out at high pressure in a diamond anvil cell. It has been identified that there is no dihydrogen bond in the lithium amidoborane structure, whereas dihydrogen bond is the characteristic bond of the parent compound ammonia borane. It has also been identified that the B-H bond becomes weaker, whereas B-N and N-H bonds become stronger than those in the parent compound ammonia borane. At high pressure up to 15 GPa, Raman spectroscopic study indicates two phase transformations of lithium amidoborane, whereas synchrotron X-ray diffraction data indicates only one phase transformation of this material. Pressure and temperature has a significant effect on the structural stability of ammonia borane. This dissertation explored the phase transformation behavior of ammonia borane at high pressure and low temperature using in situ Raman spectroscopy. The P-T phase boundary between the tetragonal (I4mm) and orthorhombic (Pmn21) phases of ammonia borane has been determined. The transition has a positive Clapeyron slope which indicates the transition is of exothermic in nature. Influence of nanoconfinemment on the I4mm to Pmn21 phase transition of ammonia borane was also investigated. Mesoporus silica scaffolds SBA-15 with pore size of ~8 nm and MCM-41 with pore size of 2.1-2.7 nm, were used to nanoconfine ammonia borane. During cooling down, the I4mm to Pmn21 phase transition was not observed in MCM-41 nanoconfined ammonia borane, whereas the SBA-15 nanocondfined ammonia borane shows the phase transition at ~195 K. Four new phases of ammonia borane were also identified at high pressure up to 15 GPa and low temperature down to 90 K.

Macroglial and retinal changes in hypercholesterolemic rabbits after normalization of cholesterol levels

This study evaluates hypercholesterolemic rabbits, examining the retinal changes in Müller cells and astrocytes as well as their variations after a period of normal blood-cholesterol values induced by a standard diet. New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: G0, fed a standard diet; G1A, fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months; and G1B, fed as G1A followed by standard diet for 6 months. Eyes were processed for transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry (GFAP). While G1B resembled G0 more than did G1A, they shared alterations with G1A: a) as in G1A, Müller cells were GFAP+, filled spaces left by axonal degeneration, formed glial scars and their nuclei were displaced to the nerve-fibre layer. The area occupied by the astrocytes associated with the nerve-fibre bundles (AANFB) and by perivascular astrocytes (PVA) in G1A and G1B was significantly lower than in controls. However, no significant differences in PVA were found between G1A and G1B. In G1B, type I PVA was absent and replaced by hypertrophic type II cells; b) Bruch's membrane (BM) was thinner in G1B than in G1A; c) the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cytoplasm contained fewer lipids in G1B than in G1A; d) in G1A and G1B choriocapillaris and retinal vessel showed alterations with respect to G0; e) cell death and axonal degeneration in the retina were similar in G1A and G1B. The substitution of a hyperlipemic diet by a standard one normalizes blood-lipid levels. However, the persistence of damage at retinal vessels and BM-RPE could trigger chronic ischemia.

The influence of particles recycling on the geochemistry of sediments in a large tropical dam lake in the Amazonian region, Brazil

