Rekonstrukcja pierwotnego przesłania - rzecz o żydowskich przekładach Nowego Testamentu

Restoring the original meaning: Jewish translations of the New Testament Among dozens of new translations of the New Testament published in the last fifty years there are several versions by Jewish scholars which have not yet received enough attention. The article offers an analysis of the most characteristic features of these translations, such as criticism of the existing versions expressed in introductory sections, as well as actual techniques by means of which the Jewish origin and character of the text is emphasized in three spheres: superficial, cultural and religious, and theological, each of them illustrated with numerous examples against the background of traditional versions. It is argued that regardless of the ideological motivation underlying the origin of the Jewish translations of the New Testament they offer valuable and otherwise unavailable insights into the original message of the ancient Christian writings.

From rhetoric to reality: advancing literacy by cross-curricular means

Cross-curricularity, literacy and critical literacy are currently promoted as components of a curriculum appropriate for the 21st century. The first two in particular are prescribed elements of classroom experience in Northern Ireland, which is the immediate context of this article, but also more widely in the UK. Teachers are implementing cross-curricular and inter-disciplinary initiatives, but rhetorical imperatives can translate into superficial realities. The reasons for this are explored, as are the reasons why inter-disciplinary studies, literacy across the curriculum and critical literacy are deemed to be of significance for education at the present time. The ‘Making Science: Making News’ project is described, in which Key Stage 3 Science and English classes worked together, with input from a research scientist and a journalist, to produce articles on space science which were published in local newspapers. The outcomes of the project are discussed from the perspectives of both teachers and learners. It is argued that this project is an example of genuine inter-disciplinary activity; that it went beyond literacy skills to a deeper development of scientific discourse; and that, through its media connection, there was potential for building an ongoing awareness in pupils of critical literacy and scientific literacy.

Effectiveness of in situ moisture preconditioning methods for concrete

With greater emphasis now being placed on the durability of concrete and the need for on-site characterization of concrete for durability, there is an increasing dependence on the measurement of the permeation properties of concrete. Such properties can be measured in the laboratory under controlled ambient conditions, namely, temperature and relative humidity, and comparisons made between samples not affected by testing conditions. An important factor that influences permeation measurements is the moisture state of the concrete prior to testing. Moisture gradients are known to exist in exposed concretes; therefore, all laboratory tests are generally carried out after preconditioning to a reference moisture state. This is reasonably easy to achieve in the laboratory, but more difficult to carry out on-site. Different methods of surface preconditioning in situ concrete are available; however, there is no general agreement on the suitability of any one method. Therefore, a comprehensive set of experiments was carried out with four different preconditioning methods. Results from these investigations indicated that only superficial drying could be achieved by using any of the preconditioning methods investigated and that significant moisture movement below a depth of 15 mm was not evident.

Logic feels so good-I like it! Evidence for intuitive detection of logicality in syllogistic reasoning

When people evaluate syllogisms, their judgments of validity are often biased by the believability of the conclusions of the problems. Thus, it has been suggested that syllogistic reasoning performance is based on an interplay between a conscious and effortful evaluation of logicality and an intuitive appreciation of the believability of the conclusions (e.g., Evans, Newstead, Allen, & Pollard, 1994). However, logic effects in syllogistic reasoning emerge even when participants are unlikely to carry out a full logical analysis of the problems (e.g., Shynkaruk & Thompson, 2006). There is also evidence that people can implicitly detect the conflict between their beliefs and the validity of the problems, even if they are unable to consciously produce a logical response (e.g., De Neys, Moyens, & Vansteenwegen, 2010). In 4 experiments we demonstrate that people intuitively detect the logicality of syllogisms, and this effect emerges independently of participants' conscious mindset and their cognitive capacity. This logic effect is also unrelated to the superficial structure of the problems. Additionally, we provide evidence that the logicality of the syllogisms is detected through slight changes in participants' affective states. In fact, subliminal affective priming had an effect on participants' subjective evaluations of the problems. Finally, when participants misattributed their emotional reactions to background music, this significantly reduced the logic effect.

Lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus using lignocellulose biomass in large scale packed bed reactor

The effect of superficial air velocity on lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus PL10 using wheat bran and wheat straw was investigated in a 7 l and a 1200 l packed bed reactor. Mass transfer and reaction limitations on bioconversion in the 1200 l reactor was studied based on a central composite design of experiments constructed using the superficial air velocity and solid substrate composition as variables and lovastatin production as response.
The surface response prediction showed a maximum lovastatin production of 1.86 mg g-1 dry substrate on day 5 of the bioconversion process when the reactor was operated using 0.19 vvm airflow rate (23.37 cm min-1 superficial air velocity) and 54% substrate composition (wC). Lovastatin production did not increase significantly with superficial air velocity in the 7 l reactor. Variation in temperature and exit CO2 composition was recorded, and the Damköhler number was calculated for lovastatin production at these two scales. The results showed that in larger reactors mass transfer limitation controlled bioconversion while in smaller reactors bioconversion was controlled by reaction rate limitations. In addition, mass transfer limitations in larger reactors reduced the rate of metabolic heat removal, resulting in hot spots within the substrate bed.

