Moritz von Sachsen /

No more published.

Friedrich I. und das Wormser concordat.

Mode of access: Internet.

Moritz, Herzog und Churfürst zu Sachsen : eine Darstellung aus dem Zeitalter der Reformation /

Documents in German and Latin in "Beilagen": v. 2, p. [175]-367.

Die protestation der evangelischen Stände auf dem Reichstage zu Speyer im Jahre 1529 /

Includes bibliographical references.

Geschichte des Reichstages zu Speyer in dem Jahre 1529 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Das Interim in Württemberg

Includes bibliographical references.

Trophic shifts in three subtropical Australian halfbeaks (Teleostei : Hemiramphidae)

To elucidate the trophic status of hemiramphids, the diets of three species from subtropical south-east Queensland were investigated. All undergo a marked ontogenetic trophic shift from an animal to plant diet, which occurred between 50 and 70mm standard length (L-s) for Arrhamphus sclerolepis krefftii ( freshwater) and between 80 and 110mm L-s for both Hyporhamphus regularis ardelio and H. quoyi ( both marine). After the ontogenetic shift, the diet of A. sclerolepis krefftii is dominated by filamentous algae, whereas the diet of the two marine species is dominated by Zostera capricorni. The two marine species feed mainly during the day, with gut fullness dropping markedly after dusk. Neither showed evidence of a diel trophic shift between herbivory and carnivory that has been reported for other hemiramphids. The lack of diel trophic switching in these subtropical hemiramphids may suggest that latitudinal effects on daylength and/or water temperature may influence the extent to which hemiramphids switch periodically to animal prey from an otherwise essentially herbivorous diet in order to balance their nutrient requirements.

Características físico-químicas, sensoriais e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de cabras saanen alimentadas com cactáceas

The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of the supply of five types of native and exotic cacti Brazilian semiarid northeast on the sensory characteristics of milk of Saanen goats. Five multiparous goats were used with nine weeks of lactation, average live weight of 50 kg ± 4 kg., confined and distributed in a Latin square design 5 x 5 with five experimental diets and five periods. Each period lasted 17 days, with 10 days of adaptation to the diets of the animals and seven days for the data collection. The treatments were defined based on dry matter consisted of: 47.33 to 50.12% of a cactus (“Xiquexique”, “Mandacaru”, “Facheiro” or two species of forage cactus “Miúda” or “Orelha de Elefante Mexicana”) more 18.78 to 19.79% hay of plant “Sabiá” and 31.10 to 32.89% of concentrate. There was not effect of the experimental diets in the physical and chemical composition of milk for fat, total solids and salts, which showed mean values of 3.24%; 11.30% and 0.66%, respectively. However the protein, lactose, nonfat dry extract and freezing point were affected by diets. In the profile of fatty acids was higher concentration of fatty short and medium chain fatty acids, however, there were not changes between treatments, except for the butyric acid (C4:0), with mean values of 4.24% (“Orelha de Elefante Mexicana”) to 6.05% (“Facheiro”). The diets also did not provide sensory changes in milk for the parameters: odor, flavor, aftertaste and overall assessment. The use of the five cactus in the diet of dairy goats do not influence the sensory characteristics and lipid profile of milk. The physical and chemical composition of milk was showed within the minimum requirements of current legislation, except for nonfat dry extract and freezing point.

