Inlärning och öppet-fält aktivitet hos förskolebarn

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of learning on open-field activity among pre-school children varying from 3 to 5 years old. Altogether 25 children, 13 girls and 12 boys, entered the test from three different preschools in Dalarna. Six of these children represented the control group. The children were asked to learn 2 tasks, 1 visual memory task and 1 spatial constructing-kit task. Before, between and after the tasks, the children were allowed to move freely in the open field. The control group did not solve any learning tasks and only entered the open field, which was divided into 18 equally large squares, where the children’s activities were observed. The children’s learning times as well as their spontaneous open-field activity and wall-seeking behaviour were registered. The result showed as a general rule that the learning time was reduced between each session. However, the visual memory task increased the children’s spontaneous open-field behaviour more and decreased their wall seeking to a greater extent than the spatial-construction learning task.

Renewable energy education : Report from a field trip to Melbourne, Australia, and short visits to India and New Zealand During Nov/Dec 1992

During November and December 1992 I visited several groups involved with renewable energy, most of them dealing with education. These groups and their work are described briefly in this report. The groups in Melbourne, Australia have come a long way with education in this field and we have a lot to learn from them. Government funding is needed for large scale work, but useful work can still be done at the community level with much smaller budgets.

Vad sker i elevers parskrivande vid datorn? : Observation av fyra elevpar i årskurs ett

The aim with this study is to explore if and how linguistic learning takes places when four pairs ofstudents in grade one writes on the computer. Observations of eight students took place duringtwelve lessons to investigate what happened during their writing processes. This study isimportant because students’ computer writing is a relatively new phenomenon in the Swedishprimary school.It is clear that the peer collaboration creates a complex interaction that becomes the platform, andalso the prerequisite, for successful language training. The method can clearly give students profitsin their linguistic development. When working in pairs, children support each other in writing andreading. They also get to train letter knowledge, phonemic awareness and the correspondencebetween phonemes and graphemes. Although the method creates good possibilities for readingand writing development, it cannot be the only way to learn reading. There are also risks thatstudents get stuck in different positions that can affect their progresses, which is important thatthe teachers consider while creating writing pairs. Teachers need to identify student’s reading andwriting development processes and also be able to create reading and writing instruction thatprovides different learning strategies.

Actitudes hacia el catalán : un estudio sociolingüístico de principiantes del catalán en Barcelona

This study focuses on the Catalan language of Catalonia, a region located in the east of Spain. There are many immigrants living in this region who decide to learn the Catalan language in hope of finding a job or to integrate in the Catalan society. The main aim of this study was to discover the types of language attitudes the beginners of Catalan show towards this language (general, instrumental and integrative attitudes). Language attitudes are of importance because it can indicate the “health” of a minority language, such as is usually considered Catalan. The method applied was direct, where the informants had to answer a written questionnaire. The results of the study show positive attitudes towards the Catalan language and its general use in Catalonia. The main conclusions of the study were that the informants showed positive and slightly more instrumental attitudes towards Catalan, indicating that the main motive of learning the language was more of practical use than integrative motives.

Making Learning Possible : Nätbaserad utbildning vid Högskolan Dalarna

Högskolan Dalarna (HDa) har gjort ett strategiskt/medvetet val genom att betona den pedagogiska utvecklingen för nästa generations lärande (NGL) och har under flera år utvecklat nätbaserade kurser. NGL centrum är ett nav i den pedagogiska utvecklingen på HDa. Vår roll är att möjliggöra studenters lärande. (Ramsden 2003). Vid vår högskola fokuserar vi på olika datorsystem som stödjer lärandet och möjliggör synkron interaktion och kommunikation, både vid seminarier och under föreläsningar. Vi har valt och utvecklat system som stödjer lärandet och kontakten mellan studenter och lärare på ett bra sätt, fokus ligger inte nödvändigtvis på den nyaste teknologin. Vi anser att det är viktigt att skapa förutsättningar för sociokulturella miljöer vid nätbaserade utbildingar och därför är seminarier och samtal mycket viktiga i våra utbildningar. (Säljö 2000). Vi har definierat tre huvudbehov för lärandeprocessen och vi har valt system för informationsutbyte (Fronter), Adobe Connect för seminarier och Videochat - vårt egenutvecklade system för föreläsningar. Vi vet sedan många år att föreläsningar hjälper studenterna att förstå litteraturen bättre. Ett LMS (Fronter) är ett sätt att samla information såsom scheman och uppgifter. Där sker diskussioner om innehåll och kursupplägg, inlämningar, nyheter och meddelanden. När det gäller föreläsningar har vi valt att använda ”live-streaming” med möjlighet att spela in föreläsningen. Vi betraktar varken Adobe Connect eller vår Videochat som virtuella verktyg. De möten som genomförs med dessa verktyg är på riktigt. Studenter och lärare vittnar ofta om att de interagerar mer i ett seminarium via Connect än vad som sker i en fysisk föreläsningssal och bekräftar den pedagogiska närheten. HDa har system som är säkra men vi tror samtidigt på öppenhet och lättillgänglighet. Vi välkomnar gäster in i systemen för att skapa transparens. Läraren har möjlighet att låsa mappar i vårt LMS och göra dem både säkra och privata. Vi vill berätta och visa för intresserade konferensdeltagare hur vi på Högskolan Dalarna jobbar generellt med nätbaserade verktyg men också visa på mer specifika lösningar som har uppskattats av våra studenter och lärare.   References Ramsden, Paul (2003). Learning to teach in higher education. 2. ed. London: RoutledgeFalmer Säljö, Roger (2000). Lärande i praktiken: ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. [Learning in practice - A sociocultural perspective]. Stockholm: Prisma

