981 resultados para Frank Capra


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Monodisperse polyhedral In(2)O(3) nanoparticles were synthesized by differential mobility classification of a polydisperse aerosol formed by evaporation of indium at atmospheric pressure. When free molten indium particles oxidize, oxygen is absorbed preferentially on certain planes leading to the formation of polyhedral In(2)O(3) nanoparticles. It is shown that the position of oxygen addition, its concentration, the annealing temperature and the type of carrier gas are crucial for the resulting particle shape and crystalline quality. Semiconducting nanopolyhedrals, especially nanocubes used for sensors, are expected to offer enhanced sensitivity and improved response time due to the higher surface area as compared to spherical particles.

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We study quasiparticle tunneling in Josephson tunnel junctions embedded in an electromagnetic environment. We identify tunneling processes that transfer electrical charge and couple to the environment in a way similar to that of normal electrons, and processes that mix electrons and holes and are thus creating charge superpositions. The latter are sensitive to the phase difference between the superconductors and are thus limited by phase diffusion even at zero temperature. We show that the environmental coupling is suppressed in many environments, thus leading to lower quasiparticle decay rates and better superconductor qubit coherence than previously expected. Our approach is nonperturbative in the environmental coupling strength.

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Feeding 9-10billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met while reducing the impact of land management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and support human health and well-being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions between these challenges. In this study we briefly outline the challenges, review the supply- and demand-side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector and options for delivering food security. We briefly outline some of the synergies and trade-offs afforded by mitigation practices, before presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in the AFOLU sector under possible future scenarios in which demand-side measures codeliver to aid food security. We conclude that while supply-side mitigation measures, such as changes in land management, might either enhance or negatively impact food security, demand-side mitigation measures, such as reduced waste or demand for livestock products, should benefit both food security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Demand-side measures offer a greater potential (1.5-15.6Gt CO2-eq. yr(-1)) in meeting both challenges than do supply-side measures (1.5-4.3Gt CO2-eq. yr(-1) at carbon prices between 20 and 100US$ tCO(2)-eq. yr(-1)), but given the enormity of challenges, all options need to be considered. Supply-side measures should be implemented immediately, focussing on those that allow the production of more agricultural product per unit of input. For demand-side measures, given the difficulties in their implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policy should be introduced quickly, and should aim to codeliver to other policy agenda, such as improving environmental quality or improving dietary health. These problems facing humanity in the 21st Century are extremely challenging, and policy that addresses multiple objectives is required now more than ever.

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Recent focus of flood frequency analysis (FFA) studies has been on development of methods to model joint distributions of variables such as peak flow, volume, and duration that characterize a flood event, as comprehensive knowledge of flood event is often necessary in hydrological applications. Diffusion process based adaptive kernel (D-kernel) is suggested in this paper for this purpose. It is data driven, flexible and unlike most kernel density estimators, always yields a bona fide probability density function. It overcomes shortcomings associated with the use of conventional kernel density estimators in FFA, such as boundary leakage problem and normal reference rule. The potential of the D-kernel is demonstrated by application to synthetic samples of various sizes drawn from known unimodal and bimodal populations, and five typical peak flow records from different parts of the world. It is shown to be effective when compared to conventional Gaussian kernel and the best of seven commonly used copulas (Gumbel-Hougaard, Frank, Clayton, Joe, Normal, Plackett, and Student's T) in estimating joint distribution of peak flow characteristics and extrapolating beyond historical maxima. Selection of optimum number of bins is found to be critical in modeling with D-kernel.

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We demonstrate an electrochemical technique for the large scale synthesis of high quality few layer graphene sheets (FLGS) directly from graphite using oxalic acid (a weak acid) as the electrolyte. One of the interesting observations is that the FLGS are stable at least up to 800 degrees C and hence have potential application in solid oxide fuel cells as a gas diffusion layer.

