A Case of Mesenteric Pseudocyst Causing a Massive Abdominal Swelling

We present the case of a 55-year-old man, with a self-limited febrile condition associated to polyserositis with inconclusive investigation. Bilateral pleural and pericardial effusions resolved. The peritoneal fluid loculated and was compatible with an exudate. The patient remained clinically asymptomatic. Two years later, examination revealed a palpable and painless abdominal mass, which imaging study suggested a cystic lesion. Surgical resection was performed and the histological examination revealed a mesenteric pseudocyst. Mesenteric pseudocysts are rare intra-abdominal cystic masses, mostly benign, without causing specific symptoms. Although imaging tests are useful for their differential diagnosis, the histology is mandatory.

Potencial terapêutico de um heparinóide isolado do invertebrado marinho Litopenaeus vannamei

The occurrence of bioactive compounds in marine organisms comes awaking the interest of the pharmaceutical industry. Heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide which presence was already identified in several marine invertebrates, is very attractive due its remarkable functional versatility. Besides to intervene in blood coagulation, this molecule has a great anti-inflammatory potential. However, its strong anticoagulant activity difficult the clinical exploitation of its anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the aims of this work were to evaluate the effect of a heparin-like compound (heparinoid), isolated from the cephalotorax of the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, on the inflammatory response, hemostasia and synthesis of antithrombotic heparan sulfate by endothelial cells, besides studying some aspects concerning its structure. The purified heparinoid was structurally characterized following an analytical boarding, involving electrophoresis and chromatography. The structural analysis have shown that this compound possess a high content of glucuronic acid residues and disulfated disaccharide units. In contrast to mammalian heparin, the heparinoid was incapable to stimulate the synthesis of heparan sulfate by endothelial cells in the tested concentrations, beyond to show reduced anticoagulant activity and hemorrhagic effect. In a model of acute inflammation, the compound isolated from the shrimp reduced more than 50% of the cellular infiltration. Besides reduce the activity of MMP-9 and proMMP-2 of the peritoneal lavage of inflamed animals, the heparinoid also reduced the activity of MMP-9 secreted by activated human leukocytes. These results demonstrate the potential of heparinoid from L. vannamei to intervene in the inflammatory response. For possessing reduced anticoagulant activity and hemorrhagic effect, this compound can serve as a structural model to direct the development of more specific therapeutical agents to the treatment of inflammatory diseases

Dor abdominal em adolescente

Doente do sexo feminino de 16 anos de idade, recorreu ao serviço de urgência por dor abdominal com duas semanas de evolução localizada à fossa ilíaca esquerda (FIE) associada a obstipação. Negava atividade sexual, referindo último cataménio três semanas antes. Apresentava palpação abdominal dolo- rosa na FIE, sem defesa ou sinais de irritação peritoneal. Estudo analítico inicial e exame sumário de urina normais. Ecografia abdomino-pélvica revelou quisto complexo na região anexial esquerda e ascite de médio volume. Foi doseada a hormona gonadotrofina coriónica sérica que foi positiva (2608 mUI/mL). A ecografia transvaginal revelou quisto simples com área adjacente de aspeto reticular, não evidenciando qualquer imagem de saco gestacional intrauterino. Foi submetida a laparotomia exploradora, constatando-se hemoperitoneu e gravidez ectópica tubar esquerda e efetuada salpingectomia esquerda. Os autores pretendem alertar para uma causa rara de dor abdominal na adolescência, que deverá ser considerada de for- ma a evitar um desfecho potencialmente fatal.

Modelado orientado a objetos del sistema de control de la presión arterial en pacientes sometidos al tratamiento de hemodiálisis

Se ha realizado el modelado orientado a objetos del sistema de control cardiovascular en situaciones de diálisis aplicando una analogía eléctrica en el que se emplean componentes conectados mediante interconexiones. En este modelado se representan las ecuaciones diferenciales del sistema cardiovascular y del sistema de control barorreceptor así como las ecuaciones dinámicas del intercambio de fluidos y solutos del sistema hemodializador. A partir de este modelo se ha realizado experiencias de simulación en condiciones normales y situaciones de hemorragias, transfusiones de sangre y de ultrafiltración e infusión de fluido durante tratamiento de hemodiálisis. Los resultados obtenidos muestran en primer lugar la efectividad del sistema barorreceptor para compensar la hipotensión arterial inducida por los episodios de hemorragia y transfusión de sangre. En segundo lugar se muestra la respuesta del sistema de control ante diferentes tasas de ultrafiltración durante la hemodiálisis y se sugieren valores óptimos para la adecuada operación.

