Concrete constitutive model, calibration and applications

A methodology has been developed for characterising the mechanical behaviour of concrete, based on the damaged plasticity model, enriched with a user subroutine (V)USDFLD in order to capture better the ductility of the material under moderate confining pressures. The model has been applied in the context of the international benchmark IRIS_2012, organised by the OECD/NEA/CSNI Nuclear Energy Agency, dealing with impacts of rigid and deformable missiles against reinforced concrete targets. A slightly modified version of the concrete damaged plasticity model was used to represent the concrete. The simulation results matched very well the observations made during the actual tests. Particularly successful predictions involved the energy spent by the rigid missile in perforating the target, the crushed length of the deformable missile, the crushed and cracked areas of the concrete target, and the values of the strains recorded at a number of locations in the concrete slab.

Calibration of WAVE in irrigated maize: fallow vs. cover crops.

Nitrate leaching decreases crop available N and increases water contamination. Replacing fallow by cover crops (CC) is an alternative to reduce nitrate contamination, because it reduces overall drainage and soil mineral N accumulation. A study of the soil N and nitrate leaching was conducted during 5 years in a semi-arid irrigated agricultural area of Central Spain. Three treatments were studied during the intercropping period of maize (Zea mays L.): barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), vetch (Vicia villosa L.), and fallow. Cover crops, sown in October, were killed by glyphosate application in March, allowing direct seeding of maize in April. All treatments were irrigated and fertilised following the same procedure. Soil water content was measured using capacity probes. Soil Nmin accumulation was determined along the soil profile before sowing and after harvesting maize. Soil analysis was conducted at six depths every 0.20m in each plot in samples from 0 to 1.2-m depth. The mechanistic water balance model WAVE was applied in order to calculate drainage and plant growth of the different treatments, and apply them to the N balance. We evaluated the water balance of this model using the daily soil water content measurements of this field trial. A new Matlab version of the model was evaluated as well. In this new version improvements were made in the solute transport module and crop module. In addition, this new version is more compatible with external modules for data processing, inverse calibration and uncertainty analysis than the previous Fortran version. The model showed that drainage during the irrigated period was minimized in all treatments, because irrigation water was adjusted to crop needs, leading to nitrate accumulation on the upper layers after maize harvest. Then, during the intercrop period, most of the nitrate leaching occurred. Cover crops usually led to a shorter drainage period, lower drainage water amount and lower nitrate leaching than the treatment with fallow. These effects resulted in larger nitrate accumulation in the upper layers of the soil after CC treatments.

An Inexpensive Method for Kinematic Calibration of a Parallel Robot by Using One Hand-Held Camera as Main Sensor

This paper presents a novel method for the calibration of a parallel robot, which allows a more accurate configuration instead of a configuration based on nominal parameters. It is used, as the main sensor with one camera installed in the robot hand that determines the relative position of the robot with respect to a spherical object fixed in the working area of the robot. The positions of the end effector are related to the incremental positions of resolvers of the robot motors. A kinematic model of the robot is used to find a new group of parameters, which minimizes errors in the kinematic equations. Additionally, properties of the spherical object and intrinsic camera parameters are utilized to model the projection of the object in the image and thereby improve spatial measurements. Finally, several working tests, static and tracking tests are executed in order to verify how the robotic system behaviour improves by using calibrated parameters against nominal parameters. In order to emphasize that, this proposed new method uses neither external nor expensive sensor. That is why new robots are useful in teaching and research activities.

Gini coefficient, dissimilarity index and Lorenz curve for the spanish port system by type of goods

This paper shows the Gini Coefficient, the dissimilarity Index and the Lorenz Curve for the Spanish Port System by type of goods from 1960 to the year 2010 for business units: Total traffic, Liquid bulk cargo, Solid bulk cargo, General Merchandise and Container (TEUs) with the aim of carcaterizar the Spanish port systems in these periods and propose future strategies.