Spatial statistics to estimate peat thickness using airborne radiometric data

Soil carbon stores are a major component of the annual returns required by EU governments to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Peat has a high proportion of soil carbon due to the relatively high carbon density of peat and organic-rich soils. For this reason it has become increasingly important to measure and model soil carbon stores and changes in peat stocks to facilitate the management of carbon changes over time. The approach investigated in this research evaluates the use of airborne geophysical (radiometric) data to estimate peat thickness using the attenuation of bedrock geology radioactivity by superficial peat cover. Remotely sensed radiometric data are validated with ground peat depth measurements combined with non-invasive geophysical surveys. Two field-based case studies exemplify and validate the results. Variography and kriging are used to predict peat thickness from point measurements of peat depth and airborne radiometric data and provide an estimate of uncertainty in the predictions. Cokriging, by assessing the degree of spatial correlation between recent remote sensed geophysical monitoring and previous peat depth models, is used to examine changes in peat stocks over time. The significance of the coregionalisation is that the spatial cross correlation between the remote and ground based data can be used to update the model of peat depth. The result is that by integrating remotely sensed data with ground geophysics, the need is reduced for extensive ground-based monitoring and invasive peat depth measurements. The overall goal is to provide robust estimates of peat thickness to improve estimates of carbon stocks. The implications from the research have a broader significance that promotes a reduction in the need for damaging onsite peat thickness measurement and an increase in the use of remote sensed data for carbon stock estimations.

Skin-reducing mastectomy and one-stage implant reconstruction with a myodermal flap: A safe and effective technique in risk-reducing and therapeutic mastectomy

Introduction: Immediate reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer has been shown to be oncologically safe and associated with improved psychosocial outcomes for patients. Bostwick described a technique for one-stage implant based reconstruction, combining skin-sparing mastectomy with concurrent reduction of the skin envelope. This report reviews the experience of a single centre using skin-reducing mastectomy and one-stage implant reconstruction in both early stage breast cancer and risk-reducing mastectomy, with specific reference to frequency of complications, implant loss and oncological outcomes.

Methods and results: A retrospective review was undertaken to identify women who had undergone skin-reducing mastectomy and one-stage implant reconstruction using a de-epithelialised dermal flap, between October 2008 and October 2012. One hundred and four consecutive mastectomies, with reconstruction, were performed by two surgeons on 64 patients. No complications were seen in 43.8% of patients. At three months, four implants were lost (3.8% of breast reconstructions, 6.3% of patients), due to either peri-implant infection or mastectomy skin flap necrosis. One patient required unplanned return to theatre for evacuation of a haematoma. Minor mastectomy skin flap necrosis was seen in 10 breasts (9.6% of reconstructed breasts) and superficial wound infection in 8 breasts (7.7% of reconstructed breasts). All of these complications were managed conservatively and none required operative intervention. At a median follow up of 35 months (4-53 months) there had been one episode of ipsilateral axillary nodal recurrence.

Conclusion: One-stage implant reconstruction using a myo-dermal flap technique following skin-reducing mastectomy is safe and should be considered in selected patients. Most complications are minor and will resolve with conservative management. Major complications such as implant failure or immediate reoperation, were relatively uncommon (6.3% patients, 3.8% of reconstructed breasts). Early follow-up suggests that oncological outcomes are satisfactory, but longer follow-up is required to substantiate this. (C) 2013 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An anatomical and analytical study of the Modiolus: Enlightening its relevance to plastic surgery

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the structures, muscles, and fasciae of which the modiolus is composed. It can aid in the understanding and, therefore, the utilization of plastic surgery for the aesthetic or reconstructive treatment of that region, especially the angle of the mouth. Methods: Dissections of the midface were done on five different cadavers. They were of different races (3 males, 2 females). The anatomy of the modiolus was studied in detail. New anatomical observations were classified as type I through type VI. Results: The perifacial artery fascia contributed to the modiolus in four (80%) specimens and was not part of it in 1 (20%) specimen. The facial artery was anterior to it in one (20%) specimen, lateral in four (80%) specimens, and never medial to it. No significant relationship was observed between the perifacial artery fascia contribution to the modiolus and gender or race. Also, the location of the facial artery lateral or anterior to the modiolus was not significantly related to gender or race. In addition, the deep and superficial fasciae of the face converged not anterior to the masseter muscle but actually at the modiolus, which was different from observations made by others. Conclusion: The modiolus is of critical importance in aesthetic and reconstructive plastic surgery of the face. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.