Ecologia trófica de uma comunidade de lagartos da caatinga

The trophic ecology studies issues related to the diet of individuals within a community .The relation between the body size of the predator and the prey size, individual specialization and niche breadth are some of the issues that can be discussed by it .I collected the lizards using pitfall trap, glue and active collecting traps in a fragment of Caatinga. The most common species in this community were Tropidurus hispidus, T. semitaeniatus and Cnemidophorus ocellifer. The visits to the farm also relied on collecting invertebrates at each season to understand how the nutritional resources of lizards were presented in each one of them. I tried to answer some questions : 1) If there was a positive relation between body size of the predator and the size of prey of the community ; 2) If in different seasons the relation of body size of the predator and the maximum and/or minimum size of the prey would be positive ; 3) If species with different foraging strategies have positive relation on the size of the predatorprey relation; 4) If the seasonality would influence on the individual expertise of lizards community and more common species; 5) If the breadth of the niche would be influenced by seasonality ; 6) If more individuals with different morphology between them would present less similar diet. I found that there was indeed a positive relationship between size of prey and predator, but nonexistent related to the minimum size of prey; Among the seasons relative size of predators and prey was different for the maximum and minimum size, but was positively related only to the size of the maximum prey. And comparisons between different foraging strategies had the maximum and minimum line inclination greater than zero and different from each other; individual specialization was not influenced by seasonality and the niche breadth was wider in the dry season only to T. semitaeniatus. At last I didn't find a significant negative relationship between morphological dissimilarity and similarity of diet.

Caldo de cana desidratado na ração de codornas de corte

In order to evaluate the effect of levels of dehydrated cane juice sugar (DCJS) (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5%) in the diet of European quail (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) on performance on performance, carcass characteristics and economical at 22 days of age indices, 192 quails cutting, were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates of eight birds each There was no significant difference to the performance of quail in any of the periods. Quadratic effects of levels of DCJS on carcass weight (y = 173.71 + 4.2767x – 1.2644x², R² = 0.99), thigh-thigh more about (y = 36,055 + 1,1263x – 0,2256x², R² = 0.91) and abdominal fat (y = 3,3295 - + 0.8903x 0,19x2, R ² = 0,97) where the optimum levels were estimated 1,69; 2.50 and 2.34%, respectively. There was a linear effect descending of DCJS levels on weight breast with skin (y = 66.267 – 0.5653x, R² = 0.83) and without skin (y = 60.286 – 0.7193x, R² = 0.58). In economic analysis, one can observe higher profit to the producer with the use of conventional feed. However, between the levels of inclusion of sugar cane juice is observed that the level of 1.5% DCJS obtained the best results in economic analysis, obtaining only a difference of relative gross margin of 0.47% compared to conventional. It is recommended 1.69 and 2.50% DCJS for higher carcass, thigh + drumstick weight and lower percentage of abdominal fat quails, respectively.

Desenvolvimento de métodos para quantificação de benzilpenicilina em medicamentos veterinários e seus resíduos em leite bovino e caprino por UFLC-DAD

The Benzylpenicillin (PENG) have been as the active ingredient in veterinary medicinal products, to increase productivity, due to its therapeutic properties. However, one of unfortunate quality and used indiscriminately, resulting in residues in foods exposed to human consumption, especially in milk that is essential to the diet of children and the ageing. Thus, it is indispensable to develop new methods able to detect this waste food, at levels that are toxic to human health, in order to contribute to the food security of consumers and collaborate with regulatory agencies in an efficient inspection. In this work, were developed methods for the quality control of veterinary drugs based on Benzylpenicillin (PENG) that are used in livestock production. Additionally, were validated methodologies for identifying and quantifying the antibiotic residues in milk bovine and caprine. For this, the analytical control was performed two steps. At first, the groups of samples of medicinal products I, II, III, IV and V, individually, were characterized by medium infrared spectroscopy (4000 – 600 cm-1). Besides, 37 samples, distributed in these groups, were analyzed by spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and near infrared region (UV VIS NIR) and Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatograph coupled to linear arrangement photodiodes (UFLC-DAD). The results of the characterization indicated similarities, between PENG and reference standard samples, primarily in regions of 1818 to 1724 cm-1 of ν C=O that shows primary amides features of PENG. The method by UFLC-DAD presented R on 0.9991. LOD of 7.384 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ of 2.049 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The analysis shows that 62.16% the samples presented purity ≥ 81.21%. The method by spectroscopy in the UV VIS NIR presented medium error ≤ 8 – 12% between the reference and experimental criteria, indicating is a secure choice for rapid determination of PENG. In the second stage, was acquiring a method for the extraction and isolation of PENG by the addition of buffer McIlvaine, used for precipitation of proteins total, at pH 4.0. The results showed excellent recovery values PENG, being close to 92.05% of samples of bovine milk (method 1). While samples of milk goats (method 2) the recovery of PENG were 95.83%. The methods for UFLC-DAD have been validated in accordance with the maximum residue limit (LMR) of 4 μg Kg-1 standardized by CAC/GL16. Validation of the method 1 indicated R by 0.9975. LOD of 7.246 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ de 2.196 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The application of the method 1 showed that 12% the samples presented concentration of residues of PENG > LMR. The method 2 indicated R by 0.9995. LOD 8.251 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ de 2.5270 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The application of the method showed that 15% of the samples were above the tolerable. The comparative analysis between the methods pointed better validation for LCP samples, because the reduction of the matrix effect, on this account the tcalculs < ttable, caused by the increase of recovery of the PENG. In this mode, all the operations developed to deliver simplicity, speed, selectivity, reduced analysis time and reagent use and toxic solvents, particularly if compared to the established methodologies.