Purificação, caracterização e efeitos imunomodulatório e antiproliferativo de uma lectina do fungo Clavaria cristata (Holmsk.) Pers

A 140,0 kDa lectin was purified and characterized from the mushroom Clavaria cristata. The purification procedures from the crude extract of the mushroom comprised gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl s200 and ion exchange on Resource Q column. The purified lectin agglutinated all types of human erythrocytes with preference for trypsinized type O erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activity is dependent of Ca 2+ ions and was strongly inhibited by the glycoprotein bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) up to the concentration of 0, 125 mg/mL. The C. cristata lectin (CcL) was stable in the pH range of 2,5-11,5 and termostable up to 80 °C. CcL molecular mass determined by gel filtration on a Superose 6 10 300 column was approximately 140,3 kDa. SDS polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single band with a molecular mass of approximately 14,5 kDa, when the lectin was heated at 100 ⁰C in the presence or absence of β-mercaptoethanol. CcL induced activation of murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro resulting in the release of nitric oxide (NO), reaching the maximum production at 24 h. In experimental paw oedema model in mice, CcL showed proinflammatory activity being able to induce oedema formation. Cell viability of HepG2, MDA 435 e 3T3 cell lines was examined after 72 h of incubation with CcL in different concentrations (0,5-50 μg/mL). CcL inhibited HepG2 cells growth with an IC50 value of 50 μg/mL. In the present work, the observed immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects indicate CcL as a possible immunomodulator compound, interfering in the macrophages immune response, taking possible anti-parasitic, anti-tumoral effects or diagnostic and/or therapeutic

Diet, microbes and gut immune responses in the pathogenesis of experimental type 1 diabetes

Type 1diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, which is influenced by a variety of environmental factors including diet and microbes. These factors affect the homeostasis and the immune system of the gut. This thesis explored the altered regulation of the immune system and the development of diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Inflammation in the entire intestine of diabetes-prone NOD mice was studied using a novel ex-vivo imaging system of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), in relation to two feeding regimens. In parallel, gut barrier integrity and intestinal T-cell activation were assessed. Extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammation and decreased barrier integrity were sought for by studying peritoneal leukocytes. In addition, the role of pectin and xylan as dietary factors involved in diabetes development in NOD mice was explored. NOD mice showed expression of RONS especially in the distal small intestine, which coincided with T-cell activation and increased permeability to macromolecules. The introduction of a casein hydrolysate (hydrolysed milk protein) diet reduced these phenomena, altered the gut microbiota and reduced the incidence of T1D. Extra-intestinally, macrophages appeared in large numbers in the peritoneum of NOD mice after weaning. Peritoneal macrophages (PM) expressed high levels of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase M (IRAK-M), which was indicative of exposure to ligands of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Intraperitoneal LPS injections activated T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PaLN) and thus, therefore potentially could activate islet-specific T cells. Addition of pectin and xylan to an otherwise diabetes-retarding semisynthetic diet affected microbial colonization of newly-weaned NOD mice, disturbed gut homeostasis and promoted diabetes development. These results help us to understand how diet and microbiota impact the regulation of the gut immune system in a way that might promote T1D in NOD mice.

Influência do tempo e dose de heparina em modelo de peritonite aguda

In the last years, heparin has become target of many studies related to inflammation due its ability of biding to proteins involved on immune response. Recently, it was demonstrated, at our laboratory, using a thIoglycollate-induced peritonitis model, heparin s capacity of reduce cellular influx into the peritoneal cavity, 3 hours after the inflammatory stimulus. Once neutrophilic infiltration is highest around 8 hours after the inflammatory stimulus, at the present work, using the same peritonitis model, it was assessed heparin s ability of keeping the interference on leukocyte infiltration, 8 hours after inflammation induction. Moreover, using cellular differential count, it was evaluated how the cellular populations involved in the inflammatory process would be affected by the treatment. Eight hours after the inflammatory stimulus, only heparin dosage of 1 μg/Kg was able to reduce the cellular influx to peritoneum, 62.8% of reduction when compared to positive control (p < 0.001). Furthermore, heparin dosage of 15 μg/Kg presented a pro-inflammatory effect in whole blood verified by the increase of 60.9% (p < 0.001) and 117.8% (p < 0.001) on neutrophils and monocytes proportion, respectively, when compared to positive control. In addition, this dosage also presented a neutrophilic proportion on peritoneal fluid 27.3% higher than positive control (p < 0.05). This duality between anti- and pro-inflammatory effects at different times corroborates studies that attribute a pleiotropic immunomodulator role to heparin.

