Single Synapse Information Coding in Intraburst Spike Patterns of Central Pattern Generator Motor Neurons

Burst firing is ubiquitous in nervous systems and has been intensively studied in central pattern generators (CPGs). Previous works have described subtle intraburst spike patterns (IBSPs) that, despite being traditionally neglected for their lack of relation to CPG motor function, were shown to be cell-type specific and sensitive to CPG connectivity. Here we address this matter by investigating how a bursting motor neuron expresses information about other neurons in the network. We performed experiments on the crustacean stomatogastric pyloric CPG, both in control conditions and interacting in real-time with computer model neurons. The sensitivity of postsynaptic to presynaptic IBSPs was inferred by computing their average mutual information along each neuron burst. We found that details of input patterns are nonlinearly and inhomogeneously coded through a single synapse into the fine IBSPs structure of the postsynaptic neuron following burst. In this way, motor neurons are able to use different time scales to convey two types of information simultaneously: muscle contraction (related to bursting rhythm) and the behavior of other CPG neurons (at a much shorter timescale by using IBSPs as information carriers). Moreover, the analysis revealed that the coding mechanism described takes part in a previously unsuspected information pathway from a CPG motor neuron to a nerve that projects to sensory brain areas, thus providing evidence of the general physiological role of information coding through IBSPs in the regulation of neuronal firing patterns in remote circuits by the CNS.

L-(2-Quinolyl)-2-naphthol: A new intra-intermolecular photoacid-photobase molecule

Photochemical and photophysical properties of 1-(2-quinolyl)-2-naphthol (2QN) in water and organic solvents, as well in glassy media were studied to investigate the occurrence of intramolecular excited state prototropic reactions between the naphthol and quinoline rings. Spectral data show the two chromophores apparently behaving independently. However, in acid aqueous media or in low polarity solvents a new electronic transition red shifted band with respect to that of the parent compounds assigned to an intramolecular H-bond and to a quinoid form, respectively, shows up. Model calculations and R-X data lend support to a minimum energy conformer having a dihedral angle of similar to 39 degrees between the two groups. Singlet excited state properties (S-1) show a high suppressive effect of one ring over the other, resulting in very low emission yields at room temperature. The occurrence of excited state intramolecular proton transfer is observed in water (zwitter ion form) and in low polarity media (quinoid form) and originates from a previously CT H-bonded state. Phosphorescence data allowed a reasonable description of the electronic states of 2QN. In addition two new derivatives were prepared having the N atom blocked by methylation and both the N and O groups blocked by a CH2 bridge. The spectral data of these two compounds confirmed the attributions made for 2QN. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Natural chromens and chromene derivatives as potential anti-trypanosomal agents

The aim of the study was to investigate the anti-trypanocidal activities of natural chromene and chromene derivatives. Five chromenes were isolated from Piper gaudichaudianum and P. aduncum, and a further seven derivatives were prepared using standard reduction, methylation and acetylation procedures. These compounds were assayed in vitro against epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The results showed that the most of the compounds, especially those possessing electron-donating groups as substituents on the aromatic ring, showed potent trypanocidal activity. The most active compound, [(2S)-methyl-2-methyl-8-(3 ``-methylbut-2 ``-enyl)-2-(4`-methylpent-3`-enyl)-2H-chromene-6-carboxylate], was almost four times more potent than benznidazole (the positive control) and showed an IC50 of 2.82 mu M. The results reveal that chromenes exhibit significant anti-trypanocidal activities and indicate that this class of natural product should be considered further in the development of new and more potent drugs for use in the treatment of Chagas disease.

