Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Infected with the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus

Background and objectives: There have been few studies investigating acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients infected with the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with AKI in H1N1-infected patients. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: This was a study of 47 consecutive critically ill adult patients with reverse transcriptase-PCR-confirmed H1N1 infection in Brazil. Outcome measures were AKI (as defined by the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage renal failure [RIFLE] criteria) and in-hospital death. Results: AKI was identified in 25 (53%) of the 47 H1N1-infected patients. AKI was associated with vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, and severe acidosis as well as with higher levels of C-reactive protein and lactic dehydrogenase upon intensive care unit (ICU) admission. A nephrology consultation was requested for 16 patients (64%), and 8 (50%) required dialysis. At ICU admission, 7 (15%) of the 25 AKI patients had not yet progressed to AKI. However, by 72 hours after ICU admission, no difference in RIFLE score was found between AKI survivors and nonsurvivors. Of the 47 patients, 9 (19%) died, all with AKI. Mortality was associated with mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, dialysis, high APACHE II score, high bilirubin levels, and a low RIFLE score at ICU admission. Conclusions: Among critically ill H1N1-infected patients, the incidence of AKI is high. In such patients, AKI is mainly attributable to shock. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 1916-1921, 2010. doi: 10.2215/CJN.00840110

Growth rate differences between four Chilean populations of edible seaweed Chondracanthus chamissoi (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales)

The effects of temperature, photon flux density and photoperiod on the growth rate of female gametophytic and tetrasporophytic thalli of Chondracanthus chamissoi from four populations along the Chilean coast were studied in vitro. Both reproductive phases survived and grew under all the conditions tested, with growth rates varying between 0.1 and 7.5% day(-1). The results showed higher growth rates with increases in temperature and photon flux density levels. The growth rate was higher in female gametophytic thalli in almost all treatments. The photoperiod did not cause significant differences in the growth rate for either reproductive phases in any of the populations studied. Temperature was the principal factor affecting the growth rate of C. chamissoi.

Urinary 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin Levels Are Depressed in Chronic Migraine and Several Comorbidities

Objective.- To assess urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels in a large consecutive series of patients with migraine and several comorbidities (chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, insomnia, anxiety, and depression) as compared with controls. Background.- Urine analysis is widely used as a measure of melatonin secretion, as it is correlated with the nocturnal profile of plasma melatonin secretion. Melatonin has critical functions in human physiology and substantial evidence points to its importance in the regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep, and headache disorders. Methods.- Urine samples were collected into a single plastic container over a 12-hour period from 8:00 pm to 8:00 am of the next day, and 6-sulphatoxymelatonin was measured by quantitative ELISA. All of the patients were given a detailed questionnaire about headaches and additionally answered the following questionnaires: Chalder fatigue questionnaire, Epworth somnolence questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results.- A total of 220 subjects were evaluated - 73 (33%) had episodic migraine, 73 (33%) had chronic migraine, and 74 (34%) were enrolled as control subjects. There was a strong correlation between the concentration of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin detected and chronic migraine. Regarding the comorbidities, this study objectively demonstrates an inverse relationship between 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels and depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Conclusions.- To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the relationship between the urinary concentration of melatonin and migraine comorbidities. These results support hypothalamic involvement in migraine pathophysiology.

Rho Signaling Pathway and Apical Constriction in the Early Lens Placode

Epithelial invagination in many model systems is driven by apical cell constriction, mediated by actin and myosin II contraction regulated by GTPase activity. Here we investigate apical constriction during chick lens placode invagination. Inhibition of actin polymerization and myosin II activity by cytochalasin D or blebbistatin prevents lens invagination. To further verify if lens placode invaginate through apical constriction, we analyzed the role of Rho-ROCK pathway. Rho GTPases expression at the apical portion of the lens placode occurs with the same dynamics as that of the cytoskeleton. Overexpression of the pan-Rho inhibitor C3 exotoxin abolished invagination and had a strong effect on apical myosin II enrichment and a mild effect on apical actin localization. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of ROCK activity interfered significantly with apical enrichment of both actin and myosin. These results suggest that apical constriction in lens invagination involves ROCK but apical concentration of actin and myosin are regulated through different pathways upstream of ROCK. genesis 49: 368-379, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Screening of ARHSP-TCC Patients Expands the Spectrum of SPG11 Mutations and Includes a Large Scale Gene Deletion

Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia with thinning of corpus callosum (ARHSP-TCC) is a complex form of HSP initially described in Japan but subsequently reported to have a worldwide distribution with a particular high frequency in multiple families from the Mediterranean basin. We recently showed that ARHSP-TCC is commonly associated with mutations in SPG11/KIAA1840 on chromosome 15q. We have now screened a collection of new patients mainly originating from Italy and Brazil, in order to further ascertain the spectrum of mutations in SPG11, enlarge the ethnic origin of SPG11 patients, determine the relative frequency at the level of single Countries (i.e., Italy), and establish whether there is one or more common mutation. In 25 index cases we identified 32 mutations; 22 are novel, including 9 nonsense, 3 small deletions, 4 insertions, 1 in/del, 1 small duplication, 1 missense, 2 splice-site, and for the first time a large genomic rearrangement. This brings the total number of SPG11 mutated patients in the SPATAX collection to 111 cases in 44 families and in 17 isolated cases, from 16 Countries, all assessed using homogeneous clinical criteria. While expanding the spectrum of mutations in SPG11, this larger series also corroborated the notion that even within apparently homogeneous population a molecular diagnosis cannot be achieved without full gene sequencing. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Percolation in a network with long-range connections: Implications for cytoskeletal structure and function

Cell shape, signaling, and integrity depend on cytoskeletal organization. In this study we describe the cytoskeleton as a simple network of filamentary proteins (links) anchored by complex protein structures (nodes). The structure of this network is regulated by a distance-dependent probability of link formation as P = p/d(s), where p regulates the network density and s controls how fast the probability for link formation decays with node distance (d). It was previously shown that the regulation of the link lengths is crucial for the mechanical behavior of the cells. Here we examined the ability of the two-dimensional network to percolate (i.e. to have end-to-end connectivity), and found that the percolation threshold depends strongly on s. The system undergoes a transition around s = 2. The percolation threshold of networks with s < 2 decreases with increasing system size L, while the percolation threshold for networks with s > 2 converges to a finite value. We speculate that s < 2 may represent a condition in which cells can accommodate deformation while still preserving their mechanical integrity. Additionally, we measured the length distribution of F-actin filaments from publicly available images of a variety of cell types. In agreement with model predictions, cells originating from more deformable tissues show longer F-actin cytoskeletal filaments. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The specificity of frutalin lectin using biomembrane models

Frutalin is a homotetrameric alpha-D-galactose (D-Gal)-binding lectin that activates natural killer cells in vitro and promotes leukocyte migration in vivo. Because lectins are potent lymphocyte stimulators, understanding the interactions that occur between them and cell surfaces can help to the action mechanisms involved in this process. In this paper, we present a detailed investigation of the interactions of frutalin with phospho- and glycolipids using Langmuir monolayers as biomembrane models. The results confirm the specificity of frutalin for D-Gal attached to a biomembrane. Adsorption of frutalin was more efficient for the galactose polar head lipids, in contrast to the one for sulfated galactose, in which a lag time is observed, indicating a rearrangement of the monolayer to incorporate the protein. Regarding ganglioside GM1 monolayers, lower quantities of the protein were adsorbed, probably due to the farther apart position of D-galactose from the interface. Binary mixtures containing galactocerebroside revealed small domains formed at high lipid packing in the presence of frutalin, suggesting that lectin induces the clusterization and the forming of domains in vitro, which may be a form of receptor internalization. This is the first experimental evidence of such lectin effect, and it may be useful to understand the mechanism of action of lectins at the molecular level. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ASSOCIATED A-TYPE SUBALKALINE AND HIGH-K CALC-ALKALINE GRANITES IN THE ITU GRANITE PROVINCE, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL: PETROLOGICAL AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE

The 590-580 Ma Itu Granite Province (IGP) is a roughly linear belt of post-orogenic granite plutons similar to 60 km wide extending for some 350 km along the southern edge of the Apia-Guaxupe Terrane in southeastern Brazil. Typical components are subalkaline A-type granites (some with rapakivi texture) that crystallized at varied, but mostly strongly oxidizing conditions, and contrast with a coeval association of also oxidized high-K calc-alkaline granites in terms of major (e. g., lower Ca/Fe) and trace elements (higher Nb, Y, Zr). Mantle-derived magmas (such as those forming the LILE-rich Piracaia Monzodiorite, with epsilon(Nd(t)) = -7 to -10, (87)Sr/(86)Sr((t)) = 0.7045-0.7055) are inferred to derive from enriched subcontinental lithosphere modified during previous subduction, and may have played a role in the generation of the A-type granites, adding melts or fluids or both to the lower crust from which the latter were generated. The IGP is interpreted as a reflection of crust uplift and increased heat flux during ascent of hot, less dense asthenosphere after continental collision, probably reflecting breakoff of an oceanic slab coeval to the right-lateral accretion of a terrane related to the Mantiqueira Orogenic System.

Room Temperature, Metal-Free Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers with Use of Diaryliodonium Salts

A fast, high-yielding synthesis of diaryl ethers with use of mild and metal-free conditions has been developed. The scope includes bulky ortho-substituted diaryl ethers, which are difficult to obtain by metal-catalyzed protocols. Halo-substituents, racemization-prone amino acid derivatives, and heteroaromatics are also tolerated. The methodology is expected to be of high utility in the synthesis of complex molecules and in the pharmaceutical industry.

The Pollination Biology and Mating System of a Peripheral Population of Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae)

Pollinator visitation rates over the life of a flower are determined by pollinator abundance and floral longevity. If flowers are not visited frequently enough, pollen limitation may occur, favoring the evolution of self-compatibility (SC). In plant species with varying SC levels, central populations often are self-incompatible (SI) and peripheral populations are SC. Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae) is a species that follows this trend with the exception of one population in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, which is peripheral yet SI. I investigated this population using multiple techniques including floral bagging, pollinator observations, microsatellite analysis, and floral longevity manipulations. My results confirmed the self-incompatibility of the Monteverde population and indicated low but perhaps adequate rates of pollinator visitation per flower per hour. I found reduced genetic diversity at Monteverde and gene flow occurring unidirectionally from San Luis (a central population) to Monteverde. In the greenhouse, there was more of an effect of male than female function on floral longevity, but the largest differences were environmental. Flowers stayed open substantially longer when cool, cloudy weather was simulated and shorter when conditions were hot and sunny. The results indicate that the Monteverde population of W. solanacea is SI because 1) it is unable to maximize its fitness due to gene flow from San Luis and its relatively recent colonization of the area and 2) pollen limitation may not be severe because of supplemental pollinator availability from other Witheringia species in the area and increased floral longevities due to cool and cloudy conditions.

A produção como vantagem competitiva : aplicação de um modelo de diagnóstico para formulação de uma estratégia de produção em uma empresa agroindustrial