Update on imaging of ovarian cancer

This review will make familiar with new concepts in ovarian cancer and their impact on radiological practice. Disseminated peritoneal spread and ascites are typical of the most common (70–80 %) cancer type, highgrade serous ovarian cancer. Other cancer subtypes differ in origin, precursors, and imaging features. Expert sonography allows excellent risk assessment in adnexal masses. Owing to its high specificity, complementary MRI improves characterization of indeterminate lesions. Major changes in the new FIGO staging classification include fusion of fallopian tube and primary ovarian cancer and the subcategory stage IIIA1 for retroperitoneal lymph node metastases only. Inguinal lymph nodes, cardiophrenic lymph nodes, and umbilical metastases are classified as distant metastases (stage IVB). In multidisciplinary conferences (MDC), CT has been used to predict the success of cytoreductive surgery. Resectability criteria have to be specified and agreed on in MDC. Limitations in detection of metastases may be overcome using advanced MRI techniques.

Polissacarídeos sulfatados de interesse farmacológico no camarão litopenaeus schimitti

Sulfated Polysaccharides with unique chemical structures and important biological activities has been found in a diversity of sea invertebrates. For that, to exist a huger interest on the biotechnology field in the research theses sulfated compounds isolated from sea organisms. Despite the privileged brazilian position for these compounds attainment, there are still a few scientific informations about the isolated substances and their biological activities. A head the displayed, the present work has for objectives, to evaluate the pharmacological properties of the glycosaminoglycans isolated from the sea shrimp Litopenaeus schimitti on homeostasis, blood coagulation, leukocytes migration and platelet/leukocyte adhesion. For this, yhe glycosaminoglycans were extracted from crustacean tissues by proteolysis, fractionation with acetone and later submitted to pharmacological assays. The crustacean tissues showed compounds heparin-like, with anticoagulant activity of 45 IU/mg and 90 IU/mg, respectively. These molecules showed low residual hemorrhagic effects in the tested concentration (100 µg/mL), when compared to unfractionated commercial heparin (UFH). Another dermatan sulfate-like compound, predominately constituted for disulfated disaccharides, was isolated from crustacean abdomen. This compound showed an efficient effect on leukocytes migration inhibition, in the concentration of 15 µg/mL, reducing the cellular infiltration in 65% when compared to the controlled animals. In this same concentration, the DS reduced in 60% the protein concentration of the peritoneal exudates. In the concentration, this compound of 0.5 mg/mL, it was capable to reduce in 40% platelet/leukocytes adhesion. Our data demonstrate that these sulfated polysaccharides isolated from the shrimp L. schimitti will can be used as bioactive compounds, appearing as active principles for pharmacological development, anticoagulants and inflammatory response regulators

Avaliação do potencial anti-inflamatório de composto tipo heparina (cCTH) extraído do caranguejo Goniopsis cruentata em modelo experimental de peritonite

Heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide, was the first compound used as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent. Due to their structural characteristics, also has great potential anti-inflammatory, though such use is limited in inflammation because of their marked effects on coagulation. The occurrence of heparin-like compounds that exhibit anticoagulant activity decreased in aquatic invertebrates, such as crab Goniopsis cruentata, sparked interest for the study of such compounds as anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential modulator of heparin-like compound extracted from Goniopsis cruentata in inflammatory events, coagulation, and to evaluate some aspects of its structure. The heparin-type compound had a high degree of N-sulphation in its structure, being able to reduce leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity at lower doses compared to heparin and diclofenac sodium (anti-inflammatory commercial). Furthermore, it was also able to inhibit the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha by activated macrophages, inhibited the activation of the enzyme neutrophil elastase in low concentrations and showed a lower anticoagulant effect in high doses as compared to porcine mucosal heparin. Because of these observations, the compound extracted from crab Goniopsis cruentata can be used as a structural model for future anti-inflammatory agents

Primary fallopian tube carcinoma: review of MR imaging findings

Objectives To review the epidemiological and clinical features of primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC), and to illustrate the spectrum of MRI findings, with pathological confirmation. Methods This article reviews the relevant literature on the epidemiological, clinical, and imaging features of primary fallopian tube carcinoma, with pathological confirmation, using illustrations from the authors’ teaching files. Results Primary fallopian tube carcinoma came under focus over the last few years due to its possible role on the pathogenesis of high-grade serous epithelial ovarian and peritoneal cancers. Typical symptoms, together with the presence of some of the most characteristic MRI signs, such as a Bsausage-shaped^ pelvic mass, hydrosalpinx, and hydrometra, may signal the presence of primary fallopian cancer, and allow the radiologist to report it as a differential diagnosis. Conclusions Primary fallopian tube carcinoma has a constellation of clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging features, which may be diagnostic. Although these findings are not present together in the majority of cases, radiologists who are aware of them may include the diagnosis of primary fallopian tube cancer in their report more frequently and with more confidence. Teaching Points • PFTC may be more frequent than previously thought • PFTC has specific clinical and MRI characteristics • Knowledge of typical PFTC signs enables its inclusion in the differential diagnosis • PFTC is currently staged under the 2013 FIGO system • PFTC is staged collectively with ovarian and peritoneal neoplasms

Evaluación del abordaje diagnóstico del trauma abdominal en la Unidad de Emergencia del Hospital Nacional Rosales.

