Da casta ao terroir

Pela import��ncia atual ��� e crescente ��� que o vinho tem na economia portuguesa, pela margem existente para a apresenta����o de temas de reflex��o que acrescentem valor ao posicionamento do setor, pela experi��ncia pessoal e paix��o pela ��rea, decidi elaborar a minha disserta����o numa tem��tica enquadr��vel no setor do vinho, em particular no vinho Alvarinho proveniente do terroir que representa a Denomina����o de Origem Vinho Verde Sub-regi��o de Mon����o e Melga��o. A estrutura deste estudo assenta em duas dimens��es: a primeira, numa perspetiva local, assente na recente decis��o de alargar a Denomina����o Origem Vinho Verde Alvarinho a todas as sub-regi��es que integram a Regi��o dos Vinhos Verdes, com efeitos em 2021. Pelo que se procurar�� mostrar a import��ncia da rela����o desta casta com o seu terroir de origem e, perante esta interliga����o, qual o fator mais importante a utilizar na comunica����o do vinho. A segunda prende-se com a dimens��o internacional que se pretende para o Alvarinho no mercado dos grandes vinhos brancos mundiais, onde encontramos castas brancas de renome como a Chardonnay e a Riesling, face a esta exposi����o e �� crescente aposta na casta a n��vel mundial, como agir perante a potencial amea��a que representa a entrada dos pa��ses do ���Novo Mundo���. Posto isto, �� neste contexto que se coloca a quest��o que est�� na g��nese desta disserta����o: de que forma o terroir contribui como fator de diferencia����o e de vantagem competitiva do Alvarinho produzido na Denomina����o de Origem Vinho Verde Sub-regi��o Mon����o e Melga��o no mercado dos grandes vinhos brancos mundiais? Cuja resposta poder�� em grande parte estar, no meu entendimento, na an��lise de um caso de sucesso, que nesta disserta����o �� representada pelo trabalho realizado em torno do Rieseling produzido no Vale de Mosel e que contribuiu para que este tivesse conquistado a sua reputa����o.

Prefer��ncia alimentar e identifica����o das principais fontes de repasto sangu��neo de f��meas Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) em ��reas end��micas para leishmaniose visceral na grande Natal

Leishmaniasis are endemic diseases wild spread in the New and Old World, caused by the flagelated protozoan Leishmania. In the New World, the distribution of different forms of leishmaniasis is mostly in tropical regions. In the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil, 85% of the captured sand flies fauna is Lutzomyia longipalpis. The distribution of the sand fly vector in the state overlaps with the disease distribution, where the presence of sand flies is associated with presence of animals shelters. The aim of this study was to analyse the blood meal preference of sand flies vector from the genus Lutzomyia spp. in laboratory conditions, to verify the vector life cicle at different temperatures sets and to identify the main blood meal source in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) at peri-urban regions of Natal. Sand flies samples were collected from the municipalities of S��o Gon��alo do Amarante and N��sia Floresta where female sand flies were grouped for the colony maintenance in the laboratory and for the analysis of the preferred source of sand fly blood meal in natural environment. The prevalence of blood meal preference and oviposition for the females sand flies was 97% for Cavia porcellus with oviposition of 19 eggs/female; 97% for Eqqus caballus with 19 eggs/female; 98% for human blood with 14 eggs/female; 71.3% for Didelphis albiventris with 8.4 eggs/female; 73% for Gallus gallus with 14 eggs/female; 86% for Canis familiaris with 10.3 eggs/female; 81.4% for Galea spixii with 26 eggs/female; 36% for Callithrix jachus with 15 eggs/female; 42.8% for Monodelphis domestica with 0% of oviposition. Female sand flies did not take a blood meal from Felis catus. Sand flies life cycle ranged from 32-40 days, with 21-50 oviposition rates approximately. This study also showed that at 32��C the life cycle had 31 days, at 28�� C it had 50 days and at 22��C it increased to 79 days. Adjusting the temperature to 35��C the eggs did not hatch, thus blocking the life cycle. A total of 1540 sand flies were captured, among them, 1.310 were male and 230 were female. Whereas 86% of the sand flies captured were Lu. longipalpis as compared to 10.5% for Lu. evandroi and, 3.2% for L. lenti and 0.3% for Lu whitmani. The ratio between female and male sandfly was approximately 6 males to 1 female. In N��sia Floresta, 50.7% of the collected females took their blood meal from armadillo, 12.8% from human. Among the female sand flies captured in S��o Gon��alo do Amarante, 80 of them were tested for the Leishmania KDNA infectivity where 5% of them were infected with Leishmania chagasi. Female Lutzomyia spp. showed to have an opportunistic blood meal characteristic. The behavioral parameters seem to have a higher influence in the oviposition when compared to the level of total proteins detected in the host s bloodstream. A higher Lu. longipalpis life cycle viability was observed at 28��C. The increase of temperature dropped the life cycle time, which means that the life cycle is modified by temperature range, source of blood meal and humidity. Lu longipalpis was the most specie found in the inner and peridomiciliar environment. In N��sia Floresta, armadillos were the main source of blood meal for Lutzomyia spp. At S��o Gon��alo do Amarante, humans were the main source of blood meal due to CDC nets placed inside their houses