Esta pesquisa, dentro de suas limitações, procurou ser uma contribuição à abordagem na qual a manufatura é vista como um elemento ativo na estratégia de negócio de uma determinada empresa, atuando ora como suporte à estratégia competitiva, ou sendo a própria fonte de vantagem competitiva. Para isso foi realizado um estudo de caso na Campeiro Produtos Alimentícios Ltda., empresa agroindustrial do setor arrozeiro, localizada em Tubarão, Santa Catarina, com o objetivo de responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: Em quais critérios competitivos a Campeiro Produtos Alimentícios Ltda. pode focalizar seus recursos para que a produção seja uma fonte de vantagem competitiva, com vistas à formulação e implementação de uma estratégia de produção? A justificativa para realização desta pesquisa foi o fato de a produção ser apresentada como chave para o sucesso de empresas deste segmento, segundo vários empresários, e por não se verificar clareza de como a função produção pode aumentar a competitividade, assim como não se encontram na literatura metodologias adaptadas, nem informações sobre critérios competitivos para o setor. Outro aspecto é que as empresas tratam o mercado de forma homogênea, desconsiderando as possíveis variações que os segmentos possam apresentar e, dessa forma, negligenciando suas necessidades, com possível perda de competitividade. Assim, foi necessário: identificar na literatura as possíveis dimensões competitivas com as quais uma empresa pode competir e subdividi-las em critérios específicos; através de entrevistas em profundidade identificar possíveis critérios competitivos relevantes para o segmento ao qual pertence a Campeiro Produtos Alimentícios Ltda.; identificar quais são os critérios mais importantes; identificar comparativamente aos concorrentes, o desempenho da empresa, nesses diversos critérios; e identificar, por meio da matriz importância-desempenho, quais as dimensões competitivas em que a empresa poderia focalizar seus esforços para que a produção se torne uma fonte de vantagem competitiva. Os resultados possibilitaram identificar novos critérios competitivos específicos do setor agroindustrial, como por exemplo: garantia de entrega ao longo do ano e garantia de entrega no preço cotado, atribuídos a sazonalidade de produção. Permitiram também perceber quais os critérios competitivos mais importantes e qual a prioridade para cada segmento, verificar as incoerências de seu posicionamento estratégico atual e discutir a possibilidade de a empresa competir em todos os segmentos.

A alteração da aparência das fachadas dos edifícios : interação entre as condições ambientais e a forma construída

Este trabalho se insere dentro dos estudos relativos à durabilidade ou integridade fisica da Arquitetura. mais particularmente à durabilidade da aparência das fachadas dos edificios. Estuda a interação que se estabelece entre as partículas de contaminação atmosférica combinadas com o vento e a chuva (condições ambientais), e a morfologia das fà.chadas (geometria e materiais) nas mudanças visuais ou manchamentos que degradam suas aparências. Após sistematização do conhecimento geral sobre os mecanismos e fatores envolvidos na formação desse tipo de manifestação patológica. utiliza um estudo baseado em casos reais para análise das correlações entre as variáveis envolvidas no processo, em nível de condições ambientais locais e caracteristicas da morfologia das fachadas. Os dois edificios escolhidos como estudo de caso estão dentro do centro da cidade de Porto Alegre, mais precisamente em área designada por Centro Histórico, tendo sido construídos na primeira metade do século. O Centro Histórico foi escolhido como área para a seleção dos exemplares analisados por possuir um alto potencial de acumulação de poluentes, exagerando o fenômeno estudado. Os exemplares analisados, apesar da mesma idade, chegaram aos dias de hoje em condições díspares quanto à manutenção da sua aparência. possibilitando a confinnação da influência da sua materialização no seu desempenho frente às condições de exposição aos agentes ambientais envolvidos no processo.

Competição e entrada de empresas de TV por assinatura em municípios brasileiros

O objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar a concorrência no serviço de TV por assinatura, no Brasil, destacando as decisões de entrada. Com os avanços tecnológicos, da última década, as empresas de TV por Assinatura tornaram-se capazes de enviar quaisquer informações por meio dos cabos (TV, banda larga, telefonia) e a comercializar os pacotes “combos” (cesta com os três serviços) modificando a concorrência no setor. Nesse trabalho, estimou-se o tamanho mínimo de um mercado para as empresas de TV por Assinatura, de Banda Larga e empresas “combo” prestarem seus serviços, sob duas hipóteses: mercados independentes e mercados inter-relacionados. Os resultados da parte empírica revelam o pequeno tamanho do mercado doméstico brasileiro: 94,4% dos municípios do Brasil não possuem atratividade econômica para a entrada de empresas de Banda Larga ou de TV a Cabo. Quando assumimos a existência de mercados relacionados, o fornecimento de banda larga ou de TV por Assinatura por um concorrente beneficia a entrada de uma empresa “combo”. Os produtos separados seriam um chamariz para o produto mais sofisticado. Outro resultado é que a entrada de duas empresas de produtos “combo” ocorre mais facilmente que a entrada de duas empresas de TV por Assinatura – o que também foi encontrado em um estudo norte-americano para o mercado dos EUA.