Making learning possible - Nätbaserad utbildning för funktionsnedsatta studenter

Making learning possible - Nätbaserad utbildning för funktionsnedsatta studenter Högskolan Dalarna har gjort ett strategiskt/medvetet val genom att betona den pedagogiska utvecklingen för nästa generations lärande (NGL) och har under flera år utvecklat nätbaserade kurser.  Detta innebär även att ibland måste anpassa våra system för t.ex. hörselskadade studenter. Högskolan har en lång tradition av teckentolka föreläsningar i sal. Vi har även under en längre tid teckentolkat inspelade föreläsningar. Efter att ha provat olika sätt att spela in dessa har vi nu landat i ett system där originalföreläsningen är till vänster och tar upp c:a 80% av skärmen. Teckentolken syns i de resterande 20% till höger. Eftersom vi använder samma system för teckentolkningen som våra lärare har i studion blir det ”strömlinjeformat” då vi bara behöver hantera ett system och får den automatisering som är inbyggd. När det gäller seminarier använder vi oss av Adobe Connect. Lärarna, teckentolken och studenterna (även de hörselskadade) är i ett rum där läraren visar sina dokument, samtalar med studenterna o.s.v.. Teckentolken och den hörselskadade studenten har ett extra rum i Connect där tolken syns. När studenten ska prata så tecknar studenten och det taltolkas av tolken i Connect-rummet med läraren. För detta har teckentolkarna ett separat rum/studio med två skärmar för att kunna se och höra båda Connect-rummen. Vi rekommenderar studenten att också ha två skärmar. Teoretiskt borde detta även kunna användas för en hörselskadad lärare men det har inte gjorts några försök hos oss. Vi vill visa med ljud och bild för intresserade åhörare hur vi har byggt detta arbete och hur hinder kan överbryggas. References Ramsden, Paul (2003). Learning to teach in higher education. 2. ed. London: RoutledgeFalmer Säljö, Roger (2000). Lärande i praktiken: ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. [Learning in practice - A sociocultural perspective]. Stockholm: Prisma

Undersökande arbetssätt i NO-undervisningen i grundskolans tidigare årskurser

This thesis deals with the use of inquiry-based approaches in primary school science. The aim is to investigate the goals and purposes that are constituted by the curriculum and by the teachers in interviews and through their teaching in the classroom. The results are used to develop conceptual tools that can be used by teachers’ in their work to support students’ learning of science when using an inquiry-based approach. The thesis is comprised of four papers. In paper one a comparative analysis is made of five Swedish national curricula for compulsory school regarding what students should learn about scientific inquiry. In paper two 20 teachers were interviewed about their own teaching using inquiry. Classroom interactions were filmed and analyzed in papers three and four, which examine how primary teachers use the various activities and purposes of the inquiry classroom to support learning progressions in science. The results of paper one show how the emphasis within and between the two goals of learning to carry out investigations and learning about the nature of science shifted and changed over time in the different curricula. Paper two describes the selective traditions and qualities that were emphasized in the teachers’ accounts of their own teaching. The results of papers three and four show how students need to be involved in the proximate and ultimate purposes of the teaching activities for progression to happen. The ultimate purposes are the scientific purposes for the lesson (as given by the teacher or by the curriculum), whereas the proximate purposes are the more student-centered purposes that through different activities should allow the students to relate their own experiences and language to the ultimate purpose. The results show the importance of proximate purposes working as ends-in-viewin the sense of John Dewey, meaning that the students see the goal of the activity and that they are able to relate to their experiences and familiar language.