Entre o mar e a escola: os processos formadores que se entrela��am nas hist��rias escolares das mulheres pescadoras artesanais da Ilha dos Marinheiros ��� RS

A presente investiga����o se insere na linha de pesquisa Educa����o, Linguagens e Utopias do Programa de P��s-Gradua����o em Educa����o da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande ��� PPGEDU\FURG e teve como problem��tica central compreender quais s��o os processos formadores que se entrela��am nas hist��rias escolares das mulheres pescadoras artesanais da Ilha dos Marinheiros, situada ��s margens da Lagoa dos Patos, na cidade do Rio Grande (RS). A pesquisa justificou-se em virtude da desvaloriza����o do trabalho desenvolvido pelas mulheres pescadoras artesanais dentro do ciclo produtivo pesqueiro artesanal, as quais buscaram a escola novamente em suas vidas por meio de um Projeto de Educa����o formal destinado a jovens e adultos moradores de uma comunidade tradicional de pesca artesanal. A investiga����o constru��da se enquadra na metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa. A produ����o dos dados constituiu-se de quatro encontros junto a tr��s mulheres pescadoras artesanais e foram utilizados diferentes instrumentos investigativos para produ����o dos dados: entrevistas semiestruturadas e observa����es registradas em Di��rio de Campo. Para a interpreta����o dos fen��menos investigados, utilizou-se a An��lise Textual Discursiva (ATD), composta primeiramente pela unitariza����o dos dados, seguido da categoriza����o dos mesmos, capta����o do novo emergente e a reconstru����o textual. Compreende-se a metodologia de pesquisa como parte integrante da constru����o cont��nua de todo o processo investigativo. O estudo fundamentou-se nas contribui����es te��ricas de autores como Maria Cristina Maneschy, Paulo Freire, Caroline Terra de Oliveira, Ant��nio Diegues, entre outros. Neste estudo foram tr��s as categorias que emergiram: A escola do hoje e a escola do ontem: as experi��ncias escolares das mulheres pescadoras artesanais; A volta �� escola para mulheres pescadoras artesanais: constru����o de sentimentos de emancipa����o; O que dizem as mulheres pescadoras artesanais sobre a profiss��o. Nesta ��ltima categoria as participantes da pesquisa falaram sobre o que �� ser pescadora artesanal e se apresentaram enquanto profissionais da pesca artesanal, assim como reconheceram a atua����o das fam��lias em prol das comunidades tradicionais. Na primeira categoria, os di��logos com as participantes da pesquisa, aliados as interlocu����es te��ricas possibilitaram a compreens��o sobre o que pensam e dizem as mulheres pescadoras artesanais sobre suas experi��ncias escolares, apresentado suas viv��ncias escolares em escolas distintas, por��m ambas as experi��ncias compuseram seus processos de escolariza����o. Contudo, enfatiza-se na segunda categoria que voltar �� escola possibilitou novas releituras de mundo para as pescadoras artesanais, fortalecendo a autonomia das mulheres em prol da luta pela valoriza����o da categoria em meio �� crise socioambiental enfrentada pelas comunidades pesqueiras tradicionais.