Antifungal activity of tri- and tetra-thioureido amino derivatives against different Candida species

The in vitro antifungal activity of six thioureido substituted amines (P1-P6) was evaluated against Candida species, including Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. These tri- and tetra-thioureido amino derivatives with different methylation levels were synthesised through easy synthetic routes to evaluate their antifungal properties against Candida species. Among all studied derivatives, the tri-(2-thioureido-ethyl)-amine (P1) was the most active compound inhibiting C. albicans and C. glabrata at a concentration of 0.49 mu g ml(-1); P3, the N,N `,N ``,N ```-hexamethyl-derivative, also showed inhibitory activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata, but in higher concentrations (250 mu g ml(-1)). The N,N `,N ``,N ```-tetramethylated amine (P5) only inhibited the growth of C. glabrata, but its corresponding N,N `,N ``,N ```-octamethyl derivative (P6) was also active against C. glabrata (125 mu g ml(-1)) and it was the only compound active against C. parapsilosis. P2 and P4 showed no significant antifungal activity. The structure-activity relationship of the thioureido-substituted derivatives indicates that the molecular branching and the alkylation levels can influence the antifungal activity. This study demonstrated that thioureido derivatives exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida species and that they can be considered as a very promising bioactive lead compound to develop novel antifungal agents.

Protection of spruce seedlings against pine weevil attacks by treatment of seeds or seedlings with nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and jasmonic acid

Sustainable methods are required to protect newly planted tree seedlings from insect herbivore attack. To this end, here Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seeds were treated with 2.5 mM nicotinamide (NIC), 2.5 mM nicotinic acid (NIA), 3 mM jasmonic acid (JA) or 0.2 mM 5-azacytidine (5-Aza), and 6-month-old seedlings grown from these seeds were planted at a reforestation area in central Sweden. Attack by pine weevils (Hylobius abietis) was reduced by 50 per cent by NIC treatment, 62.5 per cent by JA treatment and 25 per cent by 5-Aza treatment, when compared with seedlings grown from untreated seeds. Watering 18-month-old spruce seedlings with 2 mM NIC or 2 mM NIA did reduce attack during the first season in the field by 40 and 53 per cent, respectively, compared with untreated plants. Girdling was also reduced by the different treatments. Analysis of conifer seedlings treated with 5-Aza points at a possible involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in this defensive capacity. This is supported by a reduced level of DNA methylation in the needles of young spruce seedlings grown in a greenhouse from NIC-treated seeds. Seed treatment for seedling defense potentiation is simple, inexpensive and also a new approach for forestry with many potential applications.

Effects of computer reminders on complications of peripheral venous catheters and nurses' adherence to a guideline in paediatric care : a cluster randomised study

BACKGROUND: Reminder systems in electronic patient records (EPR) have proven to affect both health care professionals' behaviour and patient outcomes. The aim of this cluster randomised trial was to investigate the effects of implementing a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) in paediatric care in the format of reminders integrated in the EPRs, on PVC-related complications, and on registered nurses' (RNs') self-reported adherence to the guideline. An additional aim was to study the relationship between contextual factors and the outcomes of the intervention. METHODS: The study involved 12 inpatient units at a paediatric university hospital. The reminders included choice of PVC, hygiene, maintenance, and daily inspection of PVC site. Primary outcome was documented signs and symptoms of PVC-related complications at removal, retrieved from the EPR. Secondary outcome was RNs' adherence to a PVC guideline, collected through a questionnaire that also included RNs' perceived work context, as measured by the Alberta Context Tool. Units were allocated into two strata, based on occurrence of PVCs. A blinded simple draw of lots from each stratum randomised six units to the control and intervention groups, respectively. Units were not blinded. The intervention group included 626 PVCs at baseline and 618 post-intervention and the control group 724 PVCs at baseline and 674 post-intervention. RNs included at baseline were 212 (65.4 %) and 208 (71.5 %) post-intervention. RESULTS: No significant effect was found for the computer reminders on PVC-related complications nor on RNs' adherence to the guideline recommendations. The complication rate at baseline and post-intervention was 40.6 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 36.7-44.5) and 41.9 % (95 % CI 38.0-45.8), for the intervention group and 40.3 % (95 % CI 36.8-44.0) and 46.9 % (95 % CI 43.1-50.7) for the control. In general, RNs' self-rated work context varied from moderately low to moderately high, indicating that conditions for a successful implementation to occur were less optimal. CONCLUSIONS: The reminders might have benefitted from being accompanied by a tailored intervention that targeted specific barriers, such as the low frequency of recorded reasons for removal, the low adherence to daily inspection of PVC sites, and the lack of regular feedback to the RNs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN44819426.

