Efficient and Selectable Production of Reactive Species Using a Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge in Gas Bubbles in Liquid

<p>A plasma gas bubble-in-liquid method for high production of selectable reactive species using a nanosecond pulse generator has been developed. The gas of choice is fed through a hollow needle in a point-to-plate bubble discharge, enabling improved selection of reactive species. The increased interface reactions, between the gas-plasma and water through bubbles, give higher productivity. H<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub>O<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub> was the predominant species produced using Ar plasma, while predominantly  and NO<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub> were generated using air plasma, in good agreement with the observed emission spectra. This method has nearly 100% selectivity for H<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub>O<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub>, with seven times higher production, and 92% selectivity for , with nearly twice the production, compared with a plasma above the water.</p>

Unexpected Levels of Biological Activity during the Polar Night Offer New Perspectives on a Warming Arctic

The current understanding of Arctic ecosystems is deeply rooted in the classical view of a bottom-up controlled system with strong physical forcing and seasonality in primary-production regimes. Consequently, the Arctic polar night is commonly disregarded as a time of year when biological activities are reduced to a minimum due to a reduced food supply. Here, based upon a multidisciplinary ecosystem-scale study from the polar night at 79 degrees N, we present an entirely different view. Instead of an ecosystem that has entered a resting state, we document a system with high activity levels and biological interactions across most trophic levels. In some habitats, biological diversity and presence of juvenile stages were elevated in winter months compared to the more productive and sunlit periods. Ultimately, our results suggest a different perspective regarding ecosystem function that will be of importance for future environmental management and decision making, especially at a time when Arctic regions are experiencing accelerated environmental change [1].

Experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP)

The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) aims to provide a framework for evaluating, understanding, and improving the ocean and sea-ice components of global climate and earth system models contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses these aims in two complementary manners: (A) by providing an experimental protocol for global ocean/sea-ice models run with a prescribed atmospheric forcing, (B) by providing a protocol for ocean diagnostics to be saved as part of CMIP6. We focus here on the physical component of OMIP, with a companion paper (Orr et al., 2016) offering details for the inert chemistry and interactive biogeochemistry. The physical portion of the OMIP experimental protocol follows that of the interannual Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). Since 2009, CORE-I (Normal Year Forcing) and CORE-II have become the standard method to evaluate global ocean/sea-ice simulations and to examine mechanisms for forced ocean climate variability. The OMIP diagnostic protocol is relevant for any ocean model component of CMIP6, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments), historical simulations, FAFMIP (Flux Anomaly Forced MIP), C4MIP (Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate MIP), DAMIP (Detection and Attribution MIP), DCPP (Decadal Climate Prediction Project), ScenarioMIP (Scenario MIP), as well as the ocean-sea ice OMIP simulations. The bulk of this paper offers scientific rationale for saving these diagnostics.

OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project

The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is an endorsed project in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses CMIP6 science questions, investigating the origins and consequences of systematic model biases. It does so by providing a framework for evaluating (including assessment of systematic biases), understanding, and improving ocean, sea-ice, tracer, and biogeochemical components of climate and earth system models contributing to CMIP6. Among the WCRP Grand Challenges in climate science (GCs), OMIP primarily contributes to the regional sea level change and near-term (climate/decadal) prediction GCs. OMIP provides (a) an experimental protocol for global ocean/sea-ice models run with a prescribed atmospheric forcing; and (b) a protocol for ocean diagnostics to be saved as part of CMIP6. We focus here on the physical component of OMIP, with a companion paper (Orr et al., 2016) detailing methods for the inert chemistry and interactive biogeochemistry. The physical portion of the OMIP experimental protocol follows the interannual Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). Since 2009, CORE-I (Normal Year Forcing) and CORE-II (Interannual Forcing) have become the standard methods to evaluate global ocean/sea-ice simulations and to examine mechanisms for forced ocean climate variability. The OMIP diagnostic protocol is relevant for any ocean model component of CMIP6, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments), historical simulations, FAFMIP (Flux Anomaly Forced MIP), C4MIP (Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate MIP), DAMIP (Detection and Attribution MIP), DCPP (Decadal Climate Prediction Project), ScenarioMIP, HighResMIP (High Resolution MIP), as well as the ocean/sea-ice OMIP simulations.

