992 resultados para Keller, Mike
Resumo:
Understanding how and why changes propagate during engineering design is critical because most products and systems emerge from predecessors and not through clean sheet design. This paper applies change propagation analysis methods and extends prior reasoning through examination of a large data set from industry including 41,500 change requests, spanning 8 years during the design of a complex sensor system. Different methods are used to analyze the data and the results are compared to each other and evaluated in the context of previous findings. In particular the networks of connected parent, child and sibling changes are resolved over time and mapped to 46 subsystem areas. A normalized change propagation index (CPI) is then developed, showing the relative strength of each area on the absorber-multiplier spectrum between -1 and +1. Multipliers send out more changes than they receive and are good candidates for more focused change management. Another interesting finding is the quantitative confirmation of the "ripple" change pattern. Unlike the earlier prediction, however, it was found that the peak of cyclical change activity occurred late in the program driven by systems integration and functional testing. Patterns emerged from the data and offer clear implications for technical change management approaches in system design. Copyright © 2007 by ASME.
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We report a versatile and cost-effective way of controlling the unsaturated loss, modulation depth and saturation fluence of graphene-based saturable absorbers (GSAs), by changing the thickness of a spacer between SLG and a high-reflection mirror. This allows us to modulate the electric field intensity enhancement at the GSA from 0 up to 400%, due to the interference of incident and reflected light at the mirror. The unsaturated loss of the SLG-mirror-assembly can be reduced to$\sim$0. We use this to mode-lock a VECSEL from 935 to 981nm. This approach can be applied to integrate SLG into various optical components, such as output coupler mirrors, dispersive mirrors, dielectric coatings on gain materials. Conversely, it can also be used to increase absorption (up to 10%) in various graphene based photonics and optoelectronics devices, such as photodetectors.
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Access to robust and information-rich human cardiac tissue models would accelerate drug-based strategies for treating heart disease. Despite significant effort, the generation of high-fidelity adult-like human cardiac tissue analogs remains challenging. We used computational modeling of tissue contraction and assembly mechanics in conjunction with microfabricated constraints to guide the design of aligned and functional 3D human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiac microtissues that we term cardiac microwires (CMWs). Miniaturization of the platform circumvented the need for tissue vascularization and enabled higher-throughput image-based analysis of CMW drug responsiveness. CMW tissue properties could be tuned using electromechanical stimuli and cell composition. Specifically, controlling self-assembly of 3D tissues in aligned collagen, and pacing with point stimulation electrodes, were found to promote cardiac maturation-associated gene expression and in vivo-like electrical signal propagation. Furthermore, screening a range of hPSC-derived cardiac cell ratios identified that 75% NKX2 Homeobox 5 (NKX2-5)+ cardiomyocytes and 25% Cluster of Differentiation 90 OR (CD90)+ nonmyocytes optimized tissue remodeling dynamics and yielded enhanced structural and functional properties. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the optimized platform in a tachycardic model of arrhythmogenesis, an aspect of cardiac electrophysiology not previously recapitulated in 3D in vitro hPSC-derived cardiac microtissue models. The design criteria identified with our CMW platform should accelerate the development of predictive in vitro assays of human heart tissue function.
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We passively modelock an optically pumped VECSEL by using a single-layer graphene saturable absorber mirror, resulting in pulses as short as 473 fs. A broad wavelength tuning range of 46 nm is achieved with three different VECSEL chips, with a single chip 21 nm are covered. © OSA 2013.
Resumo:
We report mode-locking of an optically pumped VECSEL using a graphene-based saturable absorber mirror (GSAM). Self-starting and stable modelocked operation is demonstrated with 473 fs pulses at 1.5 GHz repetition rate and 949 nm center wavelength. Wavelength tuning is achieved over a 46 nm bandwidth. We discuss the mirror design, the fabrication of the GSAMs, and give an outlook on further optimization of the design, including dielectric top coatings to protect the graphene and to increase the flexibility in the design. © 2014 SPIE.