Morphological study of the uncommon rectus sterni muscle in German cadavers

Objective: The present investigation has been designed to study the incidence of the rectus stern muscle in German human cadavers dissected in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, trying to find a postulation for the development of such muscle when present. Design: Gross dissection of 130 cadavers, of both sexes, was performed throughout a period of 10 years. Setting: Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Intervention: Investigation of the origin and insertion of the rectus sterni and measurements of its length and width. Results: Two adult cadavers, one of each sex, had shown well-developed bilateral rectus stern muscles. All muscles identified were parasternal in position, being superficial to the medial portion of the pectoralis major muscle. Minor morphological differences were observed among the four muscle masses concerning their length, breadth, origin and insertion. Conclusion: The current study has determined the incidence of the rectus sterni muscle, in German cadavers to be 1.54% per bodies examined compared to 4% in cadavers from Saudis. Such a frequency is compared to that reported in different geographic populations. The rectus sterni muscle is innervated by the anterior cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves. The description of the rectus sterni muscle and its incidence determined in the present study, might be of a great help for clinicians radiographing or tackling the pectoral region.

Mode of insertion of the abductor hallucis muscle in human feet and its arterial supply

The abductor hallucis flap is commonly used as a pedicled flap (distally or proximally based) in the management of ankle, heel, and mid-foot lesions, where it is ideally used for closing defects. This study investigates the anatomical details of this muscle regarding its various forms of insertion and its arterial supply in 15 cadaveric feet. Four types of insertion could be distinguished: type A, insertion at the proximal phalanx of the big toe (46.7%); type B, insertion by two slips into the base of the proximal phalanx and the sesamoid bone (33.3%); type C, insertion at the sesamoid bone (6.7%); And type D, the insertion is divided into superficial tendinous and deep fleshy parts which are attached to the base of the proximal phalanx and to the metatarsophalangeal joint capsule of the big toe, respectively (13.3%). As regards the arterial supply, three patterns were noticed: pattern A (40%) where the medial plantar artery (MPA) is divided into superficial and deep branches that supplied the muscle; pattern B (53.3%) where the MPA failed to produce a deep branch but instead continued as the superficial branch supplying the two ends of the muscle; and pattern C (6.6%) where the MPA continued as a deep branch supplying the muscle. A superficial branch of MPA provided a branch to the abductor hallucis muscle from its proximal part. In two specimens (13.3%), the lateral plantar artery shared in the supply of the most proximal part of the muscle. These results can be useful in determining the appropriate flap design based on the abductor hallucis type of insertion and the pattern of its arterial supply in the patients.

How the mollusc got its scales: Convergent evolution of the molluscan scleritome

Radiation of dramatically disparate forms among the phylum Mollusca remains a key question in metazoan evolution, and requires careful evaluation of homology of hard parts throughout the deep fossil record. Enigmatic early Cambrian taxa such as Halkieria and Wiwaxia (in the clade Halwaxiida) have been proposed to represent stem-group aculiferan molluscs (Caudofoveata+Solenogastres+Polyplacophora), as complex scleritomes were considered to be unique to aculiferans among extant molluscs. The 'scaly-foot gastropod' (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae) from hydrothermal vents of the Indian Ocean, however, also carries dermal sclerites and thus challenges this inferred homology. Despite superficial similarities to various mollusc sclerites, the scaly-foot gastropod sclerites are secreted in layers covering outpockets of epithelium and are largely proteinaceous, while chiton (Polyplacophora: Chitonida) sclerites are secreted to fill an invaginated cuticular chamber and are largely calcareous. Marked differences in the underlying epithelium of the scaly-foot gastropod sclerites and operculum suggest that the sclerites do not originate from multiplication of the operculum. This convergence in different classes highlights the ability of molluscs to adapt mineralized dermal structures, as supported by the extensive early fossil record of molluscs with scleritomes. Sclerites of halwaxiids are morphologically variable, undermining the assumed affinity of specific taxa with chitons, or the larger putative clade Aculifera. Comparisons with independently derived similar structures in living molluscs are essential for determining homology among fossils and their position with respect to the enigmatic evolution of molluscan shell forms in deep time.

