Effect of somatic cell count and mastitis pathogens on milk composition in Gyr cows

Abstract Background Gyr cows are well adapted to tropical conditions, resistant to some tropical diseases and have satisfactory milk production. However, Gyr dairy herds have a high prevalence of subclinical mastitis, which negatively affects their milk yield and composition. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the effects of seasonality, mammary quarter location (rear x front), mastitis-causing pathogen species, and somatic cell count (SCC) on milk composition in Gyr cows with mammary quarters as the experimental units and (ii) to evaluate the effects of seasonality and somatic cell count (SCC) on milk composition in Gyr cows with cows as the experimental units. A total of 221 lactating Gyr cows from three commercial dairy farms were selected for this study. Individual foremilk quarter samples and composite milk samples were collected once a month over one year from all lactating cows for analysis of SCC, milk composition, and bacteriological culture. Results Subclinical mastitis reduced lactose, nonfat solids and total solids content, but no difference was found in the protein and fat content between infected and uninfected quarters. Seasonality influenced milk composition both in mammary quarters and composite milk samples. Nevertheless, there was no effect of mammary quarter position on milk composition. Mastitis-causing pathogens affected protein, lactose, nonfat solids, and total solids content, but not milk fat content. Somatic cell count levels affected milk composition in both mammary quarters and composite samples of milk. Conclusions Intramammary infections in Gyr cows alter milk composition; however, the degree of change depends on the mastitis-causing pathogen. Somatic cell count is negatively associated with reduced lactose and nonfat solids content in milk. Seasonality significantly affects milk composition, in which the concentration of lactose, fat, protein, nonfat solids and total solids differs between dry and wet seasons in Gyr cows.

Low sclerostin levels: a predictive marker of persistent inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis during anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy?

Abstract Introduction Sclerostin levels have been reported to be low in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), but there is no data regarding the possible role of this Wnt inhibitor during anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy. The present study longitudinally evaluated sclerostin levels, inflammatory markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in AS patients under anti-TNF therapy. Methods Thirty active AS patients were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months after anti-TNF therapy regarding clinical parameters, inflammatory markers, BMD and baseline radiographic damage (mSASSS). Thirty age- and sex-matched healthy individuals comprised the control group. Patients' sclerostin levels, sclerostin binding low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and BMD were evaluated at the same time points and compared to controls. Results At baseline, AS patients had lower sclerostin levels (60.5 ± 32.7 vs. 96.7 ± 52.9 pmol/L, P = 0.002) and comparable sclerostin binding to LRP6 (P = 0.387) than controls. Improvement of Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), Ankylosing Spondylitis quality of life (ASQoL) was observed at baseline vs. 6 vs. 12 months (P < 0.01). Concomitantly, a gradual increase in spine BMD (P < 0.001) and a positive correlation between baseline mSASSS and spine BMD was found (r = 0.468, P < 0.01). Inflammatory parameters reduction was observed comparing baseline vs. 6 vs. 12 months (P <0.01). Sclerostin levels progressively increased [baseline (60.5 ± 32.7) vs. 6 months (67.1 ± 31.9) vs. 12 months (72.7 ± 32.3) pmol/L, P <0.001]. At 12 months, the sclerostin levels remained significantly lower in patients compared to controls (72.7 ± 32.3 vs. 96.70 ± 52.85 pmol/L, P = 0.038). Moreover, sclerostin serum levels at 12 months were lower in the 10 patients with high C reactive protein (CRP) (≥ 5 mg/l) compared to the other 20 patients with normal CRP (P = 0.004). Of note, these 10 patients with persistent inflammation also had lower sclerostin serum levels at baseline compared to the other patients (P = 0.023). Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that AS patients with lower sclerostin serum levels had an increased risk to have high CRP at 12 months (odds ratio = 7.43, 95% CI 1.23 to 45.01, P = 0.020) than those with higher sclerostin values. Conclusions Persistent low sclerostin levels may underlie continuous inflammation in AS patients under anti-TNF therapy.

Trypanosoma livingstonei: a new species from African bats supports the bat seeding hypothesis for the Trypanosoma cruzi clade

BACKGROUND: Bat trypanosomes have been implicated in the evolutionary history of the T. cruzi clade, which comprises species from a wide geographic and host range in South America, Africa and Europe, including bat-restricted species and the generalist agents of human American trypanosomosis T. cruzi and T. rangeli. METHODS: Trypanosomes from bats (Rhinolophus landeri and Hipposideros caffer) captured in Mozambique, southeast Africa, were isolated by hemoculture. Barcoding was carried out through the V7V8 region of Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA and Fluorescent Fragment Length barcoding (FFLB). Phylogenetic inferences were based on SSU rRNA, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and Spliced Leader (SL) genes. Morphological characterization included light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: New trypanosomes from bats clustered together forming a clade basal to a larger assemblage called the T. cruzi clade. Barcoding, phylogenetic analyses and genetic distances based on SSU rRNA and gGAPDH supported these trypanosomes as a new species, which we named Trypanosoma livingstonei n. sp. The large and highly polymorphic SL gene repeats of this species showed a copy of the 5S ribosomal RNA into the intergenic region. Unique morphological (large and broad blood trypomastigotes compatible to species of the subgenus Megatrypanum and cultures showing highly pleomorphic epimastigotes and long and slender trypomastigotes) and ultrastructural (cytostome and reservosomes) features and growth behaviour (when co-cultivated with HeLa cells at 37°C differentiated into trypomastigotes resembling the blood forms and do not invaded the cells) complemented the description of this species. CONCLUSION: Phylogenetic inferences supported the hypothesis that Trypanosoma livingstonei n. sp. diverged from a common ancestral bat trypanosome that evolved exclusively in Chiroptera or switched at independent opportunities to mammals of several orders forming the clade T. cruzi, hence, providing further support for the bat seeding hypothesis to explain the origin of T. cruzi and T. rangeli.

Maturation of humoral immune responses : Studies on the effects of antigen type, apoptosis and age

The humoral immune response is dependent on the formation of antibodies. Antibodies are produced by terminally differentiated B cells, plasma cells. Plasma cells are generated either directly from antigen challenged B cells, memory cells or from cells that have undergone the germinal center (GC) reaction. The GC is the main site for class switch, somatic hypermutation and generation of memory cells. Different factors, both internal and external, shape the outcome of the immune response. In this thesis, we have studied a few factors that influence the maturation of the humoral response. We have studied how age affects the response, and we show that responses against thymus dependent antigens (TD) are more affected than responses to thymus independent (TI) antigens, in concordance with the view that the T cell compartment is more affected by age than the B cell compartment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that priming early in life have a big influence on the immune response in the aged individual. Priming with a TI form of the carbohydrate dextran B512 (Dx) induces a reduction of IgG levels in later TD responses against Dx. We have evaluated possible mechanisms for this reduction. The reduction does not seem to be caused by clonal exhaustion or antibody mediated mechanisms. We also showed that the reduced TD response after TI priming can be induced against another molecule than Dx. With the hypothesis that TI antigens induce a plasma cell biased maturation of the responding B cells, we examined the presence of Blimp-1, a master regulator of plasma cell differentiation, in GCs induced by TD and TI antigen. Blimp-1 was found earlier in GCs induced by TI antigen and the staining intensity in these GCs was stronger than in TD antigen induced GCs, indicating that plasma cells might be continuously recruited from these GCs. B cells undergoing the GC reaction are thought to be under a strict selection pressure that removes cells with low affinity for the antigen and also cells that have acquired self-reactivity. We investigated the effect of apoptotic deficiencies on the accumulation of somatic mutations in GC B cells. In mice lacking the death receptor Fas, lpr mice, the frequency of mutations was increased but the pattern of the mutations did not differ from wild type mice. In contrast, mice over-expressing the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, had a lowered frequency of mutations and the mutations introduced had other characteristics.

