Ulkomaalaiset vuokratyöntekijät Suomessa yrityksen näkökulma

Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, mitä yrityksen tulee ottaa huomioon ulkomaalaista vuokratyövoimaa käyttäessään. Suomea uhkaavan työvoimapulan ehkäisemiseksi tarvitsemme työperäistä maahanmuuttoa. Joillakin aloilla työvoimapulasta kärsitään jo nyt. Ulkomaalaisten osuus Suomen väestöstä on viime vuosina nopeasti kasvanut, mutta muualta tulleiden sopeuttamisessa on ollut puutteita. Vuokratyöntekijöiden määrä on noussut viimeisen viiden vuoden aikana, mutta olemme vielä jäljessä Euroopan keskitasosta. Yritykset eivät osaa vielä täysin hyödyntää monikulttuurista työvoimaa. Hyvä kielitaito ja Suomessa hankittu koulutus parantavat ulkomaalaistaustaisen henkilön työnsaantimahdollisuuksia. Vuokratyövoima tarjoaa käyttäjäyritykselle joustavan välineen tuotannon vaihteluihin. Lisäksi työvoiman vapaa liikkuvuus toteutuu Euroopan Unionin alueella varsin hyvin. Toisaalta globaali kilpailu ammattitaitoisista siirtotyöläisistä on kovaa.

Migration and horizontal gene transfer divide microbial genomes into multiple niches.

Horizontal gene transfer is central to microbial evolution, because it enables genetic regions to spread horizontally through diverse communities. However, how gene transfer exerts such a strong effect is not understood. Here we develop an eco-evolutionary model and show how genetic transfer, even when rare, can transform the evolution and ecology of microbes. We recapitulate existing models, which suggest that asexual reproduction will overpower horizontal transfer and greatly limit its effects. We then show that allowing immigration completely changes these predictions. With migration, the rates and impacts of horizontal transfer are greatly increased, and transfer is most frequent for loci under positive natural selection. Our analysis explains how ecologically important loci can sweep through competing strains and species. In this way, microbial genomes can evolve to become ecologically diverse where different genomic regions encode for partially overlapping, but distinct, ecologies. Under these conditions ecological species do not exist, because genes, not species, inhabit niches.

Joves d'origen estranger, integració i immigració a Espanya

Un de cada sis joves a España és d'origen estranger. Molts d'ells, tot i haver-hi nascut o arribat en la seva primera infància, encara avui, no estan integrats. Des d'aquesta perspectiva, es presenta una anàlisi teòrica del grup dels joves d'origen estranger des de la preocupació per entendre que, a més del condicionant d'aquestes edats, aquest context presenta característiques específiques determinades per l'element multicultural. Per això, partim de la conceptualització de la integració, abordem els dos elements constitutius de la joventut (identitat i desenvolupament moral), analitzem la influència de les relacions entre iguals, presentem el fenomen de la immigració en el cas de la joventut i, finalment, tanquem amb la revisió del concepte de «segones generacions» i el seu impacte sobre els joves d'origen estranger.

The effect of learning on the evolution of new courtship behavior: a simulation model

The fact that individuals learn can change the relationship between genotype and phenotype in the population, and thus affect the evolutionary response to selection. Here we ask how male ability to learn from female response affects the evolution of a novel male behavioral courtship trait under pre-existing female preference (sensory drive). We assume a courtship trait which has both a genetic and a learned component, and a two-level female response to males. With individual-based simulations we show that, under this scenario, learning generally increases the strength of selection on the genetic component of the courtship trait, at least when the population genetic mean is still low. As a consequence, learning not only accelerates the evolution of the courtship trait, but also enables it when the trait is costly, which in the absence of learning results in an adaptive valley. Furthermore, learning can enable the evolution of the novel trait in the face of gene flow mediated by immigration of males that show superior attractiveness to females based on another, non-heritable trait. However, rather than increasing monotonically with the speed of learning, the effect of learning on evolution is maximized at intermediate learning rates. This model shows that, at least under some scenarios, the ability to learn can drive the evolution of mating behaviors through a process equivalent to Waddington's genetic assimilation.

Soins aux mineurs non accompagnés (MNA): l'expérience lausannoise [Caring for unaccompanied minors: an experience from Lausanne].