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The agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector is responsible for approximately 25% of anthropogenic GHG emissions mainly from deforestation and agricultural emissions from livestock, soil and nutrient management. Mitigation from the sector is thus extremely important in meeting emission reduction targets. The sector offers a variety of cost-competitive mitigation options with most analyses indicating a decline in emissions largely due to decreasing deforestation rates. Sustainability criteria are needed to guide development and implementation of AFOLU mitigation measures with particular focus on multifunctional systems that allow the delivery of multiple services from land. It is striking that almost all of the positive and negative impacts, opportunities and barriers are context specific, precluding generic statements about which AFOLU mitigation measures have the greatest promise at a global scale. This finding underlines the importance of considering each mitigation strategy on a case-by-case basis, systemic effects when implementing mitigation options on the national scale, and suggests that policies need to be flexible enough to allow such assessments. National and international agricultural and forest (climate) policies have the potential to alter the opportunity costs of specific land uses in ways that increase opportunities or barriers for attaining climate change mitigation goals. Policies governing practices in agriculture and in forest conservation and management need to account for both effective mitigation and adaptation and can help to orient practices in agriculture and in forestry towards global sharing of innovative technologies for the efficient use of land resources. Different policy instruments, especially economic incentives and regulatory approaches, are currently being applied however, for its successful implementation it is critical to understand how land-use decisions are made and how new social, political and economic forces in the future will influence this process.

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The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria, especially biofilm-associated Staphylococci, urgently requires novel antimicrobial agents. The antibacterial activity of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is tested against two gram positive: S. aureus and S. epidermidis and two gram negative: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Ultrasmall AuNPs with core diameters of 0.8 and 1.4 nm and a triphenylphosphine-monosulfonate shell (Au0.8MS and Au1.4MS) both have minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of 25 x 10(-6)m Au]. Disc agar diffusion test demonstrates greater bactericidal activity of the Au0.8MS nanoparticles over Au1.4MS. In contrast, thiol-stabilized AuNPs with a diameter of 1.9 nm (AuroVist) cause no significant toxicity in any of the bacterial strains. Ultrasmall AuNPs cause a near 5 log bacterial growth reduction in the first 5 h of exposure, and incomplete recovery after 21 h. Bacteria show marked membrane blebbing and lysis in biofilm-associated bacteria treated with ultrasmall AuNP. Importantly, a twofold MIC dosage of Au0.8MS and Au1.4MS each cause around 80%-90% reduction in the viability of Staphylococci enveloped in biofilms. Altogether, this study demonstrates potential therapeutic activity of ultrasmall AuNPs as an effective treatment option against staphylococcal infections.

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Background: In the post-genomic era where sequences are being determined at a rapid rate, we are highly reliant on computational methods for their tentative biochemical characterization. The Pfam database currently contains 3,786 families corresponding to ``Domains of Unknown Function'' (DUF) or ``Uncharacterized Protein Family'' (UPF), of which 3,087 families have no reported three-dimensional structure, constituting almost one-fourth of the known protein families in search for both structure and function. Results: We applied a `computational structural genomics' approach using five state-of-the-art remote similarity detection methods to detect the relationship between uncharacterized DUFs and domain families of known structures. The association with a structural domain family could serve as a start point in elucidating the function of a DUF. Amongst these five methods, searches in SCOP-NrichD database have been applied for the first time. Predictions were classified into high, medium and low-confidence based on the consensus of results from various approaches and also annotated with enzyme and Gene ontology terms. 614 uncharacterized DUFs could be associated with a known structural domain, of which high confidence predictions, involving at least four methods, were made for 54 families. These structure-function relationships for the 614 DUF families can be accessed on-line at http://proline.biochem.iisc.ernet.in/RHD_DUFS/. For potential enzymes in this set, we assessed their compatibility with the associated fold and performed detailed structural and functional annotation by examining alignments and extent of conservation of functional residues. Detailed discussion is provided for interesting assignments for DUF3050, DUF1636, DUF1572, DUF2092 and DUF659. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the structure and potential function for nearly 20 % of the DUFs. Use of different computational approaches enables us to reliably recognize distant relationships, especially when they converge to a common assignment because the methods are often complementary. We observe that while pointers to the structural domain can offer the right clues to the function of a protein, recognition of its precise functional role is still `non-trivial' with many DUF domains conserving only some of the critical residues. It is not clear whether these are functional vestiges or instances involving alternate substrates and interacting partners. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Drs Eugene Koonin, Frank Eisenhaber and Srikrishna Subramanian.