Resumo:
In the past decade, passively modelocked optically pumped vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (OPVECSELs), sometimes referred to as semiconductor disk lasers (OP-SDLs), impressively demonstrated the potential for generating femtosecond pulses at multi-Watt average output powers with gigahertz repetition rates. Passive modelocking with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) is well established and offers many advantages such as a flexible design of the parameters and low non-saturable losses. Recently, graphene has emerged as an attractive wavelength-independent alternative saturable absorber for passive modelocking in various lasers such as fiber or solid-state bulk lasers because of its unique optical properties. Here, we present and discuss the modelocked VECSELs using graphene saturable absorbers. The broadband absorption due to the linear dispersion of the Dirac electrons in graphene makes this absorber interesting for wavelength tunable ultrafast VECSELs. Such widely tunable modelocked sources are in particularly interesting for bio-medical imaging applications. We present a straightforward approach to design the optical properties of single layer graphene saturable absorber mirrors (GSAMs) suitable for passive modelocking of VECSELs. We demonstrate sub-500 fs pulses from a GSAM modelocked VECSEL. The potential for broadband wavelength tuning is confirmed by covering 46 nm in modelocked operation using three different VECSEL chips and up to 21 nm tuning in pulsed operation is achieved with one single gain chip. A linear and nonlinear optical characterization of different GSAMs with different absorption properties is discussed and can be compared to SESAMs. © 2014 SPIE.
Resumo:
Optically pumped ultrafast vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs), also referred to as semiconductor disk lasers (SDLs), are very attractive sources for ps- and fs-pulses in the near infrared [1]. So far VECSELs have been passively modelocked with semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs, [2]). Graphene has emerged as a promising saturable absorber (SA) for a variety of applications [3-5], since it offers an almost unlimited bandwidth and a fast recovery time [3-5]. A number of different laser types and gain materials have been modelocked with graphene SAs [3-4], including fiber [5] and solid-state bulk lasers [6-7]. Ultrafast VECSELs are based on a high-Q cavity, which requires very low-loss SAs compared to other lasers (e.g., fiber lasers). Here we develop a single-layer graphene saturable absorber mirror (GSAM) and use it to passively modelock a VECSEL. © 2013 IEEE.
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高聚物的单晶结构是高分子物理的一个基本课题,对它的掌握有助于高聚物结晶动力学和晶体结构的研究。对聚乙烯单晶中分子链的折迭方式历来存在两种不同的观点。一是以A.Keller为代表有规近邻折叠模式,另一个是以P.J.Flory为代表的无规返折即“插线板”模式。这两种模式均有自己的实验证据和理论根据,但也有各自不能解释的现象。两种观点至今难以统一,一是由于高聚物的分子量大且分散,导致结晶结构很复杂。二是由于实验手段的非直接性,现有许多方法获得的信息往往是宏观的或较大结构尺度上的。对微观结构的反应不一定客观和有效。有鉴于此,应当在现有的实验水平上,尽可能用较直接的方法进行研究。以往的研究侧重于从“静”的方面,即不改变单晶状况进行探测,这样做考察问题的角度较单一,再加上实验手段的限制,不易得到更多的信息。本实验从“动”的方面着手研究,即引入退火和辐照两个因素,既研究单晶结构,又研究不同剂量辐照和不同温度退火后单晶结构的实化。由于结构和结构的变化之间存在一定的因果关系,所以二者可互为印证。这样既可以增加考察问题的角度,又可以掌握辐照对单晶结构的影响。以及退火过程中单晶结构的细致变化。采用的主要实验手段是混合晶红外光谱法,它可以给出单个分子的结晶茎干在单晶中的分布,是目前比较直接的方法。为了得到单晶的“微观”结构和较大尺度的结构,并使二者互相印证,还采用了低频拉曼谱,X射线(SAXS和WAXD)以及示差扫描量热法等手段。对聚乙烯/氘代聚乙烯混合晶进行了综合研究,得到如下结论。1.证实了PEH和PED的结晶行为一致,可以互为代表。二者的重量比大于40/1时,混合晶能够给出单个PED分子的茎干在晶体中排布方式的信息,且此信息完全适合于聚乙烯单晶。2.辐照不仅在非晶区产生交联点,还对晶区产生不可忽略的影响。辐照使晶区发生畸变和一定程度的断链。造成较大折叠块的含量及微晶尺寸随剂量增大而减小。这些结构上的变化使熔点随剂量的对数降低,结晶熔融热随剂量线性减小。这些结果修正和补充了前人对单晶辐照效果的观点。3. 辐照单晶的结构在退火前后均以(110)方向分子链近邻折叠形成的折叠块为主,同时也存在单独茎干的成分。这表明高分子物理中两种相对立的分子链折叠观点是可以统一的,二者的结合将更利于恰当描述单晶结构。退火使单晶结晶度和结晶完善程度提高的结构原因在于相对较小的折迭块重新组合成相对较大的折迭块。4.辐照单晶退火后,仍存在一定程度的折叠块。与未辐照时相比,剂量越大,较大折叠块越少,单独茎干的成分越多,且结构变化的程度越小。同一退火温度下,剂量越大,晶体越不稳定,结晶熔融热相应越低。5.无论辐照与否,单晶结构的变化均与退火温度有直接关系,不同退火温度下的退火机理不同。本实验中,90℃以下退火时,分子主要以蛇游式方式运动。105℃退火时也存在分子链的蛇游式运动,但是熔融再结晶占主导作用。
Resumo:
从可积系统求迹公式出发 ,运用Einstein Brillouin Keller(EBK)量子化条件 ,导出了二维无关联振子系统周期轨道作用量量子化条件 ,由此发现了量子能级与周期轨道之间的对应关系 .这种对应关系表明 ,如果两条能级对应的周期轨道的拓扑相同 ,这两条能级对回归函数的贡献相干 .回归谱中的一个峰是量子能谱中一组与具有相同拓扑的周期轨道相对应的能级之间相干的结果 ,这一组能级间存在着长程关联 .