A 500-kW pv generator I-V curve

This paper presents the measurement of the I-V curve of a 500-kW PV generator by means of an own-made capacitive load. It is shown that I-V curve analysis can also be applied to big PV generators and that when measuring the operation conditions with reference modules and taking some precautions (especially regarding the operation cell temperature), it is still a useful tool for characterizing them and therefore can be incorporated into maintenance procedures. As far as we know, this is the largest I-V curve measured so far.

Risk-based methodology for parameter calibration of a reservoir flood control model

Flash floods are of major relevance in natural disaster management in the Mediterranean region. In many cases, the damaging effects of flash floods can be mitigated by adequate management of flood control reservoirs. This requires the development of suitable models for optimal operation of reservoirs. A probabilistic methodology for calibrating the parameters of a reservoir flood control model (RFCM) that takes into account the stochastic variability of flood events is presented. This study addresses the crucial problem of operating reservoirs during flood events, considering downstream river damages and dam failure risk as conflicting operation criteria. These two criteria are aggregated into a single objective of total expected damages from both the maximum released flows and stored volumes (overall risk index). For each selected parameter set the RFCM is run under a wide range of hydrologic loads (determined through Monte Carlo simulation). The optimal parameter set is obtained through the overall risk index (balanced solution) and then compared with other solutions of the Pareto front. The proposed methodology is implemented at three different reservoirs in the southeast of Spain. The results obtained show that the balanced solution offers a good compromise between the two main objectives of reservoir flood control management

Deviation of Cup and Propeller Anemometer Calibration Results with Air Density

The effect of air density variations on the calibration constants of several models of anemometers has been analyzed. The analysis was based on a series of calibrations between March 2003 and February 2011. Results indicate a linear behavior of both calibration constants with the air density. The effect of changes in air density on the measured wind speed by an anemometer was also studied. The results suggest that there can be an important deviation of the measured wind speed with changes in air density from the one at which the anemometer was calibrated, and therefore the need to take this effect into account when calculating wind power estimations.

An application of the finite element method to curve fitting

An application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) to the solution of a geometric problem is shown. The problem is related to curve fitting i.e. pass a curve trough a set of given points even if they are irregularly spaced. Situations where cur ves with cusps can be encountered in the practice and therefore smooth interpolatting curves may be unsuitable. In this paper the possibilities of the FEM to deal with this type of problems are shown. A particular example of application to road planning is discussed. In this case the funcional to be minimized should express the unpleasent effects of the road traveller. Some comparative numerical examples are also given.

Application of Improved Direct Calibration for Hyperspectral image processing: Detecting peanut traces in wheat flour.

NIR Hyperspectral imaging (1000-2500 nm) combined with IDC allowed the detection of peanut traces down to adulteration percentages 0.01% Contrary to PLSR, IDC does not require a calibration set, but uses both expert and experimental information and suitable for quantification of an interest compound in complex matrices. The obtained results shows the feasibility of using HSI systems for the detection of peanut traces in conjunction with chemical procedures, such as RT-PCR and ELISA

Calibration of calculation models of wooden guardrails with Operational Modal Analysis

This study analyses the differences between two calculation models for guardrails on building sites that use wooden boards and tubular steel posts. Wood was considered an isotropic material in one model and an orthotropic material in a second model. The elastic constants of the wood were obtained with ultrasound. Frequencies and vibration modes were obtained for both models through linear analysis using the finite element method. The two models were experimentally calibrated through operational modal analysis. The results obtained show that for the three types of wood under analysis, the model which considered them as an orthotropic material fitted the experimental results better than the model which considered them as an isotropic material.