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Merocyanine dyes that exhibit antithetic cyaninelike behaviour and giant first-order hyperpolarisability (beta) values have been designed. These cyanine-type dyes open up an intriguing route towards molecular-based electrooptic materials as well as new second-harmonic generation dyes for imaging.

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结果表明,Al吸附Ga后可使发现位错的临界应力强度因子从K_(Ie)=0.5MPam~(1/2)降为K_(Ie)(L)=0.4Mpam~(1/2);对Cu则从K_(Ie)=0.55MPam~(1/2)降为K_(Ie)(L)=0.45MPam~(1/2),即Ga吸附后能促进位错的发现。另外,吸附Ga之后裂尖前方容易产生空位团及Frank位错。

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En el presente estudio se evaluó la influencia de rotaciones de cultivo y métodos de control de malezas, sobre la cenosis de malezas, y el crecimiento y rendimiento de frijol común. El ensayo se realizó en la época de primera con el establecimiento de los cultivos antecesores (mayo - agosto, 1994), y se continuo durante la postrera con el cultivo principal (septiembre - diciembre, 1994), en la estación experimental La Compañía, ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos, Carazo. Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas, arreglados en bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. El factor A, estuvo constituido por las rotaciones: al: maíz - frijol, a2: sorgo - frijol, a3: frijol - frijol y a4: malezas - frijol. En el factor B, se incluyeron los controles de malezas: bl: control con cobertura de maíz, b2: control mecánico (azadón a los 21 días después de la siembra) y b3: control químico (fluazifop-butyl más fomesafen en dósis de 1.421/ha de cada uno de los herbicidas). Los resultados muestran que las rotaciones de cultivo tuvieron influencia sobre los niveles de enmalezamiento, siendo más efectiva la rotación maíz-frijol y sorgo frijol en reducir la abundancia y la acumulación de peso seco. Los rendimientos de grano fueron superiores en la rotación malezas-frijol, en cambio la rotación frijol - frijol obtuvo rendimiento bajo debido principalmente a la alta incidencia y severidad de mustia hilachosa (Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk). La mejor rentabilidad la presentó la rotación malezas-frijol. En referencia a los controles de malezas, el control químico efectuó un control satisfactorio de las malezas, mientras que los controles cobertura de maíz y mecánico fueron insuficientes por la predominancia de malezas de hoja ancha contra las cuales no existe especificidad de dichos controles. A pesar de lo anterior la mejor rentabilidad se obtuvo en el control mecánico, ya que alcanzó buenos rendimientos y los costos de control de malezas son inferiores al control químico.

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Este trabajo consistió en un diagnóstico fitosanitario que se llevó a cabo durante la época de postrera (1995 1996), en la Región Pacífico sur de Nicaragua que comprende los departamentos de Rivas, Granada, Masaya y Carazo. El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer la problemática fitosanitaria del frijol en la zona. Para ello se seleccionaron productores de la zona, los cuales constituyeron la muestra de estudio. Los resultados indican que las principales plagas son Femitia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homóptera: Aleyrodidae) y Vaginutus plebema Fisher, (Gastropoda). Las medidas de control para el caso de la Femitia tabaci (Gennadius) fue básicamente cultural Mustia hilachosa Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk pudo haber sido la principal causa de bajos rendimientos en la zona presentándose en los lotes de frijol común de forma virulenta. También se presentó la mancha angular (Isariopsis griseola (Sacc) Ferr), la antracnosis (Colletotribum Indemuthimun Sacc Magnus) y la virosis. Para el caso de las malezas, las de mayor presencia en la zona fueron: Claunmelins dittiusa, Burn, f. (siempre viva), Cyperus spp. (coyolillo), Baltumara recta L. (me caso no me caso), Cynadan dactylon (L.) Pers (zacate gallina), Sida acuta Burn F. (escoba lisa), Ixofhonus unisetus K. B. Presl. (zacate dulce) y Paspalum conjugatum (pasto horqueta). En análisis económico del estudio en la zona indica que la producción en el ciclo estudiado no fue rentable globalmente hablando, ya que el 62 por ciento de los productores no recuperaron lo invertido en el ciclo productivo. Se pudo conocer por medio del estudio el poco apoyo técnico y económico por parte de los organismos gubernamentales y la banca estatal que tienen los productores de la zona, pudiendo esto haber sido un factor que incidiera en aspectos tales como la reducción de las áreas establecidas y altos costos de producción.