How to develop the brand Monte da Ravasqueira in the Brazilian market

This paper studies the development of the brand Monte da Ravasqueira, in the Brazilian market. A brief industry analysis, together with the evaluation of microfactors, was undertaken in order to define a positioning statement, which would suit this specific brand. In addition, three strategic options were suggested in order to enter this market, followed by a marketing and communication plan. To conclude, a financial forecast was undertaken in order to examine the potential of the project.

Aplica����o de microssat��lites na crioconserva����o da diversidade gen��tica do cavalo lusitano

O g��nero Equus teve origem na Am��rica do Norte e alguns exemplares migraram para a Eur��sia pelo Estreito de Bering, durante a ��ltima glacia����o. No fim da glacia����o, todos os cavalos do continente americano extinguiram-se, mas sobreviveram nas estepes da Eur��sia, na Peninsula lb��rica e nas florestas da Europa Ocidental e Central. O cavalo Lusitano teve a sua origem em cavalos selvagens e domesticados da Peninsula lb��rica, ocorrendo uma mistura com outros animais trazidos por eventos migrat��rios ocorridos no passado. Os cavalos deste gene pool contribuiram para o desenvolvimento de outras ra��as modernas na Europa e foram mais tarde introduzidos e dispersos pelo continente Americano, tornando-se fundadores de numerosas ra��as do novo mundo. A ra��a Lusitana �� uma ra��a equina aut��ctone portuguesa, com especial relevancia econ��mica no panorama nacional e internacional. Apesar de n��o ser uma ra��a amea��ada, alguns autores defendem que a informa����o geneal��gica disponivel (pedigrees) indica que uma utiliza����o excessiva de um reduzido n��mero de reprodutores machos esta a diminuir a diversidade gen��tica da ra��a, tendo como consequ��ncia o aumento da consanguinidade e a diminui����o do tamanho efetivo da popula����o para cerca de metade dos valores recomendados pela FAO. No entanto, a an��lise da diversidade gen��tica com base em 16 microssat��lites (Marcadores de DNA) a um grupo de 2699 machos da ra��a Lusitana, nascidos entre 1985 e 2010 e inscritos como reprodutores no Livro Geneal��gico da ra��a, revelou um elevado n��vel de diversidade, id��ntico ao encontrado na maioria das ra��as equinas. Dada a crescente relev��ncia da Crioconserva����o, omo estrat��gia complementar para a conserva����o da diversidade gen��tica in situ, e tendo em conta que n��o existe criopreserva����o de oocitos, embri��es ou s��men, do cavalo de ra��a Lusitana em Banco de Genes, selecionaram-se 62 machos reprodutores (garanh��es) com interesse gen��tico para a criopreserva����o de s��men, quer no sentido de preservar a diversidade da ra��a quer no da salvaguardar em caso de calamidade; ABSTRACT: The genus Equus originated in North America and some exemplary migrated to Eurasia through the Bering Strait during the last glaciation. By the end of the last glaciation, all horses on the American continent became extinct but the genus survived in the steppes of Eurasia, in the Iberian Peninsula and on the Central and West Europe forests. The Lusitano horse breed has its origins in wild and domesticated horses of the Iberian Peninsula, where a mixture with other animals brought by migratory events in the past occurred. The horses of this gene pool contributed to the development of other modern breeds in Europe and were later introduced and spread throughout the American continent, becoming founders of numerous breeds of the New World. The Lusitano horse breed, is a Portuguese native equine breed, with special economic relevance in the national and international scene. Although not being an endangered breed, some authors argue that the available genealogical information (pedigrees) indicates that an excessive use of a limited number of stallions is decreasing the genetic diversity of the breed, resulting in the increase of inbreeding and on the decrease of the effective population size to about half of the values recommended by FAO. However, the analysis of genetic diversity based on 16 microsatellites (DNA markers) in a group of 2699 males of the Lusitano horse breed, born between 1985 and 2010 and registered as Stallions in the Studbook, revealed a high level of diversity similar to that found in the majority of equine breeds. Given the growing relevance of Cryopreservation as a complementary strategy for the conservation of genetic diversity in situ and, taking into consideration the inexistence of criopreservation for oocytes, embryos and semen, in a Gene Bank, for the Lusitano horse breed, 62 breeding males (stallions) with genetic interest for semen cryopreservation were selected in order either to preserve the diversity of the breed or as safeguard in case of calamity.