La prise en charge médicale du mineur non accompagné est complexe et nécessite la mise en place d'un réseau biopsychosocial. A Lausanne, l'Unité multidisciplinaire de santé des adolescents (UMSA) joue un rôle préventif et curatif pour cette population extrêmement vulnérable. Une prise en charge psychologique rapide est souvent nécessaire en raison des événements de vie dramatiques auxquels la plupart de ces adolescents ont été confrontés. L'absence de projet d'avenir pour la majorité de ces adolescents reste une entrave majeure à leur développement et à leur santé mentale et physique. Medical treatment of an unaccompanied minor is made more complicated firstly by its connections with the politics of immigration and secondly by the difficulty in gaining recognition of the priority of the minor's interests. Enabling healthcare teams to travel and meet these particularly vulnerable youths makes medical care more accessible to them and facilitates an optimal bio-psycho-social treatment. For most of these adolescents it is their lack of plans for the future which remains the major obstacle to their development and mental and physical health.

Introduction

De la sociologie de l'immigration vers les études transnationales? Les multiples approches de la sociologie des migrations en France.

Etre médecin africain en Europe

Plusieurs milliers de médecins à diplômes africains, originaires du Maghreb, de l'Égypte et de l'Afrique au sud du Sahara exercent aujourd'hui en Europe. Si les pays d'Afrique du Nord et d'Égypte viennent largement en tête avec 75 % des effectifs, l'Afrique subsaharienne représente avec Madagascar et Maurice les 25 % restants. L'ouvrage d'Angèle Mendy se concentre sur les cas de la France, de la Grande-Bretagne et de la Suisse, trois pays aux contextes d'accueil bien différents. Ces docteurs du continent africain sont venus faire carrière dans les pays du Nord, principalement à l'appel de services hospitaliers ou d'agences de recrutement internationales, mais aussi comme praticiens libéraux. Ce sont des migrants qualifiés qui connaissent rarement des problèmes d'emploi dans leur pays d'origine, mais qui tentent leur chance dans des pays riches confrontés à des pénuries de personnel. À l'heure de la mondialisation, ces médecins ne sont pas différents des ingénieurs indiens ou chinois qui travaillent en Europe ou aux États- Unis ou des ingénieurs européens qui s'exportent en Chine ou au Qatar. Angèle Mendy nous offre une série d'analyses sur cette migration spécifique. Jouent d'abord les anciennes relations de l'Europe et de l'Afrique de l'époque coloniale, prolongées cinquante ans après les indépendances par de nombreux échanges : la médecine occidentale représente pour les médecins du Continent une valorisation professionnelle et de nouvelles compétences. Pour comprendre le phénomène, il y a aussi et tout autant les conditions difficiles de l'exercice de la médecine dans les pays d'origine (insécurité ou guerre civile, réseaux pro- fessionnels atteints par la corruption, revenus médiocres, équipements hospitaliers déficients, voire absents...). Comme tous les migrants, les médecins africains rêvent, eux aussi, de trouver un avenir meilleur. L'ouvrage nous livre de nombreuses informations sur les législations et les pratiques médicales des trois pays européens étudiés. S'appuyant sur les témoignages des médecins eux-mêmes, Angèle Mendy ne manque pas de souligner aussi les difficultés de cette immigration toute particulière.

Health Migration Policies and Ethical Controversies: the Case of African Nurses in the UK

The United Kingdom (UK) for last few decades has been faced with a growing need for health personnel and has therefore attracted professionals, particularly overseas nurses. The country has been characterised by a historical migration policy favourable to the recruitment of foreign health staff. However, in the context of deep shortage and high level of diseases and health system weakness, the international health professional recruitment from Sub Saharan Africa has created unprecedented ethical controversies which have pushed the UK to the centre of discussions because of its liberal policies towards international recruitment that have been considered as aggressive. While the 'brain drain' controversy is well known, less attention has been devoted to the specific international health migration controversy and the pivotal role of the UK in the diffusion of ethical code of practice. Using mainly the perspective of the policy analysis of controversy (Roe 1994) and the analysis of discourses (de Haas 2008), our paper comes back respectively to the nature of the controversy and the pivotal role of the UK. It also analyses how the implementation of UK ethical policies - Code of Practice, banned countries list of recruitment, restrictive immigration policies - have been considered as inefficient and unethical in their contents and their targets.