Reconhecimento de caracteres alfanuméricos de placas em imagens de veículos

Sistemas de visão artificial são cada vez mais usados para auxiliar seres humanos a realizar diferentes tarefas. Estes sistemas são capazes de reconhecer padrões em imagens complexas. Técnicas de visão computacional têm encontrado crescente aplicação em estudos e sistemas de controle e monitoração de tráfego de automóveis. Uma das áreas de pesquisa que tem sido objeto de estudo por diferentes grupos é a leitura automática de placas de matrículas como forma de detectar transgressores, encontrar carros roubados ou efetuar estudos de origem/destino [BAR99]. Com o constante crescimento do volume de tráfego de automóvel e a limitada capacidade dos sensores convencionais, especialistas da área recorrem a técnicas de identificação automática de veículos para obter dados relativos ao escoamento de tráfego. A identificação automática de veículos tem tido essencialmente duas abordagens distintas: a utilização de transponders e a utilização de técnicas de visão computacional [INI85] . Estas são essencialmente úteis em casos em que não é viável obrigar os motoristas a instalar transponders em seus automóveis. No entanto, essas técnicas são mais sensíveis às condições atmosféricas e de iluminação tais como nevoeiros, chuva intensa, luz noturna, reflexos em superfícies, etc. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de diversas técnicas de processamento de imagem objetivando o aperfeiçoamento de um sistema de identificação automática de placas de veículos. Este aperfeiçoamento está relacionado com a diminuição do tempo de execução necessário à localização e reconhecimento dos caracteres contidos nas placas dos veículos bem como a melhorar a taxa de sucesso no seu reconhecimento. A primeira versão do sistema de identificação da placas de veículos descrito em [SOU2000], desenvolvido no CPG-EE da UFRGS, denominado SIAV 1.0, localiza e extrai 91,3% das placas corretamente mas apresenta uma taxa de reconhecimento das placas de 37,3%, assim como um tempo de processamento não satisfatório. Neste trabalho, cujo sistema desenvolvido é denominado SIAV 2.0, a imagem é previamente processada através da aplicação de técnicas de realce da imagem. O principal objetivo das técnicas de realce é processar a imagem de modo que o resultado seja mais apropriado para uma aplicação específica do que a imagem original [GON93]. O sistema busca melhorar a qualidade da imagem eliminando ou suavizando sombras e reflexos presentes na cena em virtude da iluminação não controlada. Visando um menor tempo de execução durante o tratamento e análise da imagem um estudo estatístico baseado na distribuição gaussiana foi realizado de maneira a restringir a área de análise a ser processada. O SIAV possui duas redes neurais como ferramentas de reconhecimento de caracteres. A partir da análise dos diferentes modelos de redes neurais empregados na atualidade, foi desenvolvida uma nova arquitetura de rede a ser utilizada pelo SIAV 2.0 que oferece uma taxa de reconhecimento superior a rede neural usada no SIAV 1.0. Visando um melhor tempo de execução, a implementação em hardware dedicado para este modelo é abordado. Os testes foram realizados com três bancos de imagens obtidas por câmeras diferentes, inclusive por dispositivo "pardal" comercial. Estes testes foram realizados para verificar a efetividade dos algoritmos aperfeiçoados.

Estudo molecular e confirmação do aspecto patogênico de mutações novas em pacientes brasileiros com a Síndrome de Morquio A

Introdução: A Síndrome de Morquio A (MPS IVA) é um Erro Inato do Metabolismo do grupo das Doenças Lisossômicas. Esta patologia é caracterizada pelo acúmulo e excreção de queratan e condroitin sulfato devido à deficiência da enzima lisossomal Galactose–6 sulfatase (GALNS; E.C.3.1.6.4). É uma doença rara cuja incidência varia entre 1:45.000 e 1:640.000. Os aspectos clínicos predominantes estão relacionados com o sistema osteo-articular com efeitos secundários sobre o sistema nervoso central, embora não haja déficit cognitivo. Os achados clínicos, evidentes a partir dos 2 anos, direcionam as análises bioquímicas para confirmação do diagnóstico através de avaliação dos glicosaminoglicanos urinários e de ensaios enzimáticos específicos. A doença é herdada de forma autossômica recessiva. O cDNA revela uma região codificante com 1566 nucleotídeos, que determina uma proteína com 522 aminoácidos. O gene contém 14 exons e foi mapeado em 16q24.3. Já foram descritas 148 mutações e 16 polimorfismos. O gene apresenta grande heterogeneidade molecular, sendo que 46,1% das mutações ocorreram menos de três vezes. Objetivo Identificar as mutações presentes no gene da GALNS em pacientes brasileiros com diagnóstico bioquímico para a MPS IVA; verificar se as mutações novas encontradas são causadoras do fenótipo patológico; e padronizar as técnicas de PCR e SSCP para análise do gene da GALNS. Materiais e Métodos: Seis casos-índice tiveram todo o gene da GALNS amplificados por PCR, seguido de seqüenciamento. Para as mutações novas, primers foram confeccionados para os respectivos exons e a patogenicidade testada por análise de freqüência em 100 controles normais. Condições de PCR e SSCP foram determinadas para cada um dos 4 exons com mutações novas. Sete pacientes novos com diagnóstico bioquímico foram analisados para os exons com as condições pré-estabelecidas. Os controles e pacientes com padrão alterado no gel de SSCP foram seqüenciados. Resultados: Em relação aos seis casos-índice 11 dos 12 alelos tiveram a alteração identificada, revelando seis mutações diferentes. Destas, quatro eram novas (p.G116S, p.N164T, p.L307P e p.S341R) e duas já descritas (p.R386C e p.G139S).Dos 100 controles analisados para cada exon nenhum apresentou o mesmo padrão de migração da amostra mutada, mas foram encontradas novas alterações (p.A107A, p.Y108Y e p.P357P). Entre os pacientes novos, sete dos 14 alelos foram identificados (p.N164T, p.G301C e uma mudança do quadro de leitura). Discussão: As quatro mutações novas identificadas foram consideradas patogênicas uma vez que não estavam presentes nos controles, indicando uma freqüência menor que 1% nesse grupo. As mutações p.G116S, p.N164T e p.G301C (freqüências de 14,3%, 14,3% e 19,0% dos alelos, respectivamente) foram consideradas recorrentes, além das já descritas e também recorrentes p.G139S e p.R386C. Nos quatro exons padronizados encontramos 40% das mutações descritas. Entre as diferentes mutações encontradas em nossos casos-índice uma nova (p.G116S) e duas já descritas (p.G139S e p.R386C) se localizam em regiões CpG. Conclusões: Foram identificadas alterações moleculares em 11 dos 12 alelos de seis pacientes brasileiros com MPS IVA, sendo que as quatro mutações novas encontradas puderam ser classificados como patogênicas; as técnicas de PCR e SSCP para os 4 exons do gene da GALNS foram padronizadas.

Resposta de Chromobacterium Violaceum cultivada em alta concentração de ferro

The Chromobacterium violaceum is a β-proteobacterium Gram-negative widely found in tropical and subtropical regions, whose genome was sequenced in 2003 showing great metabolic versatility and biotechnological and pharmaceutical potential. Given the large number of ORFs related to iron metabolism described in the genome of C. violaceum, the importance of this metal for various biological processes and due to lack of data about the consequences of excess of iron in free-living organisms, it is important to study the response mechanism of this bacterium in a culture filled with iron. Previous work showed that C. violaceum is resistant to high concentrations of this metal, but has not yet been described the mechanism which is used to this survival. Thus, to elucidate the response of C. violaceum cultured in high concentrations of iron and expecting to obtain candidate genes for use in bioremediation processes, this study used a shotgun proteomics approach and systems biology to assess the response of C. violaceum grown in the presence and absence of 9 mM of iron. The analysis identified 531 proteins, being 71 exclusively expressed by the bacteria grown in the presence of the metal and 100 just in the control condition. The increase in expression of proteins related to the TCA cycle possibly represents a metabolic reprogramming of the bacteria caused by high concentration of iron in the medium. Moreover, we observed an increase in the activity assay of superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as in Total Antioxidant Activity assay, suggesting that the metal is inducing oxidative stress in C. violaceum that increases the levels of violacein and antioxidant enzymes to better adapt to the emerging conditions. Are also part of the adaptive response changes in expression of proteins related to transport, including iron, as well as an increased expression of proteins related to chemotaxis response, which would lead the bacteria to change the direction of its movement away from the metal. Systems Biology results, also suggest a metabolic reprogramming with mechanisms coordinated by bottleneck proteins involved in transcription (GreA), energy metabolism (Rpe and TpiA) and methylation (AhcY)

Estudo de polimorfismos em genes relacionados ao metabolismo do ácido fólico e sua associação com o desenvolvimento de fendas orais não-sindrômicas

The congenital facial clefts are characterized by incomplete formation of the structures that separate the oral and nasal cavity. It is known that several environmental and genetic factors are involved in its development, among these, polymorphisms associated with folic acid metabolism have been investigated. In this sense, the objective was to observe the frequency of polymorphisms C677T and A1298C methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR), methionine synthase A2756G of (MTR), A66G of methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A80G and the reduced folate carrier (RFC1) in patients with non-syndromic oral clefts, trying to match them with their development. Methods: We studied 140 patients with non-syndromic oral clefts and their mothers and 175 control subjects with their mothers, who underwent a questionnaire to obtain family information. Were collecting blood for DNA extraction from patients and their mothers to identify the genotypes of both by PCRRFLP, in addition to carrying out the determination of glucose, AST, ALT and serum creatinine, folic acid and vitamin B12 Serum and plasma homocysteine, and the hemogram. Results: Most patients have cleft lip and palate (55.8%), followed by isolated cleft palate (24.2%) and cleft lip (20%). Regarding gender, 62% of patients were male and 48% female and, after subdivision of the type of screwdriver according to sex was found a prevalence of males in the cracks of the type lip and palate (69 %) and lip (69.2%) and in the case of cleft palate was a female predominance (59%). The average concentration of serum folate in the group of mothers of cleft patients was significantly lower (13.8 ± 2.4 ng / mL) compared with the group of mothers of control subjects (18.8 ± 3.4 ng / mL) This was also observed for the group of cleft children as compared to controls, the dosage of folic acid had a significant difference with values of 15.6 ± 0.6 (ng / mL) and 17.9 ± 0.6 (ng / mL), respectively. For the biochemical measurements of glucose, AST, ALT and creatinine were not statistically different, nor was observed for haematological parameters performed. In assessing the frequency of polymorphisms C677T and A1298C MTHFR, A2756G MTR, MTRR A66G and A80G of the RFC1 there was no statistically significant difference in genotype distribution between cases and controls both for mothers and in the cleft. Conclusion: Although not observed association of polymorphisms with the development of cracks, the decrease in serum folate in the group of cleft patients and their mothers may reflect a disturbance in the metabolism of this metabolite, necessitating further studies such as studies methylation and expression to further elucidate the involvement of folate in the development of oral clefts

Chromosomal aberrations induced by 5-azacytidine combined with VP-16 (etoposide) in CHO-K1 and XRS-5 cell lines

A cytogenetic study was carried out with 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) and etoposide (VP-16) in CHO-K1 and XRS-5 (mutant cells deficient for double-strand break rejoining) cell lines to verify the interaction effects of the drugs in terms of induction of chromosomal aberrations. 5-azaC is incorporated into DNA causing DNA hypomethylation, and VP-16 (inhibitor of topoisomerase 11 enzyme) is a potent clastogenic agent. Cells in exponential growth were treated with 5-azaC for I h, following incubation for 7 h, and posttreatment with VP16 for the last 3 h. In K1 cells, the combined treatments induced a significant reduction in the aberrations induced in the X and A (autosome) chromosomes, which are the main target for 5-azaC. However, in XRS-5 cells, the drug combination caused a significant increase in the aberrations induced in those chromosomes, but with a concomitant reduction in the randomly induced-aberrations. In addition, each cell line presented characteristic cell cycle kinetics; while the combined treatment induced an S-arrest in K1 cells, alterations in cell cycle progression were not found for XRS-5, although each drug alone caused a G2-arrest. The different cell responses presented by the cell lines may be explained on the basis of the evidence that alterations in chromatin structure caused by 5-aza-C probably occur to a different extent in K1 and XRS-5 cells, since the mutant cells present a typical hyper-condensed chromosome structure (especially the X- and A chromosomes), but, alternatively, 5-aza-C could induce reactivation of DNA repair genes in XRS-5 cells. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. Suppl. 1:171-186, 2003. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Genetic characterization of fig tree mutants with molecular markers

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Purification and structural characterisation of (1 -> 3 ; 1 -> 6)-beta-D-glucans (botryosphaerans) from Botryosphaeria rhodina grown on sucrose and fructose as carbon sources: a comparative study

Two botryosphaerans, exopolysaccharides (EPS) secreted by the ascomyceteous fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina, when grown on sucrose and fructose as sole carbon sources, were structurally compared after their isolation from the culture medium. Both EPS were submitted to trypsin digestion, and eluted as a single peak on gel filtration. Total acid hydrolysis yielded only glucose, and data from methylation analysis and Smith degradation indicated that both EPS constituted a main chain of glucopyranosyl beta(1 -> 3) linkages substituted at O-6. The products obtained after partial acid hydrolysis demonstrated side chains consisting of glucosyl- and gentiobiosyl- linked beta(1 -> 6) residues. C-13-NMR spectroscopy studies showed that all glucosidic linkages were of the beta-configuration. The carbon source affected the side chain structures of botryosphaeran but not the main chain makeup. Sucrose produced less branching (21%) than fructose (31%). (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Structural characterization of Botryosphaeran: a (1 -> 3;1 -> 6)-beta-D-glucan produced by the ascomyceteous fungus, Botryosphaeria sp.

The exopolysaccharide, Botryosphaeran, produced by the ligninolytic, ascomycetcous fungus Botryosphaeria sp., was isolated from the extracellular fluid by precipitation with ethanol, and purified by gel permeation chromatography to yield a carbohydrate-rich fraction (96%) composed mainly of glucose (98%). Infra-red and C-13 NMR spectroscopy showed that all the glucosidic linkages were in the beta-configuration. Data from methylation analysis and Smith degradation indicated that Botryosphaeran was a (1 --> 3)-beta-(D)-glucan with approx 22% side branching at C-6. The products obtained from partial acid hydrolysis demonstrated that the side branches consisted of single (1 --> 6)-beta-linked glucosyl, and (1 --> 6)-beta-linked gentiobiosyl residues.[GRAPHICS](C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Folic acid supplementation during early hepatocarcinogenesis: cellular and molecular effects

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)