Centros hist��ricos e desenvolvimento urbano: um estudo comparativo entre os programas Monumenta no Brasil e Polis em Portugal

Both the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century have been characterized as a period of major political, economic, social and cultural transformations. Two of the major consequences of the political-economical crisis of the end of last century are the restructuring of capitalist production, and the consolidation of neoliberalism as a worldwide phenomenon. This new world political-economical scenario has influenced, in a dialectic way, the contemporary urban development. In that sense, "new" spatial processes and new paradigms in both urban management and urban planning have gained shape. In this context of urban transformations, the central areas of western cities, also known as historic centers, are being increasingly (re)valued. Since the Second World War, the historic centers urban areas which have great infrastructure and symbolic relevance had been undergoing a process of evasion of population and activities, undeniably linked to the neglect of government authorities. However, in recent decades, the question of historic centers rehabilitation has acquired a growing interest, academically and in political agendas. The object of this dissertation is to focus on how the government of each Brazil and Portugal has dealt with the issue of historic center rehabilitation through programs of urban rehabilitation

Do the crabs Goniopsis cruentata and Ucides cordatus compete for mangrove propagules? A field-based experimental approach

Mangroves are under threat worldwide by deforestation, overexploitation and climate change. The availability and consumption rates of propagules influence mangrove recruitment and can play a major role in their viability and restoration potential. We assess the potential trophic competition between Goniopsis cruentata and Ucides cordatus, two dominant crab species in the New World, by experimentally comparing herbivory levels between forest stands with varying crab abundance. We hypothesize that herbivory rates (HR) of G. cruentata will be lower in mangroves where it coexists with U. cordatus than in mangroves where U. cordatus is absent. The removal of Rhizophora mangle propagules was very rapid, and HR were overall high and increased through time. However, HR did not differ significantly between mangroves with and without the potential trophic competitor U. cordatus. Our study did not support previous literature indications of food competition between these two crab species, which seem to have developed strategies for competition avoidance.

Empleo de la diplomacia preventiva por parte de la Organizaci��n de Naciones Unidas en el conflicto de Kosovo de 1998-1999

En el inter��s de alcanzar la estabilidad y promover el mantenimiento de la paz internacional, la diplomacia preventiva nace como un concepto generador de estrategias encaminadas a actuar antes, durante y despu��s del conflicto. El siguiente documento busca analizar el funcionamiento de los instrumentos de diplomacia preventiva empleados por las Naciones Unidas en la crisis de Kosovo de 1998 y 1999. Esta crisis surgida a ra��z del conflicto entre el gobierno serbio y un movimiento disidente, conocido como el Ej��rcito de Liberaci��n Albano-Kosovar, que pretend��a darle un perfil m��s aut��nomo al territorio y a la poblaci��n albano-kosovar, revel�� una serie de debilidades estructurales que sigue enfrentando este mecanismo en la resoluci��n de conflictos ��tnicos al interior de los Estados.