Canonical Correlation Analysis for Interpreting Airborne Laser Scanning Metrics along the Lorenz Curve of Tree Size Inequality

Canonical Correlation Analysis for Interpreting Airborne Laser Scanning Metrics along the Lorenz Curve of Tree Size Inequality

Optical in situ calibration of Sb to grow disordered GaInP by MOVPE

Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) was employed to determine the optimal specific molar flow of Sb needed to grow GaInP with a given order parameter by MOVPE. The RAS signature of GaInP surfaces exposed to different Sb/P molar flow ratios were recorded, and the RAS peak at 3.02 eV provided a feature that was sensitive to the amount of Sb on the surface. The range of Sb/P ratios over which Sb acts as a surfactant was determined using the RA intensity of this peak, and different GaInP layers were grown using different Sb/P ratios. The order parameter of the resulting layers was measured by PL at 20 K. This procedure may be extensible to the calibration of surfactant-mediated growth of other materials exhibiting characteristic RAS signatures.

Comportamiento hidrológico de cuencas de media montaña españolas: efectos de los procesos de acumulación / fusión de nieve en terrenos permeables sobre la infiltración y régimen de caudales Alto Tajo

La infiltración de agua en el suelo y la recarga profunda del agua subterránea contenida en los acuíferos es un proceso lento en relación con otros fenómenos hidrológicos. La redacción de esta tesis ha pretendido contribuir al estudio de la influencia que el almacenamiento de la precipitación sólida en forma de manto de nieve y su eventual fusión puedan tener sobre dicho proceso en áreas de media montaña (1.000 – 2.000 m.) en las que con gran frecuencia se sitúan las cabeceras de los ríos peninsulares. Para ello se ha partido del análisis de las diferentes variables intervinientes durante un determinado periodo temporal y sobre un espacio geográfico concreto, por lo que su metodología es de naturaleza empírica. La extensión del periodo (2002/03 a 2010/11) ha venido condicionada por la disponibilidad de los valores de algunas de sus principales variables, como han sido el equivalente en agua de la nieve acumulada y los caudales procedentes de su fusión. Éstos se han obtenido como resultado de la aplicación del modelo ASTER, desarrollado en el programa de Evaluación de los Recursos Hídricos procedentes de la Innivación (ERHIN), calibrado – entre otros- con datos de precipitaciones, temperatura y caudales provenientes a su vez del Sistema Automático de Información Hidrológica (SAIH). Ambos programas fueron implantados por la Administración en las diferentes Confederaciones Hidrográficas y en determinados Organismos de cuenca actuales, en cuyo desarrollo participó el autor de esta tesis. En cuanto a la zona de estudio se ha procedido a su elección considerando las posibles áreas de media montaña en las que la presencia de la nieve fuera hidrológicamente significativa y estuvieran constituidas litológicamente por afloramientos permeables que no impidieran la infiltración en el terreno y la formación de acuíferos de cierta relevancia. El interés se centró discrecionalmente en la cuenca del Tajo, tanto por el carácter estratégico de la misma -como suministradora en la actualidad de excedentes a otras cuencas deficitarias- como por el valor representativo de sus condiciones climáticas y orográficas en relación con otras cuencas hidrográficas peninsulares. Para ello se partió de las cabeceras de ríos identificadas por el programa ERHIN por su interés nivológico para la implantación del modelo ASTER y de las Masas de Agua Subterráneas MASb (antes Unidades Hidrogeológicas UUHH) definidas en los planes hidrológicos. La intersección en el territorio de ambos criterios condujo, finalmente, a la zona del Alto Tajo, en la que se cumplen ambos requisitos. El tramo quedó concretado en el comprendido entre las cabeceras de los ríos Tajo y Guadiela y la cola de los embalses de Entrepeñas y Buendía respectivamente, puntos de cierre para la calibración llevada a cabo en la modelización ASTER. Gran parte de éste discurre, en su parte alta, sobre rocas carbonatadas (calizas y dolomías del Jurásico y Cretácico), relacionados con las MASb de Tajuña-Montes Universales, Molina de Aragón y Sigüenza-Maranchón. Los valores diarios de las reservas de agua en forma de nieve, evapotranspiración y caudales procedentes de la fusión se han obtenido a partir de los resultados del mencionado modelo, procediéndose al cálculo de la infiltración por balance hídrico durante el periodo de estudio considerado, teniendo en cuenta los valores de precipitación, evapotranspiración y aportaciones de caudales. Esto ha requerido el estudio previo de las condiciones hidrogeológicas de la zona seleccionada con objeto de conocer las posibles interconexiones subterráneas que pudieran alterar los saldos entre las variables intervinientes anteriormente citadas. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo la recopilación y análisis de la información hidrogeológica correspondiente a la documentación de los planes hidrológicos del Tajo (Plan Hidrológico de la cuenca del Tajo RD 1664/1998 y el actual Plan Hidrológico de la parte española de la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Tajo RD 270/2014) y de los estudios previos realizados por el organismo de cuenca y el Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (lGME) fundamentalmente. En relación con la MASb Tajuña-Montes Universales -cuya extensión supera la zona seleccionada- dichos estudios consideran su estructura geológica y distribución litológica, con intercalaciones impermeables que actúan como barreras, dividiendo a éstas en Subunidades e identificando las zonas de drenaje de sus respectivos acuíferos. También se ha considerado la documentación y estudios previos del Plan Hidrológico Nacional sobre las Unidades Hidrogeológicas compartidas entre ámbitos geográficos de diferentes planes hidrológicos. Se concluye que las divisorias hidrográficas de las cabeceras son sensiblemente coincidentes o abarcan las Subunidades Montes Universales meridionales, Priego, Cifuentes, Zaorejas, u Montes Universales septentrionales, que drenan hacia el Tajo/Guadiela (bien directamente, bien a través de afluentes como el Gallo, Ablanquejo, Cabrillas, Cuervo…), MASb Molina de Aragón, que drena al Tajo a través del río Gallo y MASb Sigüenza—Maranchón, que drena su parte correspondiente hacia el Tajo a través del Ablanquejo. Se descartan – salvo la pequeña salvedad del manantial de Cifuentes- las conexiones hidrogeológicas con otras MASb o Subunidades por lo que las cabeceras del Tajo y del Guadiela pueden considerarse como un Sistema independiente donde las precipitaciones no evaporadas escurren superficialmente o se infiltran y descargan hacia los embalses de Entrepeñas y Buendía. La cuantificación diaria y acumulada de los balances hídricos ha permitido calcular la evolución aproximada de las reservas de agua subterránea desde la fecha inicial. Originalmente los balances se realizaron de forma separada en las cabeceras del Tajo y del Guadiela, cuyos valores acumulados manifestaron una tendencia creciente en la primera y decreciente en la segunda. Dicha situación se equilibra cuando el balance se practica conjuntamente en ambas, apreciándose en la variación del volumen de agua subterránea una evolución acorde hidrológicamente con los ciclos de verano/invierno y periodos de sequía, manteniéndose sus valores medios a largo/medio plazo, poniendo en evidencia la existencia de interconexiones subterráneas entre ambas cuencas. El balance conjunto, agregando la cabecera del Tajuña (que también comparte los materiales permeables de la MASb Tajuña-Montes Universales) no reveló la existencia de nuevas interrelaciones hidrogeológicas que influyeran en los balances hídricos realizados Tajo/Guadiela, confirmando las conclusiones de los estudios hidrogeológicos anteriormente analizados. Se ha procedido a confrontar y validar los resultados obtenidos de la evolución de las reservas de agua subterránea mediante los siguientes procedimientos alternativos: - Cálculo de los parámetros de desagüe de la curva de agotamiento correspondiente al volumen de agua subterránea drenante hacia el Tajo/Guadiela. Éste se ha realizado a partir de las aportaciones mensuales entrantes en los embalses de Entrepeñas y Buendía durante los meses de junio, julio, agosto y septiembre, cuyos valores responden al perfil típico de descargas de un acuífero. A partir de éstos se ha determinado el volumen drenante correspondiente al primero de junio de cada año de la serie histórica considerada. - Determinación del caudal base por el método Wallingford y deducción de los volúmenes drenantes. Estimación de las recarga anuales - Cuantificación de la recarga anual por el método Sanz, Menéndez Pidal de Navascués y Távara. Se obtuvieron valores de recarga muy aproximados entre los calculados por los dos últimos procedimientos citados. Respecto a las reservas de agua subterránea almacenadas siguen una evolución semejante en todos los casos, lo que ha permitido considerar válidos los resultados conseguidos mediante balance hídrico. Confirmada su solidez, se han buscado correlaciones simples entre el volumen de las reservas subterráneas (como indicador estimativo del efecto de la infiltración) y los volúmenes procedentes de la fusión. La conclusión es que estos últimos no tienen un efecto determinante a escala anual sobre la infiltración,recarga y variación de los volúmenes de agua subterránea, frente al peso de otras variables (precipitación y evapotranspiración). No obstante se ha encontrado una buena correlación múltiple entre la recarga estimada y la precipitación eficaz (precipitación menos evapotranspiración) y fusión, que ha permitido cuantificar la contribución de esta última. Posteriormente se ha recurrido a la selección de los episodios más intensos de acumulación /fusión en las cabeceras del Tajo y Guadiela. Y se procedió a la comparación entre los resultados obtenidos por aplicación del modelo de simulación en los mismos periodos (normalmente de varios días de duración) con datos reales y con datos ficticios de temperatura que anularan o disminuyeran la presencia de nieve, apreciándose