Job loss among immigrant and native workers: evidence from Spain's economic downturn

The profound crisis that has affected the Spanish economy since mid - 2008 has been characterized by significant job losses and a marked rise in the country´s unemployment rate. However, unemployment has had a differential impact on different population groups. Compared to native, immigrant workers have experienced higher rates of job loss. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the differences between immigrants and natives (distinguished by gender) in terms of their probability of suffering job loss in the downturn of late 2008 and 2009. Our results indicate that the higher rate of job loss among female immigrant workers can be fully explained by their lower endowment of human capital. By contrast, human capital endowment and over-representation in certain occupations, sectors and regions in which the crisis had greatest impact do not appear to be the only reason for the penalty suffered by immigrant males in terms of their chances of losing their job in the downturn.

Escola, llengua i immigració a Catalunya. Algunes reflexions

L’article planteja que el model d’immersió lingüística que ha produït excel·lents resultats sobre la competència lingüística dels alumnes autòctons, presenta problemes a l’hora d’aplicar-lo a l’alumnat d’origen estranger, independentment de quina sigui la seva llengua inicial. Això és així perquè, d’una banda, aquests estudiants presenten un escenari d’escolarització molt diversificat, i de l’altra, perquè les seves actituds lingüístiques són diferents de les que s’havien conegut fins ara. Tot plegat comporta que, pel que fa a les habilitats lingüístiques, assoleixin uns resultats més baixos que els autòctons

The use of COOP/WONCA charts as a screen for mental disorders in the immigrant community in primary care in primary care

Aim. To evaluate the usefulness of COOP/WONCA charts as a screening tool for mental disorders in primary care in the immigrant healthcare users in Salt. To measure self-rated health of Salt immigration population using the COOP / WONCA charts and to assess its associated factorsDesign. Descriptive and transversal study, Participants. 370 non-EU immigrants seniors selected by consecutive sampling stratified by sexMain measures. Personal information will be collected (age, sex, country of origin, years of residency in Spain, number of people living in the household and associated comorbidities). Each participant will complete the COOP/WONCA charts. An analysis of the validity of the diagnostic test will be done: sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, ROC curve and area under the curve (AUC). All variables will be subjected to descriptive analysis. Bivariate and multivariate analysis between the variables collected (sex, years of residency in Spain... ) and the results of COOP / WONCA charts will be performedResults. Preliminary results are available on a pilot test with 30 patients. The mental disorder prevalence is around 30%. Sensibility (0,89), specificity (0,89), VPP (0,80), VPN (0,94) cutoff score (3.5) and AUC (0,941). Women, people with 10 or more years of residency in Spain and unemployed people have worse self-rated healthConclusions. Based on the preliminary results, is possible to conclude that COOP/WONCA charts could be an useful, valid and applicable screening test for mental disorders in primary care with immigrant population

Venäläisvetoinen yrittäjyys Suomessa

Venäjän maantieteellinen läheisyys ja kasvavat markkinat ovat yhä edelleen tärkeimpiä syitä suomalaisyritysten Venäjä-toiminnoille. Vuorovaikutus rajan yli ei kuitenkaan ole yksipuolista, vaan maantieteellisen läheisyyden vuoksi myös venäläisyritysten voisi olettaa pitävän Suomea luonnollisena vaihtoehtona kansainvälistymiselleen. Suomessa toimivissa venäläisyrityksissä on havaittavissa ominaispiirteitä, jotka erottavat ne kotimaisesta yritystoiminnasta. Samalla kuitenkin venäläisyritysten piirteet eivät ole yhteneviä muualla maailmassa havaittujen etnisten yritysten ominaisuuksien kanssa. Toisin kuin etniset yritykset yleensä, venäläiset yritykset eivät ole syntyneet julkisen tuen avustuksella, eivätkä ne toimi matalan kannattavuuden aloilla. Venäläisen yritystoiminnan rooli on merkittävä Suomen ja Venäjän välisessä kaupassa, ja samalla se tuo lisämausteensa suomalaiseen pienyrityskenttään.

Health of Immigrants in European countries

The health of older immigrants can have important consequences for needed social support and demands placed on health systems. This paper examines health differences between immigrants and the nativeborn populations aged 50 years and older in 11 European countries. We examine differences in functional ability, disability, disease presence and behavioral risk factors, for immigrants and non-immigrants using data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) database. Among the 11 European countries, migrants generally have worse health than the native population. In these countries, there is a little evidence of the “healthy migrant” at ages 50 years and over. In general, it appears that growing numbers of immigrants may portend more health problems in the population in subsequent years.