The influence of particles recycling on the geochemistry of sediments in a large tropical dam lake in the Amazonian region, Brazil. Article in Journal of South American Earth Sciences 72 · December 2016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2016.09.012 1st Rita Fonseca 16.85 · Universidade de Évora 2nd Catarina Pinho 3rd Manuela Oliveira 22.6 · Universidade de Évora Abstract As a result of over-erosion of soils, the fine particles, which contain the majority of nutrients, are easily washed away from soils, which become deficient in a host of components, accumulating in lakes. On one hand, the accumulation of nutrients-rich sediments are a problem, as they affect the quality of the overlying water and decrease the water storage capacity of the system; on the other hand, sediments may constitute an important resource, as they are often extremely rich in organic and inorganic nutrients in readily available forms. In the framework of an extensive work on the use of rock related materials to enhance the fertility of impoverish soils, this study aimed to evaluate the role on the nutrients cycle, of particles recycling processes from the watershed to the bottom of a large dam reservoir, at a wet tropical region under high weathering conditions. The study focus on the mineralogical transformations that clay particles undergo from the soils of the drainage basin to their final deposition within the reservoir and their influence in terms of the geochemical characteristics of sediments. We studied the bottom sediments that accumulate in two distinct seasonal periods in Tucuruí reservoir, located in the Amazonian Basin, Brazil, and soils from its drainage basin. The surface layers of sediments in twenty sampling points with variable depths, are representative of the different morphological sections of the reservoir. Nineteen soil samples, representing the main soil classes, were collected near the margins of the reservoir. Sediments and soils were subjected to the same array of physical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses: (1) texture, (2) characterization and semi-quantification of the clay fraction mineralogy and (3) geochemical analysis of the total concentration of major elements, organic compounds (organic C and nitrogen), soluble fractions of nutrients (P and K), exchangeable fractions (cation exchange capacity, exchangeable bases and acidity) and pH(H2O).

Development of novel multi-substituted apatite nanophases with advanced functionalities for bone regeneration

In the field of bone substitutes is highly researched an innovative material able to fill gaps with high mechanical performances and able to stimulate cell response, permitting the complete restoration of the bone portion. In this respect, the synthesis of new bioactive materials able to mimic the compositional, morphological and mechanical features of bone is considered as the elective approach for effective tissue regeneration. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main component of the inorganic part of bone. Additionally ionic substitution can be performed in the apatite lattice producing different effects, depending from the selected ions. Magnesium, in substitution of calcium, and carbonate, in substitution of phosphate, extensively present in the biological bones, are able to improve properties naturally present in the apatitic phase, (i.e. biomimicry, solubility e osteoinductive properties). Other ions can be used to give new useful properties, like antiresorptive or antimicrobial properties, to the apatitic phase. This thesis focused on the development of hydroxyapatite nanophases with multiple ionic substitutions including gallium, or zinc ions, in association with magnesium and carbonate, with the purpose to provide double synergistic functionality as osteogenic and antibacterial biomaterial. Were developed bioactive materials based on Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite in the form of sintered targets. The obtained targets were treated with Pulsed Plasma Deposition (PED) resulting in the deposition of thin film coatings able to improve the roughness and wettability of PEEK, enhancing its osteointegrability. Were investigated heterogeneous gas-solid reactions, addressed to the biomorphic transformations of natural 3D porous structures into bone scaffolds with biomimetic composition and hierarchical organization, for application in load-bearing sites. The kinetics of the different reactions of the process were optimized to achieve complete and controlled phase transformation, maintaining the original 3-D morphology. Massive porous scaffolds made of ion-substituted hydroxyapatite and bone-mimicking structure were developed and tested in 3-D cell culture models.

Gut microbiota perturbation induced by emerging dietary habits: an in vitro colon model to predict their effects by a microbiomic and metabolomic approach

Over the past 30 years, unhealthy diets and lifestyles have increased the incidence of noncommunicable diseases and are culprits of diffusion on world’s population of syndromes as obesity or other metabolic disorders, reaching pandemic proportions. In order to comply with such scenario, the food industry has tackled these challenges with different approaches, as the reformulation of foods, fortification of foods, substitution of ingredients and supplements with healthier ingredients, reduced animal protein, reduced fats and improved fibres applications. Although the technological quality of these emerging food products is known, the impact they have on the gut microbiota of consumers remains unclear. In the present PhD thesis, the recipient work was conducted to study different foods with the substitution of the industrial and market components to that of novel green oriented and sustainable ingredients. So far, this thesis included eight representative case studies of the most common substitutions/additions/fortifications in dairy, meat, and vegetable products. The products studied were: (i) a set of breads fortified with polyphenol-rich olive fiber, to replace synthetic antioxidant and preservatives, (ii) a set of Gluten-free breads fortified with algae powder, to fortify the protein content of standard GF products, (iii) different formulations of salami where nitrates were replaced by ascorbic acid and vegetal extract antioxidants and nitrate-reducers starter cultures, (iv) chocolate fiber plus D-Limonene food supplement, as a novel prebiotic formula, (v) hemp seed bran and its alkalase hydrolysate, to introduce as a supplement, (vi) milk with and without lactose, to evaluate the different impact on human colonic microbiota of healthy or lactose-intolerants, (vii) lactose-free whey fermented and/or with probiotics added, to be introduced as an alternative beverage, exploring its impact on human colonic microbiota from healthy or lactose-intolerants, and (viii) antibiotics, to assess whether maternal amoxicillin affects the colon microbiota of piglets.