una gran sensibilidad del efecto de la temperatura sobre la evapotranspiración y estableciéndose nuevamente correlaciones lineales entre los volúmenes de fusión y el incremento de reservas subterráneas. Las mismas confirman el efecto “favorecedor” de la acumulación de agua en forma de nieve y su posterior licuación, sobre sobre la infiltración de agua en el suelo y almacenamiento subterráneo. Finalmente se establecieron varios escenarios climáticos (+1ºC; +3ºC; +1ºC y – 10% precipitación; y 3ºC – 10% precipitación) compatibles con las previsiones del IPCC para mediados y finales del presente siglo, determinándose mediante simulación ASTER los correspondientes valores de fusión. La correlación establecida a escala anual ha permitido evaluar el efecto de la disminución del volumen de fusión - en los diferentes escenarios – sobre la recarga, pronosticando un descenso de los caudales de estiaje y la desaparición del “efecto nieve” sobre la infiltración y recarga con un aumento de 3ºC de temperatura. Teniendo en cuenta las condiciones de representatividad de la zona elegida, resulta verosímil la extensión de las anteriores conclusiones a otras cabeceras fluviales enclavadas en áreas de media montaña situadas entre 1000 a 2000m y sus efectos aguas abajo.Water infiltration into the soil and groundwater recharge deep water in aquifers is slow relative to other hydrological phenomena. The wording of this thesis aims to contribute to the study of the influence that the storage of solid precipitation as snow cover and its eventual melting may have on this process in mid-mountain areas (1000 - 2,000 m) where very often the headwaters of the peninsular rivers are located. For this party analysis of the different variables involved has over a given time period and a particular geographical area, so that their methodology is empirical in nature. The extension of the period (2002/03 to 2010/11) has been conditioned by the availability of the values of some of its key variables, as were the water equivalent of the snow and flows from melting. These have been obtained as a result of the application of ASTER model, developed in the program Evaluation of Water Resources from the Innivation (ERHIN), calibrated - among others data of rainfall, temperature and flow from turn System Automatic Hydrological Information (SAIH). Both programs were implemented by the Administration in the different Water Boards and to undertakings for current basin, in which the author participated development of this thesis. As for the study area has proceeded at its option considering the possible areas of midmountain in the presence of snow outside hydrological meaningful and they were lithology consisting of permeable outcrops that did not prevent infiltration into the ground and forming aquifers of some significance. We were interested discretion in the Tagus basin, therefore the strategic nature of it, as currently supplying surplus to other basins deficit- as the representative value of its climate and terrain conditions in relation to other peninsular river basins . To do this we started from the headwaters identified by the ERHIN program for its implementation snow interest to the ASTER model and Ground Water Bodies MASb (before UUHH Hydrogeological Units) defined in hydrological plans. The intersection in the territory of both criteria led eventually to the Alto Tajo, in which both requirements are met. The section was finalized in the period between the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadiela rivers and reservoirs end Entrepeñas and Buendia respectively checking points for calibration performed in ASTER modeling. Much of it runs on carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites of Jurassic and Cretaceous) related MASb of Tajuña -Montes Universal, Molina de Aragón and Sigüenza-Maranchón. The daily values of water reserves in the form of snow, evapotranspiration and flow from melting were obtained from the results of this model, proceeding to the calculation of infiltration water balance during the study period considered, taking into account values of precipitation, evapotranspiration and input flow. This has required the prior examination of the hydrogeological conditions of your required in order to know the possible underground interconnections that could alter the balance between the intervening variables aforementioned area. For this we have carried out the collection and analysis of hydrogeological information relevant documentation Tagus river management plans (Hydrological Plan Tajo Basin RD 1664/1998 and the current Hydrological Plan of the Spanish part of the River Basin Tagus RD 270/2014) and previous studies by the basin organization and the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) mainly. Regarding the MASb Tajuña- Montes Universal - whose length exceeds the area selected - these studies consider its geological structure and lithology distribution with waterproof collations that act as barriers, dividing it into subunits and identifying areas draining their respective aquifers. It has also considered the documentation and previous