El trauma abdominal es la tercera causa de muerte. Durante años se han utilizado muchos métodos diagnósticos para la evaluación del trauma abdominal: actualmente los utilizados son el lavado peritoneal diagnóstico, el cual es muy sensible pero invasivo y la ultrasonografía en formato enfocado FAST, una buena opción. Igualmente la tomografía computarizada ha mostrado buena sensibilidad diagnostica y ser no invasiva. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de seguimiento de una cohorte de pacientes que consultaron con trauma abdominal en la Unidad de Emergencia del HNR en el periodo de junio 2012 a mayo 2013, en quienes se utilizó métodos diagnósticos para dicho trauma abdominal. Se realizó también evaluación de pruebas diagnósticas. Resultados: Se encontró una muestra de 278 pacientes que cumplían criterios de inclusión. El lavado peritoneal fue el método más utilizado en nuestra serie en 147 pacientes (52.9%) seguido por el FAST 128 (46%). La modalidad de uso del lavado peritoneal fue de indicación en los pacientes con estado de choque y Glasgow más severo, y en traumas abiertos. La sensibilidad del lavado peritoneal fue de 100%, con especificidad del 87.5, y del FAST sensibilidad del 100% y especificidad del 91,80%. Conclusiones: El lavado peritoneal diagnóstico en nuestra serie fue el método más utilizado y en los pacientes con mayor grado de severidad de choque y Glasgow.

Deficiencies in education and experience in the management of acute kidney injury among Malawian healthcare workers

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common but under-recognised disease process, which carries a high risk of mortality or chronic complications, such as chronic kidney disease and other organ dysfunction. Management of AKI, however, is suboptimal, both in developed settings and in Malawi. This is partly because of deficiencies in AKI education and training. Aim To establish current levels of AKI education in a range of healthcare workers in Malawi. Methods An AKI symposium was held in Blantyre in March 2015. Delegates were asked to complete a survey at the start of the symposium to assess their clinical experience and education in the management of AKI. Results From 100 delegates, 89 nurses, clinical officers, and physicians, originating from 11 different districts, responded to the survey. Twenty-two percent of healthcare workers (including 28% of district workers of the various cadres and 31% of nurses) had never received teaching on any aspect of renal disease, and 50% (including 63% of district workers and 61% of nurses) had never received teaching specifically on AKI. Forty-four percent did not feel confident managing AKI, and 98% wanted more support managing patients with renal disease. Thirty-four percent (including 55% of district workers) were unaware that haemodialysis was available at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) for the treatment of AKI and 53% (74% of district workers) were unaware that peritoneal dialysis was available for the treatment of AKI in children. Only 33% had ever referred a patient with AKI to QECH. Conclusions There are deficiencies in education about, and clinical experience in, the management of AKI among Malawian healthcare workers, in addition to limited awareness of the renal service available at QECH. Urgent action is required to address these issues in order to prevent morbidity and mortality from AKI in Malawi.

Modificaciones corporales experimentadas por pacientes con dolencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis

Se objetivó identificar los cambios en la imagen corporal vividos por los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis y su asociación a los datos sociales y clínicos. Estudio transversal, cuya recogida de datos ocurrió entre octubre de 2011 y Febrero de 2012, con una muestra de 178 pacientes, durante la sesión de hemodiálisis en una clínica de referencia en el noreste de Brasil. Los resultados se analizaron con la ayuda de IBM SPSS Statistics versión 19.0, se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, a partir de mediciones de tendencia central y dispersión, además de la estadística de análisis, a través de la prueba de Mann-Whitney, Chi-cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher para verificar la asociación entre los cambios en la imagen corporal y los datos sociales y clínicos. Los resultados indican que los cambios en la imagen corporal que presentaron asociación estadística significativa fueron: cambios en el peso y el sexo, cambios musculoesqueléticos y sexo, tiempo de enfermedad renal crónica y de diálisis, y entre la variable otros y tiempo de enfermedad renal crónica. Se concluye que los pacientes renales crónicos sometidos a hemodiálisis están sujetos a los cambios en su cuerpo, relacionados con su enfermedad y tratamiento, y pueden sufrir la influencia de los datos sociales y clínicos, siendo relevante la promoción de cuidados por parte de las enfermeras que trabajan en las clínicas de hemodiálisis, que también deben tener en cuenta las variables sociales y clínicas, con el fin de obtener un cuidado orientado a las necesidades de esta clientela.