Desenvolvimento de métodos para quantificação de benzilpenicilina em medicamentos veterinários e seus resíduos em leite bovino e caprino por UFLC-DAD

The Benzylpenicillin (PENG) have been as the active ingredient in veterinary medicinal products, to increase productivity, due to its therapeutic properties. However, one of unfortunate quality and used indiscriminately, resulting in residues in foods exposed to human consumption, especially in milk that is essential to the diet of children and the ageing. Thus, it is indispensable to develop new methods able to detect this waste food, at levels that are toxic to human health, in order to contribute to the food security of consumers and collaborate with regulatory agencies in an efficient inspection. In this work, were developed methods for the quality control of veterinary drugs based on Benzylpenicillin (PENG) that are used in livestock production. Additionally, were validated methodologies for identifying and quantifying the antibiotic residues in milk bovine and caprine. For this, the analytical control was performed two steps. At first, the groups of samples of medicinal products I, II, III, IV and V, individually, were characterized by medium infrared spectroscopy (4000 – 600 cm-1). Besides, 37 samples, distributed in these groups, were analyzed by spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and near infrared region (UV VIS NIR) and Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatograph coupled to linear arrangement photodiodes (UFLC-DAD). The results of the characterization indicated similarities, between PENG and reference standard samples, primarily in regions of 1818 to 1724 cm-1 of ν C=O that shows primary amides features of PENG. The method by UFLC-DAD presented R on 0.9991. LOD of 7.384 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ of 2.049 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The analysis shows that 62.16% the samples presented purity ≥ 81.21%. The method by spectroscopy in the UV VIS NIR presented medium error ≤ 8 – 12% between the reference and experimental criteria, indicating is a secure choice for rapid determination of PENG. In the second stage, was acquiring a method for the extraction and isolation of PENG by the addition of buffer McIlvaine, used for precipitation of proteins total, at pH 4.0. The results showed excellent recovery values PENG, being close to 92.05% of samples of bovine milk (method 1). While samples of milk goats (method 2) the recovery of PENG were 95.83%. The methods for UFLC-DAD have been validated in accordance with the maximum residue limit (LMR) of 4 μg Kg-1 standardized by CAC/GL16. Validation of the method 1 indicated R by 0.9975. LOD of 7.246 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ de 2.196 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The application of the method 1 showed that 12% the samples presented concentration of residues of PENG > LMR. The method 2 indicated R by 0.9995. LOD 8.251 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ de 2.5270 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The application of the method showed that 15% of the samples were above the tolerable. The comparative analysis between the methods pointed better validation for LCP samples, because the reduction of the matrix effect, on this account the tcalculs < ttable, caused by the increase of recovery of the PENG. In this mode, all the operations developed to deliver simplicity, speed, selectivity, reduced analysis time and reagent use and toxic solvents, particularly if compared to the established methodologies.