Processmetoden attraktivt arbete skapar förutsättningar för kollektivt lärande : Organisationer främjar - individen bär ansvaret

Dagens organisationer står inför stora utmaningar i att vara konkurrenskraftiga gentemot omvärlden. De mänskliga resurserna är organisationernas viktigaste faktor för att över huvud taget överleva. För att verksamheten ska kunna förvalta och nyttja medarbetarnas kompetens på rätt sätt behöver det skapas förutsättningar och tillfällen där relationer kan uppstå. Detta är något som diskuteras i både forskning och litteratur så även hur organisationer ska vara uppbyggda för att främja arbetet kring medarbetarna. Denna studie är ett bidrag att använda i organisationer för att arbeta med att utveckla medarbetarnas kollektiva lärande om varandra för att förstärka relationiken. Processmetoden som har använts för att skapa kollektivt lärande hos medarbetarna är Attraktivt arbete. Deltagarna har fått utföra metoden och observationer har gjorts på hur deltagarna har agerat under processen. Resultatet visar att för att åstadkomma ett kollektivt lärande behöver deltagarna visa på engagemang och viljan att lära sig om varandra. Genom dialog skapas förutsättningar att förstå varandra. Det är när förståelsen finns om varandra som relationerna stärks och på så vis skapas relationik.

Factors that Motivate Pupils in Grades 4-6 in Sweden to Speak English as a Foreign Language

This is an empirical study about factors that motivate pupils to speak English as a foreign language. The aim of this study is to investigate when pupils in the classroom situation, in Grades 4-6 in a school in Sweden, are motivated to speak English as a foreign language, and why they are motivated to speak English in these situations. To implement this study, questionnaires and interviews have been chosen as methods. 51 pupils in Grades 4-6 took part of the study. Since being able to communicate orally in a foreign language is of great advantage for one, and creates opportunities both for work and for study abroad, it is important for pupils to learn how to communicate orally in English. It is important to be able to use the language. In the English curriculum in Swedish schools, speaking English is a skill pupils must possess. Since this is the requirement it is important that teachers in Sweden relate to this. Many pupils do not like to speak in front of the rest of the class and some pupils only like to speak in informal situations. Therefore, teachers must use various strategies to create a willingness to communicate among pupils and various strategies to motivate them to speak English. The results show that pupils are motivated to use the language in class when they have recently been abroad. It also shows that they are motivated when they can decide the topic and speak about something they are interested in.

English as the target language : A literature study on teachers’ and L2 learners’ language use in the upper elementary classroom

Even though English is a subject where Swedish pupils do well compared to pupils in other countries, research indicates that pupils are not always motivated to learn in the English classroom. Therefore, the aim of this study is to find research relating to the use of the target language in classrooms for pupils at the upper elementary level, particularly language learners in Sweden. The focus of this thesis is to find out what benefits and challenges accompany the use of the target language during English lessons, as well as what pupils’ opinions are on the consistent use of the target language in the classroom. This literature review of five research articles shows that it is beneficial for pupils’ language development to have lessons where mainly the target language is used. It is for example beneficial for pupils’ ability to speak, their pronunciation, vocabulary and ability to use language strategies. The results show that there are challenges as well, especially for the teachers, since use of the target language presumes that the teacher has good language skills and is capable of scaffolding each pupil at their individual level and in their zone of proximal development. Furthermore, there are challenges like differences in pupils’ skill level, creating tasks that both motivate and stimulate, and creating a safe learning environment. Even though the results in this thesis are limited, it is still obvious that it is an important area, where more research is necessary in order to assist teachers in how to teach English as effectively as possible.

L’image comme outil didactique dans l’enseignement du français dans des collèges et des lycées en Suède