Factores de impacto en la supervivencia del injerto en trasplante renal de donantes con criterios expandidos

El trasplante renal de donantes con criterios expandidos (TRDCE) es una práctica cada vez más común en los centros de trasplante. A pesar de que los resultados de supervivencia del órgano de un DCE sean inferiores a los resultados obtenidos de un donante ideal, el efecto beneficioso del trasplante sobre la supervivencia es superior a permanecer en un programa de diálisis, incluso en pacientes de edad avanzada. Por tanto, identificar los factores de riesgo que pueden influir en la supervivencia de los injertos procedentes de DCE y sus sinergias nos podría ayudar a actuar de forma precoz sobre ellos, mejorando los resultados tanto en término de función renal como de supervivencia, en esta específica población. Al mismo tiempo, analizar la asociación de estos factores en dos periodos de tiempo nos podría aclarar si hemos optimizado el manejo de estos pacientes en aras de mejorar los resultados. Con esta hipótesis planteamos un estudio cuyo objetivos fueron los siguientes: Objetivo principal: Identificar los factores de riesgo y sus sinergias asociados a la supervivencia del injerto en TRDCE. Objetivos secundarios: - Comparar los factores de riesgo y la supervivencia del injerto en dos periodos de tiempo (1999-2004 vs 2005-2011) en estos pacientes que recibían un TRDCE. - Analizar la evolución clínica postrasplante de los pacientes en los dos periodos de tiempo. - Analizar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad en esta población. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte, longitudinal, retrospestivo, con seguimiento y monitorización prospectiva de la información clínica, que fue recogida en una base de datos diseñada para tal fin y que se actualizaba anualmente. El grupo de estudio estaba constituido por pacientes que recibieron un TRDCE de cadáver definido según los criterios de la UNOS, como: 1. Edad igual o mayor de 60 años. Edad entre 50 y 59 años y al menos dos de los siguientes factores de riesgo: el ACV como causa del fallecimiento, historia de HTA o creatinina plasmática en el momento de la extracción igual o mayor de 1.5 mg/dl. Todos los injertos tenían realizada una biopsia pretrasplante. Los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fueron 333 trasplantados consecutivos de un DCE en el Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga entre Febrero de 1999 y Diciembre del 2011. Para el objetivo y el análisis de nuestros resultados dividimos nuestra cohorte en 2 subpoblaciones en función del periodo de tiempo en el que tuvo lugar el TR: Periodo I: años 1999-2004 y Periodo II: años 2005-2011. La mediana del tiempo de seguimiento fue de 68 meses, con un RIC de 39 a 109 meses. El tratamiento inmunosupresor más utilizado (69%) fue la inducción con un anticuerpo frente al receptor CD25 de la interleucina 2 (basiliximab o daclizumab), esteroides, micofenolato mofetilo e introducción tardía de Tacrolimus. La vida mediana del injerto fue de 8.5 años. Así a los 2, 5 y 7 años la supervivencia del injerto no censurada fue del 84%, 73% y 64% respectivamente, mientras que la censurada fue del 88%, 83% y 77%. Tras analizar los resultados, las principales conclusiones de este estudio son: 1- La adecuada selección tanto del DCE y como del receptor presumiblemente proporcionan una aceptable supervivencia tanto del paciente como del injerto. 2- Los factores de riesgo asociados con la pérdida del injerto son la sinergia entre la proteinuria y la función renal al tercer mes postrasplante y el título de anticuerpos citotóxicos superior al 25% en el momento del trasplante. 3- El haber recibido el TR entre los años 2005-2011 es un factor protector para la pérdida del injerto respecto al periodo anterior (años 1999-2004). Los resultados del TRDCE han mejorado en el segundo periodo, tanto en términos de función renal como de supervivencia del injerto. 4- Los factores de riesgo asociados con la muerte del paciente son la edad del receptor y la ECV postrasplante. 5- La suspensión del tratamiento esteroideo es un factor protector para el éxitus del paciente. 6- La infección es la principal causa de muerte del paciente. Por tanto debería considerarse una adecuada individualización de la terapia inmunosupresora en esta población de mayor edad. 7- La mortalidad por causa cardiovascular es inferior en el Periodo II, probablemente debido al mejor control de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y al menor tiempo de seguimiento en esta cohorte