Gastrodiplomacia como herramienta de pol��tica exterior. estudio de caso: Per��

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la manera mediante la cual Peru�� ha incor- porado la gastrodiplomacia a su estrategia de diplomacia cultural como componente de su poli��tica exterior. Con el fin de cumplir este propo��sito, se va a defender que desde el 2008 el pai��s Inca ha incorporado la gastrodiplomacia a su estrategia de diplomacia cultural em- pleando dos herramientas. Primero, a trave��s de su Plan de Poli��tica Exterior Cultural, en donde se sen��alan objetivos claros en temas de gastronomi��a. En segundo lugar, con el uso de su marca pai��s mediante la cual se promociona al Peru�� como un pai��s atractivo gracias a su amplia oferta gastrono��mica. El trabajo es de cara��cter anali��tico y descriptivo ya que pretende entender la manera en la que Peru�� incorporo�� la gastrodiplomacia en su poli��tica exterior y describir esos objetivos y caracteri��sticas de su Plan de Poli��tica Exterior Cultural y de su estrategia de marca pai��s.

Francisco Pizarro' s banner of arms: an analytical work contributing to latin America's history

The study of textiles is an open area of scientific research, which for its variety of material components and physical chemical diversity of conditions, makes a field of interest for scientific studies in the cultural heritage field. Archaeological/historical textiles offer the possibility to carry out studies on organic materials such as fibers, adhesion elements, dyes, paper, etc., as well as on inorganic compounds for instance metals, alloys, precious stones and other added ornamentation. That variety of composition, allow to use a combination of analytical techniques to solve the questions coming from the object in an archaeometric research. One kind of textile object that provides a valuable cultural information because of its linguistic representation employed by its carrier societies, are the flags/banners/emblems, objects made with a nonverbal communication purpose. As long as depending on the use and/or purpose of each object, varies both the materials/techniques used in its production and its iconography (style, color, emblem, shape), its study gives the possibility to extract information through their materials and manufacturing techniques about a temporal-spatial frame, a particular event or a specific character. The flags/banners have been used since the eleventh century as representative objects of power, hierarchy, social or military organization, or as communicative media. The use of these objects has been spread throughout the world, possibly due to its easy interpretation and/or appropriation by different societies, making it part of their own culture. The flags as symbols of territorial control, using emblems that represent a family, order or army, were introduced to the New World (America) with the arrival of the European conquerors at the end of the fifteenth century. Flags/banners representing the Royal dominion over conquered territories, the Catholic Church and conquistadors��� armies were the first to arrive. One of those flags that have endured over time, that have an invaluable cultural meaning for both American and Iberian societies, is the so-called Francisco Pizarro���s Banner of Arms. It is a textile object with metal threads decoration over a Royal emblem. According to historical sources, this object was used by Francisco Pizarro in 1532 on the conquest process of Peru, after received the permission by King Charles V to on behalf of him, to conquer the lands of the New World today known as Peru. After Pizarro���s control of the Inca territory, it is believed that Pizarro left his banner on top of the Inca���s Sun���s Temple as symbol of his rule. Centuries later, in the America libertarian campaigns, General Sucre, military at charge of the independence army in Peru, reports have found what he considered the Pizarro���s Banner, sending it to Bogot�� as a symbol of victory, being kept since that time until today by the National Museum of Colombia. Due to historical discrepancies in the different movements of the so-called Pizarro���s Banner of Arms, its real meaning has been under discussion and because of the passage of time its physical condition has suffer deterioration. That is because its scientific study is now an interesting case study to respond to both historical and conservation questions of it. Through a collaboration with the National Museum of Colombia, a set of 25 samples of so-called Pizarro���s Banner of Arms were collected, covering the various components and areas from the object of study. These samples were subjected to analytical studies for physical and chemical