The city of Detroit, Michigan, 1701-1922;

Vols. 3-5 : Biographical.

1922 University of Michigan Football Team

<div><p><b>Back Row: </b> Louis Curran, Harold Steele</p><p><b>3rd Row: </b> manager William Lichtenburg, Edliff Slaughter, Jack Blott, Leroy Neisch, Stephen Garfield, Ed Vandervoort, Howell White, Bill Van Orden, Trainer Archie Hahn</p><p><b>2nd Row: </b> Irwin Uteritz, Stan Muirhead, Harry Kipke, Coach Fielding Yost, captain Paul Goebel, Frank Cappon, Bernard Kirk, Douglas Roby</p><p><b>Front Row: </b> Herb Steger, Jackson Keefer, George Dunleavy, Robert Knode</p><p>[not pictured: Rudolph Rosatti]</p></div>

University of Michigan Football Team, 1922

<p><b>Top Row: </b> ass't coach Ernie Vick, ass't coach Tad Wieman, Herb Steger, J. Murray, William Henderson, Ed Vandervoort, Stanley Muirhead, Joseph Blahnick, William Van Orden, Paul Goebel, John Gunther, Rudolph Rosatti, Milton Heath, Leroy Neisch, Harold Steele, George Dunleavy, ass't coach Sturznegger</p><p><b>Middle Row: </b> James Johns, Irwin Uteritz, Jackson Keefer, Edliff Slaughter, Jack Blott, head coach Fielding Yost, ass't coach George Little, Harry Kipke, Franklin Cappon, Douglas Roby, Joseph Lipscher, Bernard Kirk</p><p><b>2nd Row: </b> Irwin Uteritz, Stan Muirhead, Harry Kipke, Coach Fielding Yost, captain Paul Goebel, Frank Cappon, Bernard Kirk, Douglas Roby</p><p><b>Front Row: </b> William Foster, J. Stanley Carter, Daniel Rankin, Robert Knode </p>

The interest of the state in the Concord railroad. Final argument of Frank S. Streeter. Argument of William M. Chase as to the Corbin offer. Before Hon. Joshua G. Hall, Hon. Thomas Cogswell, Hon. John W. Sturtevant, Commissioners.

Mode of access: Internet.

Industrial Removal Office records undated, 1899-1922

Contains Board of Directors minutes (1903, 1907), Executive Committee minutes (1907), Removal Committee minutes (1903-1917), Annual Reports (1910, 1913), Monthly Reports (1901-1919), Monthly Bulletins (1914-1915), studies of those removed, Bressler's "The Removal Work, Including Galveston," and several papers relating to the IRO and immigration. Financial papers include a budget (1914), comparative per capita cost figures (1909-1922), audits (1915-1918), receipts and expenditures (1918-1922), investment records, bank balances (1907-1922), removal work cash book (1904-1911), office expenses cash account (1903-1906), and the financial records of other agencies working with the IRO (1906). Includes also removal case records of first the Jewish Agricultural Society (1899-1900), and then of the IRO (1901-1922) when it took over its work, family reunion case records (1901-1904), and the follow-up records of persons removed to various cities (1903-1914). Contains also the correspondence of traveling agents' contacts throughout the U.S. from 1905-1914, among them Stanley Bero, Henry P. Goldstein, Philip Seman, and Morris D. Waldman.

Voucher from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension for W.G. Thompson for the Northern Division. There are attached notes from the Welland Railway Company to John Mitchell for putting up shelves; to William Waud, staff; and to William Martin to repair the office (copy), June 10, 1857

Voucher from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension for W.G. Thompson for the Northern Division. There are attached notes from the Welland Railway Company to John Mitchell for putting up shelves; to William Waud, staff; and to William Martin to repair the office (copy), June 10, 1857.