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Durante el ciclo de primera (mayo-agosto) 1996, se realizó el presente trabajo en la estación experimental La Compañía, ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos departamento de Carazo. Los objetivos fueron: evaluar la efectividad e influencia de tres sistemas de labranzas (cero, mínima y convencional), y tres métodos de control de malezas (pre­ emergente más post-emergente, pre-emergente más chapia y pre-emergente más cobertura), sobre la dinámica de las malezas, la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad mustia hilachosa del frijol común (Phaseolu vulgaris L.) causada por el hongo Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donck, el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de frijol. El diseño utilizado en el experimento fue de Bloques Completamente al Azar donde sus tratamientos fueron arreglados en un parcelas divididas. En la parcela grande se estableció el factor labranzas de suelo y en la parcela pequeña los controles de malezas. Los datos recopilados de las variables en estudio fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y comparaciones de medias por Duncan al 5 por ciento. Los resultados muestran que labranza convencional y el control de malezas pre-emergente más cobertura obtuvieron los mejores resultados en la reducción de la abundancia y dominancia de malezas, de igual forma labranza convencional presentó la menor diversidad de malezas con el control de malezas pre-emergente más chapia. Respecto a las variables de crecimiento en frijol, labranza cero y mínima y el control de malezas pre-emergente más cobertura resultaron con mayores promedios de altura de plantas. En cuanto a las variables del rendimiento en el cultivo del frijol común, labranza cero obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de grano con (1923.9 kg/ha) y el control de malezas pre­ emergente más cobertura con (1719.4 kg/ha), no así labranza convencional presentó el menor rendimiento de grano con (1470.3 kg/ha) y el control de malezas pre-emergente más post-emergente con (1634.8 kg/ha). La comparación de individuos/m2 en el banco de semillas versus individuosfm2 en el campo muestra que los individuos con mayor porcentaje de germinación fueron Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers, lxophorus unisetus K. B. Presl, Cyperus rotundus L y Ageratum conyzoides L, encontrando mayor número de individuosfm2 en el banco de semillas (invernadero). Los resultados del análisis económico a través del presupuesto parcial y de dominancia muestra que labranza cero y el control de malezas pre-emergente más post - emergente presentó mayor rentabilidad a nivel de costos y beneficios más altos, ya que sus costos son moderados y se obtienen ingresos netos rentables. La mayor taza de retomo marginal se obtiene al cambiar de labranza mínima (pre emergente más cobertura) a labranza cero (pre-emergente más cobertura) con una tasa de retomo marginal de 2 454 (C$/ha).

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El ensayo se realizó en el Centro Experimental La Compañía, San Marcos, Carazo, en la época de postrera (Octubre—Diciembre) del 2003. Se evaluaron 16 genotipos de frijol negro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), con el objetivo de seleccionar genotipos promisorios que se adapten a los sistemas de producción del departamento de Carazo y agroecosistemas similares, en aras de presentarles alternativas de producción a los agricultores de esta zona. El presente ensayo se estableció en un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar (BCA), con tres repeticiones. Se estudió el rendimiento y sus componentes; variables fenológicas como días a floración, días a madurez fisiológica y hábito de crecimiento. Se realizó un análisis de varianza para las variables en estudio y la separación de medias por Tukey según la severidad. En cuanto a las variables fenológicas se observó variabilidad de las poblaciones en estudio para los caracteres de días a floración y madurez fisiológica, sobresaliendo por precocidad los genotipos como Guaymí y PRF9809 – 6. En el hábito de crecimiento se observó que en su mayoría fueron indeterminados IIb, ya que solo un genotipo presentó indeterminado IIa el EAP 9712 – 13, donde los componentes del rendimiento, el número de granos por vainas y el peso de 100 granos presentaron diferencias significativas; los mejores rendimientos los obtuvieron los genotipos PRF 9924– 50N y B 2037 con 779.33 y 714.67 kg/ha, respectivamente, y el que presentó bajo rendimiento fue el genotipo ICTA Ligero con 205.33 kg/ha. A nivel de campo la mayoría de los materiales en estudio presentaron síntomas catalogados como una categoría intermedia a la enfermedad Mustia hilachosa Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk.