970 resultados para Quotient Modules


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Présentation-éclair, Congrès des milieux documentaires du Québec 2015

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Problématique: L’hypertension artérielle essentielle, facteur de risque majeur dans le développement des maladies cardiovasculaires, est un trait multigénique complexe dont les connaissances sur le déterminisme génétique nécessitent d’être approfondies. De nombreux loci à trait quantitatif (QTLs); soit des gènes responsables de faire varier la pression artérielle (PA), ont été identifiés chez l’humain et le modèle animal. Cependant, le mystère plane encore sur la façon dont ces gènes fonctionnent ensemble pour réguler la PA. Hypothèse et objectif: Plutôt qu’une addition de QTLs ayant chacun une action infinitésimale sur la PA, une interaction épistatique entre les gènes serait responsable du phénotype hypertendu. Ainsi, l’étude de cette épistasie entre les gènes impliqués, directement ou indirectement, dans l’homéostasie de la PA nous permettrait d’explorer de nouvelles voies de régulation moléculaire en cause dans cette maladie. Méthodes: Via la réalisation de souches congéniques de rats, où un segment chromosomique provenant d’une souche receveuse hypertendue (Dahl Salt Sensitive, SS/Jr) est remplacé par son homologue provenant d’une souche donneuse normotendue (Lewis, LEW), des QTLs peuvent être mis en évidence. Dans ce contexte, la combinaison de QTLs via la création de doubles ou multiples congéniques constitue la première démonstration fonctionnelle des interactions intergéniques. Résultats: Vingt-sept combinaisons au total nous ont menés à l’appréciation d’une modularisation des QTLs. Ces derniers ont été catégorisés selon deux principaux modules épistatiques (EMs) où les QTLs appartenant à un même EM sont épistatiques entre eux et participent à une même voie régulatrice. Les EMs/cascades agissent alors en parallèle pour réguler la PA. Grâce à l’existence de QTLs ayant des effets opposés sur la PA, nous avons pu établir l’ordre hiérarchique entre trois paires de QTLs. Cependant, lorsque cette suite régulatrice ne peut être déterminée, d’autres approches sont nécessaires. Nos travaux nous ont mené à l’identification d’un QTL situé sur le chromosome 16 du rat (C16QTL), appartenant au EM1 et qui révélerait une nouvelle voie de l’homéostasie de la PA. Le gène retinoblastoma-associated protein 140 (Rap140)/family with sequence similarity 208 member A (Fam208a), présentant une mutation non synonyme entre SS/Jr et LEW est le gène candidat le plus plausible pour représenter C16QTL. Celui-ci code pour un facteur de transcription et semblerait influencer l’expression de Solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system) member 12 (Slc7a12), spécifiquement et significativement sous exprimé dans les reins de la souche congénique portant C16QTL par rapport à la souche SS/Jr. Rap140/Fam208a agirait comme un inhibiteur de la transcription de Slc7a12 menant à une diminution de la pression chez Lewis. Conclusions: L’architecture complexe de la régulation de la PA se dévoile mettant en scène de nouveaux acteurs, pour la plupart inconnus pour leur implication dans la PA. L’étude de la nouvelle voie de signalisation Rap140/Fam208a - Slc7a12 nous permettra d’approfondir nos connaissances quant à l’homéostasie de la pression artérielle et de l’hypertension chez SS/Jr. À long terme, de nouveaux traitements anti-hypertenseurs, ciblant plus d’une voie de régulation à la fois, pourraient voir le jour.

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In recent years scientists have made rapid and significant advances in the field of semiconductor physics. One of the most important fields of current interest in materials science is the fundamental aspects and applications of conducting transparent oxide thin films (TCO). The characteristic properties of such coatings are low electrical resistivity and high transparency in the visible region. The first semitransparent and electrically conducting CdO film was reported as early as in 1907 [1]. Though early work on these films was performed out of purely scientific interest, substantial technological advances in such films were made after 1940. The technological interest in the study of transparent semiconducting films was generated mainly due to the potential applications of these materials both in industry and research. Such films demonstrated their utility as transparent electrical heaters for windscreens in the aircraft industry. However, during the last decade, these conducting transparent films have been widely used in a variety of other applications such as gas sensors [2], solar cells [3], heat reflectors [4], light emitting devices [5] and laser damage resistant coatings in high power laser technology [6]. Just a few materials dominate the current TCO industry and the two dominant markets for TCO’s are in architectural applications and flat panel displays. The architectural use of TCO is for energy efficient windows. Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), deposited using a pyrolysis process is the TCO usually finds maximum application. SnO2 also finds application ad coatings for windows, which are efficient in preventing radiative heat loss, due to low emissivity (0.16). Pyrolitic tin oxide is used in PV modules, touch screens and plasma displays. However indium tin oxide (ITO) is mostly used in the majority of flat panel display (FPD) applications. In FPDs, the basic function of ITO is as transparent electrodes. The volume of FPD’s produced, and hence the volume of ITO coatings produced, continues to grow rapidly. But the current increase in the cost of indium and the scarcity of this material created the difficulty in obtaining low cost TCOs. Hence search for alternative TCO materials has been a topic of active research for the last few decades. This resulted in the development of binary materials like ZnO, SnO2, CdO and ternary materials like II Zn2SnO4, CdSb2O6:Y, ZnSO3, GaInO3 etc. The use of multicomponent oxide materials makes it possible to have TCO films suitable for specialized applications because by altering their chemical compositions, one can control the electrical, optical, chemical and physical properties. But the advantages of using binary materials are the easiness to control the chemical compositions and depositions conditions. Recently, there were reports claiming the deposition of CdO:In films with a resistivity of the order of 10-5 ohm cm for flat panel displays and solar cells. However they find limited use because of Cd-Toxicity. In this regard, ZnO films developed in 1980s, are very useful as these use Zn, an abundant, inexpensive and nontoxic material. Resistivity of this material is still not very low, but can be reduced through doping with group-III elements like In, Al or Ga or with F [6]. Hence there is a great interest in ZnO as an alternative of ITO. In the present study, we prepared and characterized transparent and conducting ZnO thin films, using a cost effective technique viz Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP). This technique is also suitable for large area film deposition. It involves spraying a solution, (usually aqueous) containing soluble salts of the constituents of the desired compound, onto a heated substrate.

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The fuzzy set theory has a wider scope of applicability than classical set theory in solving various problems. Fuzzy set theory in the last three decades as a formal theory which got formalized by generalizing the original ideas and concepts in classical mathematical areas and as a very powerful modeling language, that can cope with a large fraction of uncertainties of real life situations. In Intuitionistic Fuzzy sets a new component degree of non membership in addition to the degree of membership in the case of fuzzy sets with the requirement that their sum be less than or equal to one. The main objective of this thesis is to study frames in Fuzzy and Intuitionistic Fuzzy contexts. The thesis proved some results such as ifµ is a fuzzy subset of a frame F, then µ is a fuzzy frame of F iff each non-empty level subset µt of µ is a subframe of F, the category Fuzzfrm of fuzzy frames has products and the category Fuzzfrm of fuzzy frames is complete. It define a fuzzy-quotient frame of F to be a fuzzy partition of F, that is, a subset of IF and having a frame structure with respect to new operations and study the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy frames and obtain some results and introduce the concept of Intuitionistic fuzzy Quotient frames. Finally it establish the categorical link between frames and intuitionistic fuzzy topologies.

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The topology as the product set with a base chosen as all products of open sets in the individual spaces. This topology is known as box topology. The main objective of this study is to extend the concept of box products to fuzzy box products and to obtain some results regarding them. Owing to the fact that box products have plenty of applications in uniform and covering properties, here made an attempt to explore some inter relations of fuzzy uniform properties and fuzzy covering properties in fuzzy box products. Even though the main focus is on fuzzy box products, some brief sketches regarding hereditarily fuzzy normal spaces and fuzzy nabla product is also provided. The main results obtained include characterization of fuzzy Hausdroffness and fuzzy regularity of box products of fuzzy topological spaces. The investigation of the completeness of fuzzy uniformities in fuzzy box products proved that a fuzzy box product of spaces is fuzzy topologically complete if each co-ordinate space is fuzzy topologically complete. The thesis also prove that the fuzzy box product of a family of fuzzy α-paracompact spaces is fuzzy topologically complete. In Fuzzy box product of hereditarily fuzzy normal spaces, the main result obtained is that if a fuzzy box product of spaces is hereditarily fuzzy normal ,then every countable subset of it is fuzzy closed. It also deals with the notion of fuzzy nabla product of spaces which is a quotient of fuzzy box product. Here the study deals the relation connecting fuzzy box product and fuzzy nabla product

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In this study we combine the notions of fuzzy order and fuzzy topology of Chang and define fuzzy ordered fuzzy topological space. Its various properties are analysed. Product, quotient, union and intersection of fuzzy orders are introduced. Besides, fuzzy order preserving maps and various fuzzy completeness are investigated. Finally an attempt is made to study the notion of generalized fuzzy ordered fuzzy topological space by considering fuzzy order defined on a fuzzy subset.

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In the early 19th century, industrial revolution was fuelled mainly by the development of machine based manufacturing and the increased use of coal. Later on, the focal point shifted to oil, thanks to the mass-production technology, ease of transport/storage and also the (less) environmental issues in comparison with the coal!! By the dawn of 21st century, due to the depletion of oil reserves and pollution resulting from heavy usage of oil the demand for clean energy was on the rising edge. This ever growing demand has propelled research on photovoltaics which has emerged successful and is currently being looked up to as the only solace for meeting our present day energy requirements. The proven PV technology on commercial scale is based on silicon but the recent boom in the demand for photovoltaic modules has in turn created a shortage in supply of silicon. Also the technology is still not accessible to common man. This has onset the research and development work on moderately efficient, eco-friendly and low cost photovoltaic devices (solar cells). Thin film photovoltaic modules have made a breakthrough entry in the PV market on these grounds. Thin films have the potential to revolutionize the present cost structure of solar cells by eliminating the use of the expensive silicon wafers that alone accounts for above 50% of total module manufacturing cost.Well developed thin film photovoltaic technologies are based on amorphous silicon, CdTe and CuInSe2. However the cell fabrication process using amorphous silicon requires handling of very toxic gases (like phosphene, silane and borane) and costly technologies for cell fabrication. In the case of other materials too, there are difficulties like maintaining stoichiometry (especially in large area films), alleged environmental hazards and high cost of indium. Hence there is an urgent need for the development of materials that are easy to prepare, eco-friendly and available in abundance. The work presented in this thesis is an attempt towards the development of a cost-effective, eco-friendly material for thin film solar cells using simple economically viable technique. Sn-based window and absorber layers deposited using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique have been chosen for the purpose

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This thesis summarizes the results on the studies on a syntax based approach for translation between Malayalam, one of Dravidian languages and English and also on the development of the major modules in building a prototype machine translation system from Malayalam to English. The development of the system is a pioneering effort in Malayalam language unattempted by previous researchers. The computational models chosen for the system is first of its kind for Malayalam language. An in depth study has been carried out in the design of the computational models and data structures needed for different modules: morphological analyzer , a parser, a syntactic structure transfer module and target language sentence generator required for the prototype system. The generation of list of part of speech tags, chunk tags and the hierarchical dependencies among the chunks required for the translation process also has been done. In the development process, the major goals are: (a) accuracy of translation (b) speed and (c) space. Accuracy-wise, smart tools for handling transfer grammar and translation standards including equivalent words, expressions, phrases and styles in the target language are to be developed. The grammar should be optimized with a view to obtaining a single correct parse and hence a single translated output. Speed-wise, innovative use of corpus analysis, efficient parsing algorithm, design of efficient Data Structure and run-time frequency-based rearrangement of the grammar which substantially reduces the parsing and generation time are required. The space requirement also has to be minimised

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This paper presents a new approach to implement Reed-Muller Universal Logic Module (RM-ULM) networks with reduced delay and hardware for synthesizing logic functions given in Reed-Muller (RM) form. Replication of single control line RM-ULM is used as the only design unit for defining any logic function. An algorithm is proposed that does exhaustive branching to reduce the number of levels and modules required to implement any logic function in RM form. This approach attains a reduction in delay, and power over other implementations of functions having large number of variables.

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MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression during various crucial cell processes such as differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Changes in expression profiles of miRNA play an important role in the development of many cancers, including CRC. Therefore, the identification of cancer related miRNAs and their target genes are important for cancer biology research. In this paper, we applied TSK-type recurrent neural fuzzy network (TRNFN) to infer miRNA–mRNA association network from paired miRNA, mRNA expression profiles of CRC patients. We demonstrated that the method we proposed achieved good performance in recovering known experimentally verified miRNA–mRNA associations. Moreover, our approach proved successful in identifying 17 validated cancer miRNAs which are directly involved in the CRC related pathways. Targeting such miRNAs may help not only to prevent the recurrence of disease but also to control the growth of advanced metastatic tumors. Our regulatory modules provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of cancer

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In the current study, epidemiology study is done by means of literature survey in groups identified to be at higher potential for DDIs as well as in other cases to explore patterns of DDIs and the factors affecting them. The structure of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database is studied and analyzed in detail to identify issues and challenges in data mining the drug-drug interactions. The necessary pre-processing algorithms are developed based on the analysis and the Apriori algorithm is modified to suit the process. Finally, the modules are integrated into a tool to identify DDIs. The results are compared using standard drug interaction database for validation. 31% of the associations obtained were identified to be new and the match with existing interactions was 69%. This match clearly indicates the validity of the methodology and its applicability to similar databases. Formulation of the results using the generic names expanded the relevance of the results to a global scale. The global applicability helps the health care professionals worldwide to observe caution during various stages of drug administration thus considerably enhancing pharmacovigilance

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In this paper, we have evolved a generic software architecture for a domain specific distributed embedded system. The system under consideration belongs to the Command, Control and Communication systems domain. The systems in such domain have very long operational lifetime. The quality attributes of these systems are equally important as the functional requirements. The main guiding principle followed in this paper for evolving the software architecture has been functional independence of the modules. The quality attributes considered most important for the system are maintainability and modifiability. Architectural styles best suited for the functionally independent modules are proposed with focus on these quality attributes. The software architecture for the system is envisioned as a collection of architecture styles of the functionally independent modules identified

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The Central Library of Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) has been automated by proprietary software (Adlib Library) since 2000. After 11 years, in 2011, the university authorities decided to shift to an open source software (OSS), for integrated library management system (ILMS), Koha for automating the library housekeeping operations. In this context, this study attempts to share the experiences in cataloging with both type of software. The features of the cataloging modules of both the software are analysed on the badis of certain check points. It is found that the cataloging module of Koha is almost in par with that of proven proprietary software that has been in market for the past 25 years. Some suggestions made by this study may be incorporated for the further development and perfection of Koha.

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Die Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Windenergie in Deutschland haben wichtige Anstöße zur technologischen Weiterentwicklung geliefert und die Grundlagen für den enormen Anlagenzubau geschaffen. Die installierte Windleistung hat heute eine beachtliche Größenordnung erreicht und ein weiteres Wachstum in ähnlichen Dimensionen ist auch für die nächsten Jahre zu erwarten. Die aus Wind erzeugte elektrische Leistung deckt bereits heute in einigen Netzbereichen die Netzlast zu Schwachlastzeiten. Dies zeigt, dass die Windenergie ein nicht mehr zu vernachlässigender Faktor in der elektrischen Energieversorgung geworden ist. Im Rahmen der Kraftwerkseinsatzplanung sind Betrag und Verlauf der Windleistung des folgenden Tages mittlerweile zu wichtigen und zugleich schwierig zu bestimmenden Variablen geworden. Starke Schwankungen und falsche Prognosen der Windstromeinspeisung verursachen zusätzlichen Bedarf an Regel- und Ausgleichsleistung durch die Systemführung. Das im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelte Prognosemodell liefert die zu erwartenden Windleistungen an 16 repräsentativen Windparks bzw. Gruppen von Windparks für bis zu 48 Stunden im Voraus. Aufgrund von prognostizierten Wetterdaten des deutschen Wetterdienstes (DWD) werden die Leistungen der einzelnen Windparks mit Hilfe von künstlichen neuronalen Netzen (KNN) berechnet. Diese Methode hat gegenüber physikalischen Verfahren den Vorteil, dass der komplexe Zusammenhang zwischen Wettergeschehen und Windparkleistung nicht aufwendig analysiert und detailliert mathematisch beschrieben werden muss, sondern anhand von Daten aus der Vergangenheit von den KNN gelernt wird. Das Prognosemodell besteht aus zwei Modulen. Mit dem ersten wird, basierend auf den meteorologischen Vorhersagen des DWD, eine Prognose für den Folgetag erstellt. Das zweite Modul bezieht die online gemessenen Leistungsdaten der repräsentativen Windparks mit ein, um die ursprüngliche Folgetagsprognose zu verbessern und eine sehr genaue Kurzzeitprognose für die nächsten drei bis sechs Stunden zu berechnen. Mit den Ergebnissen der Prognosemodule für die repräsentativen Standorte wird dann über ein Transformationsmodell, dem so genannten Online-Modell, die Gesamteinspeisung in einem größeren Gebiet berechnet. Das Prognoseverfahren hat seine besonderen Vorzüge in der Genauigkeit, den geringen Rechenzeiten und den niedrigen Betriebskosten, da durch die Verwendung des bereits implementierten Online-Modells nur eine geringe Anzahl von Vorhersage- und Messstandorten benötigt wird. Das hier vorgestellte Prognosemodell wurde ursprünglich für die E.ON-Netz GmbH entwickelt und optimiert und ist dort seit Juli 2001 im Einsatz. Es lässt sich jedoch auch leicht an andere Gebiete anpassen. Benötigt werden dazu nur die Messdaten der Leistung ausgewählter repräsentativer Windparks sowie die dazu gehörenden Wettervorhersagen, um die KNN entsprechend zu trainieren.

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Erfolgskontrollen für Agrarumweltprogramme bezogen sich bisher meistens auf einzelne Flächen oder auf programmbezogene, großräumige Evaluationen. Es wurde jedoch kaum untersucht, wie sich die Maßnahmen auf die Entwicklung einzelner Naturräume auswirken. Auch gab es keine Studien, welche die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Beweggründen der Landnutzer auf der ei-nen- sowie Landnutzung und Vegetation auf der anderen Seite interpretierten. Die Dissertation Wirkungen von Extensivierungs- und Vertragsnaturschutzprogrammen auf die Entwick-lung einer »gerade noch aktuellen Agrarlandschaft« hat diese Lücke geschlossen. Sie erklärt, welche Bedeutung die hessischen Programme HELP und HEKUL für den hohen Anteil naturschutzfachlich wertvollen Grünlands im Rommeroder Hügel-land westlich des Meißner haben. Untersuchungsgegenstand waren die Grünlandvegetation und die landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe mit ihren Menschen und deren Beweggründen. Diese Inhalte er-forderten eine Vorgehensweise, die sowohl sozialwissenschaftliche als auch naturwissenschaftliche Methoden einbindet, um Bezüge zwischen Betrieben und Grünlandvegetation zu er-kennen. Umfangreiche pflanzensoziologische Untersuchungen und Interviews der Betriebsleiter waren Grundlage für eine Schlagdatenbank und weitergehende Auswertungen. Die Interpretation vegetationskundlicher Erhebungen im Kontext betrieblicher Entscheidungen und Beweggründe erforderte es, althergebrachte Ansätze in neuer Form zu verknüpfen. Die Bewertung der Programmwirkungen stützte sich auf die Schlagdatenbank und auf vier Szena-rien zur zukünftigen Gebietsentwicklung bei unterschiedlichen Programmfortschreibungen. Zur Darstellung von Erhebungen und Ergebnissen entstand eine Vielzahl thematischer Karten. Der überdurchschnittlich hohe Anteil naturschutzfachlich bedeutsamer Grünlandtypen auf den Programmflächen und die Interpretation der Szenarien belegten eine hohe Wirksamkeit von HELP und HEKUL im Gebiet. Nicht nur auf den Vertragsnaturschutzflächen des HELP, sondern auch auf dem HEKUL-Grünland sind naturschutzfachlich bedeutende Vegetationstypen überproportional vertreten. Die vier Szenarien ließen erkennen, dass eine Beschränkung des HELP auf Schutzgebiete, eine Abschaffung der HEKUL-Grünlandextensivierung oder gar eine ersatzlose Strei-chung beider Programme zu erheblichen Verschlechterungen der naturschutzfachlichen Situation führen würde. Gleichzeitig war festzustellen, dass es ohne die landwirtschaftlich schwierigen natur-räumlichen Verhältnisse sowie eine eher großteilige Agrarstruktur mit überdurchschnittlich flächen-starken und wirtschaftlich stabilen Vollerwerbsbetrieben keine so deutlichen Programmwirkungen gegeben hätte. Auch die Tatsache, dass viele Landwirte eine intensive Landwirtschaft aus innerer Überzeugung ablehnen und mit einer erheblich geringeren Stickstoffintensität wirtschaften als es HEKUL verlangt, wirkte verstärkend. Die große Bedeutung individueller Beweggründe einzelner Betriebsleiter wurde auch in den engen Beziehungen einzelner Grünland-Pflanzengesellschaften zu bestimmten Betriebstypen und sogar einzelnen Höfen sichtbar, deren Beschreibung und Interpretation wichtige Erkenntnisse zu den so-zioökonomischen Voraussetzungen verschiedener Vegetationstypen lieferte. Für die zukünftige Entwicklung der hessischen Agrarumweltförderung empfiehlt die Dissertation eine Einführung und bevorzugte Anwendung ergebnisorientierter Honorierungsverfahren, eine bessere Berücksichtigung des gering gedüngten Grünlands über eine differenzierte Förderung sehr extensiver Düngeregime, eine stärkere Modularisierung des Gesamtprogramms und eine Durchführung aller Maßnahmen im Vertragsverfahren. Die betriebszweigbezogene Grünlandextensivierung sollte zukünftig in Kulissen angeboten werden, in denen ein verstärktes Wechseln von Betrieben in die Mindestpflege nach DirektZahlVerpflV zu erwarten ist.