Marker molecolari relativi all'infezione da Papillomavirus umani: significato diagnostico e prognostico in lesioni virus-correlate

Introduzione: Il cervico-carcinoma è la seconda neoplasia maligna per incidenza e mortalità nelle donne in tutto il mondo dopo il cancro al seno. L’infezione persistente da Papillomavirus Umani (HPV) è causa necessaria dell’insorgenza del cervico-carcinoma e delle sue lesioni pre-cancerose. L’infezione da HPV si associa anche ad altri carcinomi del distretto ano-genitale (a livello anale, vulvare, vaginale e del pene) e a circa il 25% dei carcinomi squamosi dell’orofaringe. I circa 40 genotipi di HPV che infettano la mucosa genitale vengono suddivisi in alto rischio (HR-HPV) e basso rischio (LR-HPV) oncogeno a seconda della alta e bassa associazione con la neoplasia cervicale. I 13 genotipi a più alto rischio oncogeno sono 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 e 68. Di questi, otto (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 e 58) sono associati alla maggior parte dei carcinomi cervicali (circa 89%) e i genotipi 16 e 18 da soli sono riscontrati nel 70% circa delle neoplasie. L’insorgenza e progressione delle lesioni preneoplastiche cervicali è, però, associata non solo alla presenza di HPV ad alto rischio, ma, soprattutto, alla persistenza virale (> 18 mesi), alla capacità di integrazione degli HPV ad alto rischio e alla conseguente sovraespressione delle oncoproteine E6/E7. Inoltre, l’integrazione è spesso favorita da un’alta carica virale soprattutto per quanto riguarda alcuni genotipi (HPV16 e 18). L’infezione da HPV non interessa solo la cervice uterina ma tutto il distretto ano-genitale e quello testa-collo. L’HPV, in particolare il genotipo 16, è implicato, infatti, nell’insorgenza delle lesioni preneoplastiche della vulva (VIN) classificate come VIN classiche e nei carcinomi ad esse associati. L’incidenza del carcinoma vulvare in Europa è di 1.5/100.000 di cui circa il 45% è dovuto a HR-HPV (80% ad HPV16). Nonostante l’associazione tra HPV16 e carcinoma vulvare sia alta, ancora poco si conosce sul ruolo della carica virale e dell’integrazione in tali lesioni. Le lesioni che possono presentarsi nella regione testa-collo possono essere sia di natura benigna che maligna. I genotipi più frequentemente riscontrati in associazione a lesioni benigne (papillomi) sono HPV 6 e 11, quelli associati a forme tumorali (HNSCC) sono il genotipo 18 ma soprattutto il 16. Molti aspetti del coinvolgimento di HPV in queste patologie non sono ancora perfettamente conosciuti e spesso studi su tale argomento hanno mostrato risultati contraddittori, soprattutto perché vengono utilizzate metodiche con gradi diversi di sensibilità e specificità. Recenti dati di letteratura hanno tuttavia messo in evidenza che i pazienti affetti da HNSCC positivi ad HPV hanno una elevata risposta al trattamento chemioradioterapico rispetto ai pazienti HPV-negativi con un notevole impatto sul controllo locale e sulla sopravvivenza ma soprattutto sulla qualità di vita di tali pazienti, evitando di sottoporli a chirurgia sicuramente demolitiva. Scopo del lavoro: Sulla base di queste premesse, scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di valutare l’importanza di marker quali la presenza/persistenza di HPV, la carica virale, la valutazione dello stato fisico del genoma virale e l’espressione degli mRNA oncogeni nella gestione di pazienti con lesioni preneoplastiche e neoplastiche di diverso grado, associate a papillomavirus mucosi. Per la valutazione dei markers virologici di progressione neoplastica abbiamo sviluppato dei saggi di real time PCR qualitativi e quantitativi studiati in modo da poter fornire, contemporaneamente e a seconda delle esigenze, risposte specifiche non solo sulla presenza e persistenza dei diversi genotipi di HPV, ma anche sul rischio di insorgenza, progressione e recidiva delle lesioni mediante lo studio di markers virologici quali carica virale, integrazione ed espressione degli mRNA. Abbiamo pertanto indirizzato la nostra attenzione verso tre popolazioni specifiche di pazienti: - donne con lesioni vulvari preneoplastiche (VIN) e neoplastiche, allo scopo di comprendere i complessi meccanismi patogenetici di tali patologie non sempre associate ad infezione da HPV; - pazienti con lesioni maligne a livello della regione testa-collo allo scopo di fornire informazioni utili all’elaborazione di un percorso terapeutico mirato (radiochemioterapico o chirurgico) a seconda o meno della presenza di infezione virale; - donne con lesioni cervicali di alto grado, trattate chirurgicamente per la rimozione delle lesioni e seguite nel follow-up, per stabilire l’importanza di tali marker nella valutazione della persistenza virale al fine di prevenire recidive di malattia.

Untersuchungen zur Verwendbarkeit von Purinnukleotidgehalten als prognostische Marker bei humanen Mammacarzinomzellen

Ein bei unterschiedlichen Zellinien mit NMR-Spektroskopie beobachteter vorübergehender Anstieg von ATP während Anthracyclinbehandlungen sollte in vitro an Monolayern bzw. Sphäroiden der humanen Brustkrebszellinien T47D, MCF-7, MCF-7adr und MCF-7mdr während 24stündigen Inkubationen mit 10 oder 0,1 µM Doxorubicin systematisch untersucht werden. Wachstumskurven sowie Clonogenitäts- und Vitalitätstests ergaben, daß T47D Zellen wesentlich empfindlicher auf das Medikament reagierten, als die MCF-7 Linie oder deren resistente Subklone. Eine zusätzliche Behandlung mit dem (-Tocopherol-Analogon CR-6 führte zu einer Verstärkung der Doxorubicinwirkung. Licht- oder elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Monolayern und Sphäroiden zeigten sowohl Apoptosen als auch Nekrosen, wobei Apoptosen vermehrt bei weniger empfindlichen Zellen oder niedriger Dosierung auftraten. Die Quantifizierung der Purinnukleotide erfolgte mit Hilfe der HPLC, bei T47D Sphäroiden zusätzlich mit abbildender Biolumineszenz. Bei sämtlichen Zellinien wurden während der Behandlung mit 10 µM vorübergehende Anstiege aller Purinnukleotide gemessen, wobei GTP höher stieg (78 % der unbehandelten Kontrolle) als ATP (30 %). Der Anstieg war bei T47D Zellen wesentlich höher als bei MCF-7, die MCF-7 Subklone zeigten untereinander keine deutlichen Unterschiede. Bei Sphäroiden war der Effekt etwas geringer als bei Monolayern. Die Inkubation mit 0,1 µM führte zu einem deutlich geringeren Anstieg. Der Effekt korrelierte mit einem massiven vorwiegend nekrotischen Zellsterben.

Risk factors for postoperative delirium in the elderly

Background: Delirium is defined as an acute disorder of attention and cognition. Delirium is common in hospitalized elderly patient and is associated with increased morbidity, length of stay and patient care costs. Although Delirium can develop at any time during hospitalization, it typically presents early in the post-operative period (Post-Operative Delirium, POD) in the surgery context. The molecular mechanism and possible genetics basis of POD onset are not known, as well as all the risk factors are not completely defined. Our hypothesis is that genetic risk factor involving the inflammatory response could have possible effects on the immunoneuroendocrine system. Moreover, our previous data (inflamm-aging) suggest that aging is associated with an increase of inflammatory status, favouring age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, frailty, depression among other. Some pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines, seem to play a crucial role in increasing the inflammatory status and in the communication and regulation of immunoneuroendocrine system. Objective: this study evaluated the incidence of POD in elderly patients undergoing general surgery, clinical/physical and psychological risk factors of POD insurgency and investigated inflammatory and genetic risk factors. Moreover, this study evaluated the consequence of POD in terms of institutionalization, development of permanent cognitive dysfunction or dementia and mortality Methods: patients aged over 65 admitted for surgery at the Urgency Unit of S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital were eligible for this case–control study. Risk factors significantly associated with POD in univariate analysis were entered into multivariate analysis to establish those independently associated with POD. Preoperative plasma level of 9 inflammatory markers were measured in 42 control subjects and 43 subjects who developed POD. Functional polymorphisms of IL-1 α , IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha cytokine genes were determined in 176 control subjects and 27 POD subjects. Results: A total of 351 patients were enrolled in the study. The incidence of POD was 13•2 %. Independent variables associated with POD were: age, co-morbidity, preoperative cognitive impairment, glucose abnormalities. Median length of hospital stay was 21 days for patients with POD versus 8 days for control patients (P < 0•001). The hospital mortality rate was 19 and 8•4 % respectively (P = 0•021) and mortality rate after 1 year was also higher in POD (P= 0.0001). The baseline of IL-6 concentration was higher in POD patients than patients without POD, whereas IL-2 was lower in POD patients compared to patients without POD. In a multivariate analysis only IL-6 remained associated with POD. Moreover IL-6, IL-8 and IL-2 are associated with co-morbidity, intra-hospital mortality, compromised functional status and emergency admission. No significant differences in genotype distribution were found between POD subjects and controls for any SNP analyzed in this study. Conclusion: In this study we found older age, comorbidity, cognitive impairment, glucose abnormalities and baseline of IL-6 as independent risk factors for the development of POD. IL-6 could be proposed as marker of a trait that is associated with an increased risk of delirium; i.e. raised premorbid IL-6 level predict for the development of delirium.