The Ultraviolet-Bright, Slowly Declining Transient PS1-11af as a Partial Tidal Disruption Event

We present the Pan-STARRS1 discovery of the long-lived and blue transient PS1-11af, which was also detected by Galaxy Evolution Explorer with coordinated observations in the near-ultraviolet (NUV) band. PS1-11af is associated with the nucleus of an early type galaxy at redshift z = 0.4046 that exhibits no evidence for star formation or active galactic nucleus activity. Four epochs of spectroscopy reveal a pair of transient broad absorption features in the UV on otherwise featureless spectra. Despite the superficial similarity of these features to P-Cygni absorptions of supernovae (SNe), we conclude that PS1-11af is not consistent with the properties of known types of SNe. Blackbody fits to the spectral energy distribution are inconsistent with the cooling, expanding ejecta of a SN, and the velocities of the absorption features are too high to represent material in homologous expansion near a SN photosphere. However, the constant blue colors and slow evolution of the luminosity are similar to previous optically selected tidal disruption events (TDEs). The shape of the optical light curve is consistent with models for TDEs, but the minimum accreted mass necessary to power the observed luminosity is only 0.002 M, which points to a partial disruption model. A full disruption model predicts higher bolometric luminosities, which would require most of the radiation to be emitted in a separate component at high energies where we lack observations. In addition, the observed temperature is lower than that predicted by pure accretion disk models for TDEs and requires reprocessing to a constant, lower temperature. Three deep non-detections in the radio with the Very Large Array over the first two years after the event set strict limits on the production of any relativistic outflow comparable to Swift J1644+57, even if off-axis.

Ultrastructure of head organs (anterior adhesive apparatus) and posterior secretory systems of Caballeria liewi Lim, 1995 (Monogenea, Ancyrocephalidae)

Caballeria liewi Lim, 1995, uses adhesive secretions from the head organs and posterior secretory systems to assist in locomotion and attachment. Ultrastructural investigations show that the head organs of C. liewi consist of three pairs of antero-lateral pit-like openings bearing microvilli and ducts leading from two types of uninucleated gland cells (located lateral to the pharynx), one type producing rod-like (S1) bodies with an electron-dense matrix containing less electron-dense vesicles and the second type producing oval (S2) bodies with a homogeneous electron-dense matrix. Interlinking band-like structures are observed between S1 bodies and between S2 bodies. S1 body is synthesised in the granular endoplasmic reticulum, transported to a Golgi complex to be packaged into vesicles and routed into ducts for exudation. The synthesis of the S2 body is unresolved. Haptoral secretions manifested externally as net-like structures are derived from dual electron-dense (DED) secretory body produced in the peduncular gland cells. The DED body consists of a less electron-dense oval core in a homogeneous electron-dense matrix. On exocytosis into the pyriform haptoral reservoir, DED bodies are transformed into a secretion with two types of inclusions (less electron-dense oval and electron-dense spherical inclusions) in an electron-dense matrix. The secretions are further transformed (as small, oval, electron-dense bodies) when transported to the superficial anchor grooves, and on exudation into the gill tissues, the secretions become an electron-dense matrix. Secretory bodies associated with uniciliated structures, anchor sleeves and marginal hooks are also observed.

Hydrogen-permeation characteristics of a SrCeO3-based ceramic separation membrane:Thermal, ageing and surface-modification effects

Dense ceramics with mixed protonic-electronic conductivity are of considerable interest for the separation and purification of hydrogen and as electrochemical reactors. In this work, the hydrogen permeability of a Sr_0.97Ce_0.9Yb_0.1O_{3 - δ} (SCYb) membrane with a porous Pt catalytic layer on the hydrogen feed-exposed side has been studied over the temperature range 500-804 °C employing Ar as the permeate sweep gas. A SiO₂-B₂O₃-BaO-MgO-ZnO-based glass-ceramic sealant was successfully employed to seal the membrane to the dual-chamber reactor. After 14 h of exposure to 10% H₂:90% N₂ at 804 °C, the H₂ flux reached a maximum of 33 nmol cm^{- 2} s^{- 1}, over an order of magnitude higher than that obtained on membranes of similar thickness without surface modification. The permeation rate then decreased slowly and moderately on annealing at 804 °C over a further 130 h. Thereafter, the flux was both reproducible and stable on thermal cycling in the range 600-804 °C. The results indicate an important role of superficial activation processes in the flux rate and suggest that hydrogen fluxes can be further optimised in cerate-based perovskites. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Translation as an Evaluative Concept

Testing the hypothesis that the concept of translation is evaluative rather than merely descriptive, Blumczyński analyses its increasingly popular use in three areas: political discourse, life writing and biomedical publications. He argues that translation as an evaluative concept is concerned with profound rather than superficial issues: to translate something is to assert its significance and value. At the same time, translation brings to the surface real and authentic things, producing its therapeutic value: it makes us more visible to ourselves, exposes pretences and thus brings relief. Finally, translation delivers on its own ethical imperative by breaking the spell of proverbial good intentions and bringing things to completion.