studies of the National Hydrological Plan on shared among different geographical areas management plans Hydrogeological Units. We conclude that river dividing the headers are substantially coincident or covering Subunits southern Universal Montes, Priego Cifuentes, Zaorejas and northern Universal Mounts, which drain into the Tagus / Guadiela (either directly or through tributaries such as Gallo, Ablanquejo , whitecaps , Raven ...), MASb Molina de Aragón which drains through the Tajo del Gallo and MASb Sigüenza- Maranchón river that drains into the Tagus using the Ablanquejo . Discarded - except the small exception of spring Cifuentes -hydrogeological connections with other MASb or Subunits so the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadiela be considered as a separate system, where rainfall not evaporated runs on surface or infiltrates and eventually discharged into reservoirs Entrepeñas and Buendia. The daily and cumulative quantification of water balances allowed us to compute the approximate evolution of groundwater reserves from its initial date. Initially balances were performed separately in the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadiela, whose cumulative values showed an increasing trend in the first and decreasing in the second. This situation is balanced when the balance is practiced together in both , appreciating the change in volume of groundwater hydrological evolution commensurate with the cycles of summer / winter and drought periods , keeping their average long / medium term values and putting in shows the existence of underground interconnections between the two basins. The overall balance, adding header Tajuña (which also shares the permeable materials MASb Tajuña -Montes Universal ) did not reveal the existence of new hydrogeological interrelationships that influenced water balances made Tajo / Guadiela, confirming the findings of the hydrogeological studies previously analyzed. We proceeded to confront and validate the results of the evolution of groundwater reserves by the following alternative procedures: - Calculate the parameters drain depletion curve corresponding to the volume of groundwater draining into the Tajo / Guadiela. This has been made from monthly inflows in the reservoirs of Entrepeñas and Buendia during the months of June, July, August and September, whose values match the typical profile of an aquifer discharges. From these has been determined for the first of June each year of the time series considered drainage volume - Determination of base flow by Wallingford method and deduction of drainage volumes. Estimate of annual recharge - Quantification of the annual recharge by the method Sanz Menéndez Pidal of Navascués and Távara. Very approximate values recharge between calculated for the last two mentioned methods were obtained. Concerning groundwater reserves stored follow a similar pattern in all cases, allowing consider valid the results achieved through water balance. Confirmed its robustness, simple correlations were sought between the volume of groundwater reserves (as estimated indicator of the effect of infiltration) and volumes from the melting. The conclusion is that the latter do not have a decisive effect on the annual scale infiltration, recharge and variation in volumes of groundwater, against the weight of other variables (precipitation and evapotranspiration). However found a good multiple correlation between the estimated recharge and effective precipitation (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) and fusion, which allowed quantify the contribution of the latter. Subsequently it has resorted to the selection of the most intense episodes of accumulation / melting in the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadiela. And we proceeded to the comparison between the results obtained by application of the simulation model in the same periods (usually several days) with real data and fictitious temperature data to annul or decrease the presence of snow, appreciating a great sensitivity of the effect of temperature on evapotranspiration and establishing linear correlations between the volumes of melting and increased groundwater reserves again. They confirm the “flattering " effect of water accumulation as snow and subsequent liquefaction of the infiltration of water into the soil and underground storage. Finally various climate scenarios (+1ºC; +3ºC; +1ºC y – 10% precipitation; y 3ºC – 10% precipitation) were established consistent with IPCC projections for mid - to late - century, determined through simulation ASTER corresponding values of melting. The correlation established on an annual scale has allowed to evaluate the effect of decreasing the volume of melt - in different scenarios - on recharge, predicting a decline in low flows and the disappearance of "snow effect" on infiltration and recharge with an increase of 3°C temperature. Given the conditions of representativeness of the chosen area, plausible extension of the above findings to other landlocked headwaters in mid-mountain areas located between 1000 to 2000m and its downstream effects.

Initializing the DSSAT-Century model: inverse calibration of carbon pools from apparent soil N mineralization

The CENTURY soil organic matter model was adapted for the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer), modular format in order to better simulate the dynamics of soil organic nutrient processes (Gijsman et al., 2002). The CENTURY model divides the soil organic carbon (SOC) into three hypothetical pools: microbial or active material (SOC1), intermediate (SOC2) and the largely inert and stable material (SOC3) (Jones et al., 2003). At the beginning of the simulation, CENTURY model needs a value of SOC3 per soil layer which can be estimated by the model (based on soil texture and management history) or given as an input. Then, the model assigns about 5% and 95% of the remaining SOC to SOC1 and SOC2, respectively. The model performance when simulating SOC and nitrogen (N) dynamics strongly depends on the initialization process. The common methods (e.g. Basso et al., 2011) to initialize SOC pools deal mostly with carbon (C) mineralization processes and less with N. Dynamics of SOM, SOC, and soil organic N are linked in the CENTURY-DSSAT model through the C/N ratio of decomposing material that determines either mineralization or immobilization of N (Gijsman et al., 2002). The aim of this study was to evaluate an alternative method to initialize the SOC pools in the DSSAT-CENTURY model from apparent soil N mineralization (Napmin) field measurements by using automatic inverse calibration (simulated annealing). The results were compared with the ones obtained by the iterative initialization procedure developed by Basso et al., 2011.

Joint 4-D variational stereo reconstruction and camera calibration refinement for oceanic sea state measurements

Validating modern oceanographic theories using models produced through stereo computer vision principles has recently emerged. Space-time (4-D) models of the ocean surface may be generated by stacking a series of 3-D reconstructions independently generated for each time instant or, in a more robust manner, by simultaneously processing several snapshots coherently in a true ?4-D reconstruction.? However, the accuracy of these computer-vision-generated models is subject to the estimations of camera parameters, which may be corrupted under the influence of natural factors such as wind and vibrations. Therefore, removing the unpredictable errors of the camera parameters is necessary for an accurate reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that can jointly perform a 4-D reconstruction as well as correct the camera parameter errors introduced by external factors. The technique is founded upon variational optimization methods to benefit from their numerous advantages: continuity of the estimated surface in space and time, robustness, and accuracy. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested using synthetic data produced through computer graphics techniques, based on which the errors of the camera parameters arising from natural factors can be simulated.