Ácidos orgânicos e probiótico na redução da colonização de Salmonella enterica Heidelberg em frangos de corte

In the food industry, Salmonella sp. and other pathogens represent a major threat as potential causes of foodborne diseases. The Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (SH) has a great importance to public health, being currently the most frequent serotype in the official control analyzes carried out in Brazil’s Southern. In this region are concentrated the largest poultry flocks, contributing over 60 % of Brazilian production of chicken meat. To help prevent and minimize infections by pathogenic bacteria, in addition to attend the standards of biosecurity in the field and good hygiene and sanitizing programs in the industry, there is the possibility to control directly on the poultry breeding. Use of organic acids added in the diet of the fowls has an antibacterial action. In the other hand, the use of probiotics has been shown to prevent enteric diseases. This dissertation was divided into two chapters and aimed to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative reduction of SH in broiler chickens. In the first chapter the aim was to collect information on the prevalence rate of SH strain in broiler chickens. This coefficient was 100 %, being a suitable method for determining the frequency of salmonellosis in broiler chickens. In the second chapter five treatments were evaluated (a positive control and four tests), in order to reduce the colonization of SH in broilers, using organic acids and probiotic during production phase. In SH count related to the colonization of the cecum at 28 days of age differences were observed (p<0,05) among treatments. The Treatment 2 showed a count of 41 most probable number of bacterial cells per gram (MPN/g) with lower counts when compared to the positive control (5.106 MPN/g) and treatment 1 (1.354 MPN/g). The evaluation index of infected birds, there was a difference between treatments. In treatment 2, and treatment 4 reduced 58,34 % and 25 % respectively the number of fowls infected with SH. There was no effect of treatments on the performance. Administration of organic acids and probiotic used in the treatment 2 proved to be an effective tool in the SH control in broilers at 28 days of age.

Contribuição para a avaliação da dieta do golfinho-comum (Delphinus delphis) na costa continental portuguesa

O golfinho-comum (Delphinus delphis) é uma das espécies de cetáceos mais abundantes e mais amplamente distribuídas em todo o planeta, sendo a espécie mais abundante ao longo da costa continental portuguesa. Algumas das suas principais presas apresentam um elevado interesse comercial estando por isso, muitas vezes, associado a capturas acidentais em artes de pesca. Contudo, estudos mais recentes sobre os hábitos alimentares desta espécie na costa portuguesa são escassos. Assim, este estudo visa contribuir para a avaliação da ecologia alimentar deste cetáceo na costa portuguesa através de índices de importância numérica, ocorrência e do peso estimado, permitindo descrever a dieta não só em termos qualitativos, mas também em termos quantitativos. Foram examinados os conteúdos estomacais de 55 golfinhoscomuns arrojados na costa continental portuguesa (norte e centro) entre 2004 e 2015. De um total de 6699 presas identificadas, 66% pertenciam à classe dos peixes, 32% eram cefalópodes e 3% eram crustáceos. As espécies-presa de peixes mais importantes em termos de importância numérica foram os góbios (Gobiidae) e o carapau (Trachurus sp.). Em relação à ocorrência foram o góbio (Gobiidae) e a sardinha (Sardina pilchardus), seguidas de carapau, as espécies predominantes. Relativamente ao peso, a sardinha foi a espécie-presa predominante, seguida de faneca (Trisopterus luscus) e carapau. Quanto aos cefalópodes, a lula-bicuda (Alloteuthis sp.) foi a espécie mais importante, tanto em termos de importância numérica como em termos de ocorrência. A lula-comum (Loligo sp.) foi a mais importante em termos de peso total estimado. As espécies demersais dominaram a dieta do golfinho-comum, com uma percentagem numérica de 40%. Foram detetadas diferenças entre machos e fêmeas na composição da dieta relativamente à sardinha. Foram detetadas diferenças entre indivíduos maturos e imaturos na composição da dieta relativamente à lula-bicuda. A diversidade de presas observada nos conteúdos estomacais do golfinho-comum sugere um comportamento oportunista, consumindo as presas mais abundantes, localmente. As interações com as artes de pesca podem levar a uma elevada mortalidade destes mamíferos marinhos. Deste modo, a realização de estudos sobre os hábitos alimentares de cetáceos permitem uma melhor compreensão das possíveis interações com a pesca, e a melhoria de estratégias de conservação para evitar a morte destes animais.