characterization. Microscopic observation, VSEM-EDS analysis, Raman spectroscopy, chromatographic analysis (HPLC-MS, GCMS) and radiocarbon dating were done. Similarly, was sought through a direct in situ physical inspection to the object and through a research into historical sources, adequate information to solve the object���s problems. Results obtained allowed to identify as silk the textile used in the elaboration of the Banner���s fabric, as well as the use of natural dyes for dyeing the fibers used on the emblem: use of cochineal and brazil wood as a source of red, luteolin plant-based for yellow color, indigotine plant-based for blue, and a mixture of yellow and blue dyes for green were identified. Similarly, the use of animal glue in the manufacturing process and the use of rag paper was evident. The metal threads study from the Banner give a confirmation to a silver core wire gilded with a thin gold sheet, being flattened and entwined with silk threads for their use. Finally, using the radiocarbon results, it was possible to postulate with huge accuracy that the Banner date manufacture was between the XV-XVI century and subject to restoration processes with addition of textiles in modern times. Together with, was evident that the state of degradation of the fabric is due to natural degradation in the silk fibers, having that its color has faded and its mechanical properties decreased, leading to loss of rigidity and disappearance of the physical structure. Similarly, it was clear the original colors of the emblem and highlight problems of detachment of paper due to crystallization of the adhesive. In the same way, was found that the metal threads suffer corrosion by sulfur and detachment of its crystals. Finally, combining the analytical results and the historical sources data found from the so-called Francisco Pizarro���s Banner of Arms, allows to postulate that its manufacture process was done in Europe employing precious materials to obtain a long-life object with a deep message for its viewers. Also, the data obtained helps to support the possible idea that the object was employed by Francisco Pizarro in the Peru conquest process. However, by the symbols present in the object, its elaboration date and materials, this object its clearly unique in its kind, and the most important, by its linguistic message, does not represent to Francisco Pizarro or his army, meanwhile, represents the Spanish crown. Therefore, instead to be labeled as Francisco Pizarro���s Banner of Arms, it should be called the Colonial Royal Banner of Charles V in the New World; RESUMEN: El estudio de textiles es un ��rea abierta de investigaci��n cient��fica, la cual por su variedad de componentes materiales y la diversidad de condiciones f��sico-qu��micas presentes en estos objetos, lo hace un campo de inter��s para estudios cient��ficos en el patrimonio cultural. Los textiles arqueol��gicos/hist��ricos brindan la posibilidad de realizar estudios en materiales org��nicos como fibras, elementos de adhesi��n, tinturas, papel, etc., e inorg��nicos como metales, aleaciones, piedras preciosas y dem��s materiales decorativos a��adidos. Por su variedad de composici��n, es posible emplear diversas t��cnicas anal��ticas para resolver aquellas preguntas propias del objeto en una investigaci��n arqueom��trica. Uno de los objetos textiles que brinda gran informaci��n cultural debido a su representaci��n ling����stica empleada por las sociedades portadoras, son las banderas/estandartes/emblemas. Donde var��a dependiendo de su uso y/o prop��sito, los materiales empleados en su elaboraci��n, al igual que su iconograf��a (estilo, color, emblema, forma). El estudio de estos objetos construidos con un prop��sito de comunicaci��n no verbal, da la posibilidad de extraer informaci��n a trav��s de sus materiales y t��cnicas de elaboraci��n sobre un rango temporal-espacial, un evento determinado en la historia o incluso a un personaje en espec��fico. Las banderas han sido empleadas desde el siglo XI como objetos representativos de poder, jerarqu��a, organizaci��n social o militar, o como medio de comunicaci��n. El uso de estos objetos se ha extendido a lo largo del mundo posiblemente debido a su f��cil interpretaci��n y/o apropiaci��n por distintas sociedades, haci��ndolo parte de su cultura. Las banderas como s��mbolos de control territorial, empleando s��mbolos que representan a una familia, orden o armada fueron introducidas a el Nuevo Mundo (Am��rica) con la llegada de los conquistadores europeos al final del siglo XV. Las banderas/estandartes que representaban el dominio Real sobre territorios dominados, la iglesia cat��lica y las banderas de ej��rcitos y/o conquistadores fueron las primeras en llegar