"Rare Earth" texture development in extruded Mg-based alloys

This data collection addresses the problem of low ductility in magnesium alloys, preventing their wider use. It examines a series of dilute alloys in order to determine the effect of composition on the extrusion behaviour and texture, and on the room temperature tensile ductility.

Procedural modeling facilities for hierarchical object generation

We modify a selection of interactive modeling tools for use in a procedural modeling environment. These tools are selection, extrusion, subdivision and curve shaping. We create human models to demonstrate that these tools are appropriate for use on hierarchical objects. Our tools support the main benefits of procedural modeling, which are: the use of parameterisation to control and very a model, varying levels of detail, increased model complexity, base shape independence and database amplification. We demonstrate scripts which provide each of these benefits.

Solute segregation and texture modification in an extruded magnesium alloy containing gadolinium

The alloy Mg-1.5Gd has been extruded at different temperatures to produce two significantly different textures. At lower extrusion temperatures there was significant solute clustering in the matrix, coupled with segregation of solute to the grain boundaries. At higher temperatures these two phenomena were both less pronounced. It is suggested here that segregation of solute to the grain boundaries plays a significant role in the texture modification effect that rare earth elements have in magnesium alloys.

Grain refinement of an extruded Mg alloy via na microalloying

The effect of 0.3 wt pct Na on the microstructure of extruded alloy Mg-2Sn-1Zn is examined. We report that Na stabilizes the Mg2Sn phase, resulting in its precipitation during extrusion under conditions where a solid solution is otherwise expected. This effect appears to be thermodynamic in nature and is different from the kinetic enhancement of low- temperature aging reported by Mendis et al. [Phil. Mag. Letters, 86 (2006), 443]. The precipitates of the current study enable useful refinement of the grain size.

Compositional effects on the restoration behaviour in Mg-Zn-Re alloys

Additions of rare earth elements to magnesium alloys are qualitatively reported in the literature to retard recrystallisation. However, their effect in the presence of other (non-rare earth) alloy additions has not been systematically shown nor has the effect been quantified. The microstructural restoration following the hot deformation of Mg-xZn-yRE (x = 2.5 and 5 wt.%, y = 0 and 1 wt.%, and RE = Gd and Y) alloys has been studied using double hit compression testing and microscopy. It was found that, in the absence of rare earth additions, increases in zinc level had a negligible influence on the kinetics of restoration and the microstructure developed both during extrusion and throughout double hit testing. Adding rare earth elements to Mg-Zn alloys was found to retard restoration of the microstructure and maintain finer recrystallised grains. However, in the Mg-Zn-RE alloys, increasing the zinc concentration from 2.5 wt.% to 5 wt.% accelerated the restoration process, most likely due to a depletion of rare earth elements from solid solution and modification of the particles present in the matrix.

Na partitioning during thermomechanical processing of an Mg-Sn-Zn-Na alloy

Microstructural characterization was used to examine the changes that occur in an Mg-6Sn-5Zn-0.3Na alloy from casting to extrusion at either 623 K or 723 K (350 _C or 450 _C) followed by artificial aging at 473 K (200 _C). In particular, the partitioning of Na was examined at each step using STEM-EDS mapping. Na atoms were found to preferentially partition to the Mg-Zn phase when present. After extrusion, when no Mg-Zn was observed, the spherical Mg2Sn particles were found to be enriched in Na, particularly at the higher extrusion temperature. Artificial aging following extrusion resulted in a change in Na partitioning, and a coarse distribution of Mg-Zn precipitate rods. Na microadditions led to a high as-extruded hardness, but a significant tension–compression yield asymmetry was still observed at room temperature. The compressive yield strength was found to decrease significantly after 1000 hours of aging.

Texture selection mechanisms in uniaxially extruded magnesium alloys

Extrusion textures in magnesium alloys are of high interest due to their influence on yield asymmetry. This data supports work describing three mechanisms of texture selection that may play a role during extrusion. These mechanisms involve localized differences in deformation at the grain level, the change in local environment experienced by grain boundary bulges and shear banding. The work employs visco-plastic crystal plasticity and electron backscattering diffraction.

Influence of orientation on twin nucleation and growth at low strains in a magnesium alloy

The resolved shear stress is believed to play an important role in twin formation. The present study tests this idea for an extruded magnesium alloy by examining "tension" twinning in different grain orientations. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis is employed for alloy AZ31 tested in compression along the extrusion axis to strains between 0.008 and 0.015. For heavily twinned grains, it is seen that twinning occurs on 2.3 twin systems per grain on average. The active systems are also most commonly those with, or very near to, the highest Schmid factor. The most active system in multiply twinned grains accounts on average for ∼0.6 of the twinning events. In addition, it is found that the twin habit plane falls within 6° of the K1 plane. Orientations with the highest Schmid factors (0.45-0.5) for twinning display twin aspect ratios greater by ∼40% and twin number densities greater by ∼10 times than orientations with maximum Schmid factors for twinning of 0.15-0.2. Thus the Schmid factor for twinning is seen to affect nucleation more than thickening in the present material. Viscoplastic crystal plasticity simulations are employed to obtain approximations for the resolved shear stress. Both the twin aspect ratio and number density correlate quite well with this term. The effect of the former can be assumed to be linear and that of the latter follows a power law with exponent ∼13. Increased aspect ratios and number densities are seen at low Schmid factors and this may relate to stress fluctuations, caused most probably in the present material by the stress fields at the tips of blocked twins. Overall, it is evident that the dominance of twinning on high Schmid factor systems is preserved at the low strains examined in the present work, despite the stress fluctuations known to be present. © 2014 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contribution of twinning to low strain deformation in a Mg alloy

Deformation twinning plays an important role in the yielding of extruded magnesium alloys, especially when loaded in compression along the extrusion axis. The magnitude of this contribution is not accurately known. The present study employs electron backscatter diffraction to reveal the influence of grain orientation on twin-volume fraction for alloy AZ31 tested in compression to strains between 0.008 and 0.015. For these strains, it is seen that approximately 45 pct of the deformation can be attributed to "tensile" twinning. The variation of twin-volume fraction over different orientation classes correlates closely with the maximum Schmid factors for both tensile twinning and basal slip. These effects are readily explained quantitatively using a mean field crystal plasticity model without recourse to stochastic effects. Encouraged by this, we introduce an analytical approximation based on the uniformity of (axial) work. © 2013 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.

Corrosion behavior of Mg-5Al-xZn alloys in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution

Five types of Mg-5Al alloys with different weight percentages of Zn ranging from 0 to 4 wt.% were examined using electrochemical techniques and surface analysis. The electrochemical results indicated that the Mg-5Al alloys containing Zn have a lower corrosion and hydrogen evolution rates than the Mg-5Al based specimens with a decrease of value being observed with the decrease in Zn content. Zn addition induced the precipitation of Mg-Al and Mg-Zn phases in the Mg matrix along with grain refinement and increased an interaction of Zn oxide with Mg and Al products serving as a corrosion barrier. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.