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针对区域尺度的径流、水土流失定量评价和植被适宜性评价等研究工作需要,利用1∶25万数字地形图和ANUDEM软件,对黄土丘陵区中等分辨率水文地貌关系正确DEM建立方法进行了研究。结果表明该方法所建立的DEM,可以正确反映地貌梁、沟结构及其与流水线网络的关系,对地形描述的能力优于TIN方法建立的DEM;利用ANUDEM和1∶25万地形图插值建立黄土丘陵区DEM的三个主要参数分别为分辨率50或100,计算迭代次数40,第二糙率系数0.8。
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In current days, many companies have carried out their branding strategies, because strong brand usually provides confidence and reduce risks to its consumers. No matter what a brand is based on tangible products or services, it will possess the common attributes of this category, and it also has its unique attributes. Brand attribute is defined as descriptive features, which are intrinsic characteristics, values or benefits endowed by users of the product or service (Keller, 1993; Romaniuk, 2003). The researches on models of brand multi-attributes are one of the most studied areas of consumer psychology (Werbel, 1978), and attribute weight is one of its key pursuits. Marketing practitioners also paid much attention to evaluations of attributes. Because those evaluations are relevant to the competitiveness and the strategies of promotion and new product development of the company (Green & Krieger, 1995). Then, how brand attributes correlate with weight judgments? And what features the attribute judgment reaction? Especially, what will feature the attribute weight judgment process of consumer who is facing the homogeneity of brands? Enlightened by the lexical hypothesis of researches on personality traits of psychology, this study choose search engine brands as the subject and adopt reaction time, which has been introduced into multi-attributes decision making by many researchers. Researches on independence of affect and cognition and on primacy of affect have cued us that we can categorize brand attributes into informative and affective ones. Meanwhile, Park has gone further to differentiate representative and experiential with functional attributes. This classification reflects the trend of emotion-branding and brand-consumer relationship. Three parts compose the research: the survey to collect attribute words, experiment one on affective primacy and experiment two on correlation between weight judgment and reaction. The results are as follow: In experiment one, we found: (1) affect words are not rated significantly from cognitive attributes, but affect words are responded faster than cognitive ones; (2) subjects comprehend and respond in different ways to functional attribute words and to representative and experiential words. In experiment two, we fund: (1) a significant negative correlation between attributes weight judgment and reaction time; (2) affective attributes will cause faster reaction than cognitive ones; (3) the reaction time difference between functional and representative or experiential attribute is significant, but there is no different between representative and experiential. In sum, we conclude that: (1): In word comprehension and weight judgment, we observed the affective primacy, even when the affect stimulus is presented as meaningful words. (2): The negative correlation between weight judgment and reaction time suggest us that the more important of attribute, the quicker of the reaction. (3): The difference on reaction time of functional, representative and experiential reflects the trend of emotional branding.
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The work comprises a new theoretical development applied to aid decision making in an increasingly important commercial sector. Agile supply, where small volumes of high margin, short life cycle innovative products are offered, is increasingly carried out through a complex global supply chain network. We outline an equilibrium solution in such a supply chain network, which works through limited cooperation and coordination along edges (links) in the network. The links constitute the stochastic modelling entities rather than the nodes of the network. We utilise newly developed phase plane analysis to identify, model and predict characteristic behaviour in supply chain networks. The phase plane charts profile the flow of inventory and identify out of control conditions. They maintain quality within the network, as well as intelligently track the way the network evolves in conditions of changing variability. The methodology is essentially distribution free, relying as it does on the study of forecasting errors, and can be used to examine contractual details as well as strategic and game theoretical concepts between decision-making components (agents) of a network. We illustrate with typical data drawn from supply chain agile fashion products.