Generierung und Charakterisierung von rekombinanten Cytomegaloviren mit Punktmutationen in antigenen Peptiden

Die Kontrolle der produktiven Cytomegalovirus- (CMV) Infektion ist von der effizienten Rekonstitution antiviraler CD8 T-Zellen abhängig. Dies führt jedoch nicht zur vollständigen Eliminierung des viralen Genoms aus den Zielorganen, sondern das Virus verbleibt in einem nicht-replikativen Zustand: der Latenz. Es ist bekannt, dass während der Latenz nur ein geringer Anteil latenter mCMV-Genome in der Lunge die Major Immediate Early (MIE) Gene ie1 und ie2 exprimiert, die Latenz aber dennoch bestehen bleibt, weil das differentielle Splicing des primären IE1/3-Transkripts zum Transaktivator-Transkript IE3 nicht erfolgt. Damit war neben der Initiation der IE-Genexpression am MIE-Promotor-Enhancer das IE1/3-Splicing als zweiter molekularer Latenz-Kontrollpunkt identifiziert. Parallel zur Latenz-assoziierten IE1-Genexpression sind in der Lunge aktivierte CD62L-low CD8 T-Zellen mit Spezifität für das immundominante IE1-Peptid 168-YPHFMPTNL-176 angereichert. Dies legte die Hypothese nahe, dass neben der molekularen Kontrolle der Latenz auch eine immunologische Kontrolle, beispielsweise durch IE1-Epitop-spezifische CD8 T-Zellen besteht. Zur Evaluierung dieser Hypothese wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit mittels BAC-Mutagenese erstmals ein rekombinantes mCMV generiert, in dem das IE1-Peptid durch Punktmutation der C-terminalen MHC-Ankeraminosäure L176A zerstört ist. Dazu musste zunächst die Technik der BAC-Mutagenese herpesviraler Genome (in Anlehnung an die publizierten Arbeiten von Messerle et al., 1997; Borst et al., 1999, 2004; Wagner et al., 1999) in der Arbeitsgruppe etabliert werden. Neben der Funktionsverlust-Mutante (mCMV-IE1-L176A) wurden zur Kontrolle zwei Revertanten (mCMV-IE1-A176L und mCMV-IE1-A176L*) generiert. In letzterer, als Wobble-Revertante bezeichnet, wird wieder die authentische MHC-Ankeraminosäure L eingesetzt, es verbleibt aber ein singulärer Nukleotidaustausch A->T in der Wobble-Position des Codons als Marker zur Unterscheidung zum WT-mCMV zurück. Der immunologische Phänotyp der Funktionsverlust-Mutante, also die funktionelle Auslöschung des antigenen IE1-Peptids im Priming einer CD8 T-Zell-Antwort, entsprach der Erwartung. Entsprechend konnte nach Infektion mit der Funktionsverlust-Mutante keine Reaktivität gegen das IE1-Peptid nachgewiesen werden. In den Revertanten hingegen war die Erkennung des IE1-Peptids wieder hergestellt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen weiter, dass die Funktionsverlust-Mutante sowie die Revertanten ohne signifikante Beeinflussung in vitro in permissiven Fibroblasten und in vivo in verschiedenen Geweben replizieren. Wie aktuelle Daten nach Knochenmarktransplantation und Infektion mit der Funktionsverlust-Mutante im Vergleich zu den Revertanten zeigen, ist die Frequenz Latenz-assoziierter IE1-Transkriptionsereignisse bei der Funktionsverlust-Mutante signifikant erhöht. Damit konnte erstmalig der Beweis für eine Kontrolle der Latenz-assoziierten IE1-Genexpression durch IE1-Epitop-spezifische CD8 T-Zellen und damit für eine Präsentation des IE1-Peptids während der Latenz erbracht werden.