al nuevo mundo. Una de aquellas banderas que ha soportado el paso del tiempo, teniendo un gran valor cultural tanto para las sociedades americanas como para las ib��ricas, es el denominado Estandarte de armas de Francisco Pizarro. Siendo un objeto textil con decoraci��n en hilos met��licos sobre un emblema Real. De acuerdo a fuentes hist��ricas, este objeto fue usado por Francisco Pizarro en 1532 en el proceso de conquista del Per��, quien recibe por parte del Rey Carlos V el poder para que, en su nombre, Pizarro pueda conquistar las tierras del nuevo mundo hoy conocidas como Per��. Luego del dominio de Pizarro sobre el territorio Inca, se cree que Pizarro dej�� su estandarte en la cima del templo Inca del sol como s��mbolo de su control. Siglos m��s tarde, en las campa��as libertarias de Am��rica, el General Sucre, militar encargado de la armada independentista en Per��, reporta haber encontrado lo que ��l considera como el estandarte de Pizarro, envi��ndolo a Bogot�� como muestra de victoria, siendo custodiada desde ese momento por el Museo Nacional de Colombia hasta la actualidad. Debido a discrepancias hist��ricas, el verdadero significado del llamado estandarte de Pizarro ha sido objeto de discusi��n y debido del pasar del tiempo su estado de conservaci��n se ha deteriorado. Dejando de este modo, un caso de estudio interesante para que por medio de estudios cient��ficos al objeto se pueda dar respuesta a preguntas tanto hist��ricas como de conservaci��n del mismo. De este modo, por medio de una colaboraci��n con el Museo Nacional de Colombia, se obtuvo un juego de 25 muestras del llamado Estandarte de armas de Francisco Pizarro, abarcando los diferentes componentes y ��reas del objeto de estudio. Dichas muestras fueron sometidas a estudios anal��ticos para su caracterizaci��n f��sico-qu��mica. An��lisis de observaci��n al microscopio, an��lisis VSEM-EDS, espectroscopia Raman, an��lisis cromatogr��ficos (HPLC-MS, GC-MS) y dataci��n por radiocarbono catorce fueron realizados. Del mismo modo, por medio de una inspecci��n f��sica al objeto in situ y una profunda investigaci��n en fuentes hist��ricas del mismo, se busc�� la informaci��n adecuada para resolver sus problem��ticas. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar como seda el textil empleado en la elaboraci��n del estandarte, as�� como el uso de colorantes naturales para te��ir las fibras en el emblema: uso de cochinilla y palo de Brasil como fuente del color rojo, plantas a base de luteolin para el color amarillo, plantas a base de indigotina para el color azul y mezcla de colorantes amarillos y azules para el color verde fueron identificadas. Del mismo modo se evidencio el uso de adhesivos animales y el uso de papel de trapos en el proceso de manufactura. El estudio de los hilos met��licos, permiti�� evidenciar el uso de alambres con n��cleos de plata con un fino recubrimiento de oro en su exterior, siendo aplanados y entrelazados con hilos de seda para su uso. Finalmente usando la dataci��n por radiocarbono, fue posible conocer con alta precisi��n que el estandarte fue elaborado entre los siglos XV-XVI y sufri�� procesos de restauraci��n con a��adidura de textiles en tiempos modernos. Junto a lo anterior, es posible postular que el estado de degradaci��n de la tela es debido a degradaci��n natural en las fibras de seda, teniendo as�� que su color se ha desvanecido y sus propiedades mec��nicas disminuidas, conllevando a perdida de rigidez y desaparici��n de la estructura. Del mismo modo se pudo conocer los colores originales del emblema y evidenciar problemas de desprendimiento del papel debido a cristalizaci��n del adhesivo. Asimismo, se comprob�� que los hilos met��licos presentan corrosi��n por azufre y desprendimiento de sus cristales. Finalmente, combinando los resultados anal��ticos y la informaci��n de fuentes hist��ricas encontradas del llamado Estandarte de armas de Francisco Pizarro, se puede postular que su elaboraci��n fue realizada en Europa, usando materiales preciosos para obtener un objeto de larga vida con un profundo mensaje para sus observadores. Tambi��n, los datos obtenidos ayudan a dar soporte la posible idea de que este objeto fue usado por Francisco Pizarro en el proceso de conquista del Per��. Sin embargo, debido a los s��mbolos presentes en el objeto, fecha y materiales de elaboraci��n, este objeto es claramente ��nico en su tipo, y lo m��s importante, por su mensaje ling����stico, este no representa a Francisco Pizarro o su armada, al contrario, representa a la Corona de Espa��a. Por ende, en vez de denominarse como Estandarte de armas de Francisco Pizarro, este objeto deber��a nombrarse como el Estandarte Real de la Colonia de Carlos V en el Nuevo Mundo.

