Monthly values of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index from 1821 to 2000

Early instrumental pressure measurements from Gibraltar and the Reykjavik area of Iceland have been used to extend to 1821 the homogeneous pressure series at the two locations. In winter the two sites are located close to the centres of action that comprise the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The extended 'winter half-year' record of the NAO enables recent changes in the record to be placed in the context of the period 1823-1996. The period since the early 1970s is the most prolonged positive phase of the oscillation and the late 1980s and early 1990s is the period with the highest values (strongest westerlies). The winter of 1995-1996 marked a dramatic switch in the index, with the change from 1994-1995 being the greatest change recorded from one year to the next since the series began in 1823. (The extended Gibraltar and Reykjavik monthly pressures and the NAO series can be found on the Climatic Research Unit home page, http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/).

Maximilian’s Journeys through Spain and Brazil: The Long Way to the Mexican Empire

In May of 1864, Maximilian of Austria reached the Mexican coast, being this journey his last, ending three years later with his execution. Much has been written about the reasons that prompted his acceptance of the crown of Mexico, a country so distant in every sense of his cultural environment. However, years ago Maximilian had traveled to Spain and Brazil (to Spain twice) and these experiences, although not determinant, greatly influenced the decision of the Archduke, who saw the chance to realize a dream he had conceived on his trip to Spain and that was consolidated during his stay in Brazil, as we can extract from his travel memoirs.

Bei dem Sarge des kleines Alexander Bützow: Wiburg d. 10 October 1821

Julkaisuvuosi nimekkeestä.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo V [1877]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1877.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo I [1877]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1877.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo II [1877]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1877.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo III [1877]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1877.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo IV [1877]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1877.

Effect of temperature on genomic and some biological indices during embryonic and larval development of Caspian trout Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877

Since 1966 especially recent decade, Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877) considered as a strategic endemic species for Caspian Sea fisheries resources also coldwater aquaculture in Iran. Nowadays habitat condition effects on this subspecies during life stages, artificial breeding and incubation period noticed by research and execution sessions of fisheries in Iran. Incubation duration of Caspian trout from artificial fertilization followed by green egg and eyed egg, hatching and yolk sac absorption identified as most sensitive stages for fish and any pollution, stress and deviation by natural life conditions of embryo up to larvae could provide possible mortalities and observable or hidden alterations. Among all vital factors for Caspian trout welfare even in conservation plans and stocks rehabilitation programs or recent attempts for domestication of this fish for introduction to cold water aquaculture industry, water temperature as the most important physical factor which might conserve or induce stress to rearing environment condition is not considered yet. In hatcheries activities, the temperature for incubation and rearing Caspian trout eggs is determining by available water temperature and wide range of temperatures in governmental or private farms is using depend on the water resources availability. Also global climate change consideration and increase temperature trend accompany with group of physical and chemical factors provided by fish farm discharges and other source points entered to the migration pathway of Caspian trout in spawning season were not investigated before. Natural spawning migration pathway is upstream of Caspian tout south and south west rivers especially in Cheshmehkileh upstream in Tonekabon, Iran directed this research focus on the mentioned location. For simulation of natural spawning bed for Caspian trout, water supplied from the upstream of Daryasar branch as headwater of Cheshmehkileh River which provided REDD water condition for in vitro incubation. Green eggs treatments of wild and F1 cultured brooders both 3+ were incubated. Incubation implemented in dark, constant temperature (4, 8, 12 degree centigrade) and DO–pH–temperature digital monitoring in 3 recycling incubators ended to yolk sac absorption and entering larval stage. Hatching success, possible genome alterations by HSP70 gene expression and comet assay implemented as diagnostic tools in 3 life stages of eyed egg– Alevin and Larvae. Numbers and diameters of larvae white fiber muscles measured by histology experiment and Hematoxylin–eosine staining. Results stated significant effect of incubation temperature on hatching success, genome and white fiber muscles of wild and F1 samples. Hatching success measured as 31% and 38% for cultured and wild cold treatments, 79% and 91% for normal and 64% and 73% for warm cultured and wild treatments respectively. Considerable mortality occurred for cold treatment and 8 degree centigrade stated the best thermal condition in normal incubator according to hatching success in wild Caspian trout samples.

‘DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF HIS RACE’: BLACK OFFICEHOLDERS AND THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF FREEDOM IN WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA, 1865-1877

This dissertation examines black officeholding in Wilmington, North Carolina, from emancipation in 1865 through 1876, when Democrats gained control of the state government and brought Reconstruction to an end. It considers the struggle for black office holding in the city, the black men who held office, the dynamic political culture of which they were a part, and their significance in the day-to-day lives of their constituents. Once they were enfranchised, black Wilmingtonians, who constituted a majority of the city’s population, used their voting leverage to negotiate the election of black men to public office. They did so by using Republican factionalism or what the dissertation argues was an alternative partisanship. Ultimately, it was not factional divisions, but voter suppression, gerrymandering, and constitutional revisions that made local government appointive rather than elective, Democrats at the state level chipped away at the political gains black Wilmingtonians had made.

El reclamo en el estante: materia para una reedición de la "Floresta de rimas antiguas castellanas" de Böhl de Faber (1821-1825)

Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

Debates Parlamentares em Portugal de 1821 a 1910: identificação de fontes para a História da Enfermagem

A história da enfermagem em Portugal, necessita de estudos de aprofundamento, rigorosamente alicerçados em fontes. Em particular os que podem contribuir para a compreensão do processo de invisibilidade/visibilidade da enfermagem portuguesa. Objetivo: Interpretar as fontes históricas disponíveis nos diários das sessões das câmaras de representantes de Portugal, no período 1821-1910. Métodos: Utilizando-se descritores sensíveis à temática enfermagem, foi possível acessar, identificar a sua localização e organizar os diários das sessões disponíveis em texto integral, no endereço digital da Assembleia da República Portuguesa. Resultados: Encontrou-se 1317 páginas de 903 diários de sessões correspondentes a seis câmaras que funcionaram nesse período. Organizou-se cronologicamente a informação e procedeu-se à caracterização das tendências,lacunas e aumento de referência à enfermagem- enfermeiro nestes documentos. Conclusão: É nítida a referência aos descritores enfermeiro, enfermagem e enfermaria em determinados períodos políticos de Portugal, com destaques para momentos de maior investimento nas colônias, exigindo outros estudos.

Invención de una tradición: la fiesta de la independencia durante la construcción del Estado costarricense, 1821-1874

ResumenAnaliza la invención de la fiesta de la independencia en el calendario civil del Estado Costarricense, en el periodo de 1824-1874, y retoma la función de las fiestas civiles en la construcción del Estado y nación. Abstract This article analyzes the invention of Independence Day festivities in the civil calendar of the Costa Rican state, in the years 1821 to 1874, and reconsiders the function of civic celebrations in the construction of state and nation