Le travail actuel a été rédigé dans le but d’éclaircir en quoi consiste le rôle de l’image comme outil didactique aux cours de français aux collèges et aux lycées suédois. Nous avons abordé notre thème sous des perspectives différentes : d’un côté, nous avons analysé les images dans deux livres, puisque les manuels font souvent partie de chaque leçon de français ; de l’autre côté, nous avons fait un questionnaire que nous avons distribué aux professeurs à travers les médias sociaux et par email. Nous avons également étudié les données récoltées aux cours des entretiens avec trois professeurs de français au lycée suédois, pour savoir comment les professeurs intègrent des images dans la pratique. Selon les résultats de notre étude, il nous a été possible d’affirmer que l’image est un outil qui n’est pas omniprésent, mais qui est parfois utilisé afin de rendre les leçons plus variées. La photographie est le type d’image le plus répandu dans la pratique des professeurs et dans les manuels ; le format numérique est le plus fréquent en tenant en compte de la révolution technologique et de l’habitude des jeunes à travailler avec les ordinateurs. Cependant, l’image n’est pas un outil indépendant. Elle est très souvent complétée par d’autres outils didactiques et sert principalement à accompagner la lecture, à développer l’expression orale et le vocabulaire et aussi à illustrer des phénomènes culturels. En conclusion, il ressort de notre mémoire, qu’il est important que le professeur accompagne le travail avec des images avec des instructions et des commentaires, afin de rendre l’apprentissage plus efficace.

När det inte blir som man har tänkt sig : - En fallstudie av undervisningssituationer med elever med behov av särskilt stöd

Fallstudien beskriver och diskuterar några lektioner med elever som har specifika inlärnings-svårigheter, utifrån skolverkets Allmänna råd, och belyser vilka pedagogiskt svårhanterliga problem och dilemman som kan uppstå när det inte blir som läraren har planerat. Teorin om den proximala utvecklingszonen åskådliggörs. Aktivitetens betydelse för inlärning belyses. Komplexiteten kring lärarskap och ledarskap illustreras. Skolverkets teori om kunskap genom progression, enligt givna årskurser med givet innehåll, stämmer inte alltid med erfarenheterna hos några av verklighetens elever. Samspelet mellan lärare och elever belyses i studien. Be-skrivningar av utvecklingsrelaterade funktionsnedsättningar och psykiskt sårbara barn visar ytterligare hur elevers individuella förutsättningar kan ge konsekvenser för inlärning.

Effective measures to decrease air contaminants through risk and control visualization : a study of the effective use of QR codes to facilitate safety training

Woodworking industries still consists of wood dust problems. Young workers are especially vulnerable to safety risks. To reduce risks, it is important to change attitudes and increase knowledge about safety. Safety training have shown to establish positive attitudes towards safety among employees. The aim of current study is to analyze the effect of QR codes that link to Picture Mix EXposure (PIMEX) videos by analyzing attitudes to this safety training method and safety in student responses. Safety training videos were used in upper secondary school handicraft programs to demonstrate wood dust risks and methods to decrease exposure to wood dust. A preliminary study was conducted to investigate improvement of safety training in two schools in preparation for the main study that investigated a safety training method in three schools. In the preliminary study the PIMEX method was first used in which students were filmed while wood dust exposure was measured and subsequently displayed on a computer screen in real time. Before and after the filming, teachers, students, and researchers together analyzed wood dust risks and effective measures to reduce exposure to them. For the main study, QR codes linked to PIMEX videos were attached at wood processing machines. Subsequent interviews showed that this safety training method enables students in an early stage of their life to learn about risks and safety measures to control wood dust exposure. The new combination of methods can create awareness, change attitudes and motivation among students to work more frequently to reduce wood dust. 

Machine learning and small robot navigation

Developing successful navigation and mapping strategies is an essential part of autonomous robot research. However, hardware limitations often make for inaccurate systems. This project serves to investigate efficient alternatives to mapping an environment, by first creating a mobile robot, and then applying machine learning to the robot and controlling systems to increase the robustness of the robot system. My mapping system consists of a semi-autonomous robot drone in communication with a stationary Linux computer system. There are learning systems running on both the robot and the more powerful Linux system. The first stage of this project was devoted to designing and building an inexpensive robot. Utilizing my prior experience from independent studies in robotics, I designed a small mobile robot that was well suited for simple navigation and mapping research. When the major components of the robot base were designed, I began to implement my design. This involved physically constructing the base of the robot, as well as researching and acquiring components such as sensors. Implementing the more complex sensors became a time-consuming task, involving much research and assistance from a variety of sources. A concurrent stage of the project involved researching and experimenting with different types of machine learning systems. I finally settled on using neural networks as the machine learning system to incorporate into my project. Neural nets can be thought of as a structure of interconnected nodes, through which information filters. The type of neural net that I chose to use is a type that requires a known set of data that serves to train the net to produce the desired output. Neural nets are particularly well suited for use with robotic systems as they can handle cases that lie at the extreme edges of the training set, such as may be produced by "noisy" sensor data. Through experimenting with available neural net code, I became familiar with the code and its function, and modified it to be more generic and reusable for multiple applications of neural nets.