New catalytic strategies for the manipulation of arenes

The aim of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of new catalytic synthetic methodologies in the context of the modern organic chemistry setting, with special focus on the use of cheap, sustainable catalytic materials. Specifically, during the course my PhD, I focused my research on two main distinct catalytic strategies, namely: the use of carbonaceous materials as catalysts (carbocatalysis) and nickel catalysis, also investigating a synergistic combination of the two. These methodologies were explored as means for the manipulation of (hetero)aromatic cores, representing ubiquitous, easily accessible and privileged scaffolds in medicinal or natural products chemistry. Both polar and radical reaction manifolds were engaged as complementary reactivities, capitalizing on metal- as well as organo-based activation modes. Particular attention has been devoted to addressing modern synthetic challenges or highly sought- after methodologies. Specifically, protocols for direct substitution of alcohols, dearomatization of arene nuclei, formation of C-S bonds, carbon dioxide fixation, C-C bond activation and fluoroalkylation were successfully achieved under carbo- or nickel catalyzed conditions.

Efeito da adição de cinza da casca de arroz em misturas cimento-casca de arroz

The rice husk and its ash are abundant and renewable and can be used to obtain alternative building materials. An increase in the consumption of such waste could help minimize the environmental problems from their improper disposal. This study aimed to evaluate the use of ashes as a cargo mineral (filler). However, the rice husk chemically interferes in the conduct of the based cement mixtures. Thus, different mixes cement-rice husk with and without the addition of ash were evaluated in order to highlight the influence of its components (husk; ash), which could otherwise be excluded or be underestimated. Cylindrical samples (test of simple compression and traction by diametrical compression) and samples extracted from manufactured pressed board (test of bending and parallel compression to the surface), were used to evaluate the behavior of different mixtures of components (rice hush; RHA - rice husk ahs). The results of the mechanical tests showed, in general, there is not a statistical difference between the mixtures, which are associated with the chemical suppressive effect of the rice husk ash. The mixture of rice husk of 10 mm, with an addition of 35% of the rice husk ash, is notable for allowing the highest consumption of rice husk and rice husk ash, to reduce 25% the consumption of cement and to allow the storage (without emissions to the atmosphere), around 1.9 ton of CO2 per ton of cement consumed, thus contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions, which can stimulate rural constructions under an ecological point of view.

Creatina quinase e dor muscular tardia na musculação : estudo experimental em adultos e jovens com o "circuit weight training" e o "multiple set system"

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Swine deep bedding ashes as a mineral additive for cement based mortar

The sustainability of intensive swine production demands alternative destinations for the generated residues. Ashes from swine rice husk-based deep bedding were tested as a mineral addition for cement mortars. The ashes were obtained at 400 to 600ºC, ground and sieved through a 325 mesh sieve (# 0.045 mm). The characterization of the ashes included the determination of the index of pozzolanic activity with lime. The ashes were also tested as partial substitutes of Portland cement. The mortars were prepared using a cement:sand proportion of 1:1.5, and with water/cement ratio of 0.4. Three percentages of mass substitution of the cement were tested: 10, 20 and 30%. Mortar performances were assessed at 7 and 28 days determining their compressive strength. The chosen condition for calcinations at the laboratory scale was related to the maximum temperature of 600ºC since the resulting ashes contained vitreous materials and presented satisfactory values for the pozzolanic index under analysis. The pozzolanic activity indicated promising results for ashes produced at 600ºC as a replacement of up to 30% in cement masses.