Individuals in the Workplatform. Exploring Implications for Work Identity and Algorithmic Reputation Management

In the new world of work, workers not only change jobs more frequently, but also perform independent work on online labor markets. As they accomplish smaller and shorter jobs at the boundaries of organizations, employment relationships become unstable and career trajectories less linear. These new working conditions question the validity of existing management theories and call for more studies explaining gig workers��� behavior. Aim of this dissertation is contributing to this emerging body of knowledge by (I) exploring how gig workers shape their work identity on online platforms, and (II) investigating how algorithmic reputation changes dynamics of quality signaling and affects gig workers��� behavior. Chapter 1 introduces the debate on gig work, detailing why existing theories and definitions cannot be applied to this emergent workforce. Chapter 2 provides a systematic review of studies on individual work in online labor markets and identifies areas for future research. Chapter 3 describes the exploratory, qualitative methodology applied to collect and analyze data. Chapter 4 presents the first empirical paper investigating how the process of work identity construction unfolds for gig workers. It explores how digital platforms, intended both as providers of technological features and online environments, affect this process. Findings reveal the online environment constrains the action of workers who are pushed to take advantage of platform���s technological features to succeed. This interplay leads workers to develop an entrepreneurial orientation. Drawing on signaling theory, Chapter 5 understands how gig workers interpret algorithmic calculated reputation and with what consequences for their experience. Results show that, after complying to platform���s rules in the first period, freelancers respond to algorithmic management through different strategies ��� i.e. manipulation, nurturing relationships, and living with it. Although reputation scores standardize information on freelancers��� quality, and, apparently, freelancers��� work, this study shows instead responses to algorithmic control can be diverse.

Iberian and Latin American Music Scholarship on the Ascent: Reflections from the United States

In the early twentieth century, musicology was established as an academic discipline in the United States. Nonetheless, with the exception of Iberian medieval and Renaissance repertories, U.S. scholars largely overlooked the music of the Spanish- and Portuguese- speaking world. Why should this have been the case, especially in light of Spain���s strong historical presence in the United States? This autobiographical essay examines this question by tracing the career of an individual musicologist, the Hispanist musicologist Carol A. Hess. Evaluated here are disciplinary shifts in U.S. musicology ���methodological, philosophical, and ideological��� over the past thirty years. These transformations have combined to make this repertory a viable field of study today. Musicologists in the United States can now make their careers by specializing in Iberian and Latin American music, as well as the music of the Hispanic diaspora. They research topics ranging from the avant-garde composer Lloren�� Barber to the rapper Nach Scratch or the popular bandleader Xavier Cugat and his U.S. audiences of the 1940s, while others also pursue the time-tested areas of medieval and Renaissance music. Iberian and Latin American music is regularly offered in postsecondary institutions while instructors now have a variety of textbooks and other pedagogical resources from which to choose. All add up to a disciplinary freedom that would have been unthinkable only a few decades ago.

New trends in world wine consumption and its impact on the Spanish wineries during the second half of the twentieth century

The main goal of this research is explain the impact of the new trends of wine consumption, and the way these enterprises adapted to the circumstances. The hypothesis is that the Spanish companies had to start a deep and traumatic restructuring process, with the aim of surviving adequately in the changeable wine national and international markets. Heavy technological investments were made, with serious finance problems, during the eighties and nineties. We will see this from two specific cases, the Cooperatives "San Isidro" and "Rosario", located in the Region of Murcia, in the Spanish southeast.

Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2011-2012: Continuing crisis in the centre and new opportunities for developing economies

Includes bibliography

Forum for East Asia-Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC): new biregional trade and investment relations in a changing world economic environment$c

Includes bibliography