Respostas fisiológicas de plantas amazônicas de regiões alagadas às mudanças climáticas globais

Conforme previsões do último relatório do IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climatic Change) em 2007, até meados deste século haverá um aumento na concentração de CO2 na atmosfera podendo chegar a 720 μmol mol-1. Consequentemente haverá uma elevação da temperatura de até +3 °C, o que ocorrerá em conjunto com mudanças no padrão de precipitação. O mesmo relatório sugere que isto poderá acarretar uma substituição gradual da floresta tropical por vegetação similar a uma savana na parte oriental da Amazônia, porém nada é conclusivo. Diante dessas possibilidades, pergunta-se - Como as espécies de árvores que compõem as regiões de alagamento da Amazônia irão responder às alterações climáticas por vir? Apesar dessas previsões serem pessimistas, o alagamento ainda ocorrerá por vários anos na Amazônia e é de grande importância compreender os efeitos do alagamento sobre as respostas fisiológicas das plantas num contexto das mudanças climáticas. Os principais efeitos sobre a sinalização metabólica e hormonal durante o alagamento são revisados e os possíveis efeitos que as mudanças climáticas poderão ter sobre as plantas amazônicas são discutidos. As informações existentes sugerem que sob alagamento, as plantas tendem a mobilizar reservas para suprir a demanda de carbono necessário para a manutenção do metabolismo sob o estresse da falta de oxigênio. Até certo limite, com o aumento da concentração de CO2, as plantas tendem a fazer mais fotossíntese e a produzir mais biomassa, que poderão aumentar ainda mais com um acréscimo de temperatura de até 3 °C. Alternativamente, com o alagamento, há uma diminuição geral do potencial de crescimento e é possível que quando em condições de CO2 e temperatura elevados os efeitos positivo e negativo se somem. Com isso, as respostas fisiológicas poderão ser amenizadas ou, ainda, promover maior crescimento para a maioria das espécies de regiões alagáveis até o meio do século. Porém, quando a temperatura e o CO2 atingirem valores acima dos ótimos para a maioria das plantas, estas possivelmente diminuirão a atividade fisiológica.

A novel missense mutation p.L76P in the GJB2 gene causing nonsyndromic recessive deafness in a Brazilian family

Mutations in the GJB2 gene, encoding connexin 26 (Cx26), are a major cause of nonsyndromic recessive hearing loss in many countries. We report here on a novel point mutation in GJB2, p.L76P (c.227C>T), in compound heterozygosity with a c.35delG mutation, in two Brazilian sibs, one presenting mild and the other profound nonsyndromic neurosensorial hearing impairment. Their father, who carried a wild-type allele and a p.L76P mutation, had normal hearing. The mutation leads to the substitution of leucine (L) by proline (P) at residue 76, an evolutionarily conserved position in Cx26 as well as in other connexins. This mutation is predicted to affect the first extracellular domain (EC1) or the second transmembrane domain (TM2). EC1 is important for connexon-connexon interaction and for the control of channel voltage gating. The segregation of the c.227C>T (p.L76P) mutation together with c.35delG in this family indicates a recessive mode of inheritance. The association between the p.L76P mutation and hearing impairment is further supported by its absence in a normal hearing control group of 100 individuals, 50 European-Brazilians and 50 African-Brazilians.

Óxidos do tipo perovskita para reação de redução de no com CO

In this work, the perovskite-type oxides LaNiO3, LaMnO3, La0,7Sr0,3NiO3 and La0,7Sr0,3MnO3 were prepared by co-precipitation and tested in the NO reduction with CO at 400 and 500 ºC for 10 h. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen, nitrogen adsorption and chemical analysis. The nonstoichiometric oxygen was quantified by temperature programmed reduction, and the catalytic tests showed that the La0,7Sr0,3MnO3 catalyst presented the higher performance for the reduction reaction of NO with CO. The partial substitution of lanthanum by strontium increased the NO conversion and the N2 yield.