Solubilization of human erythrocyte membranes by ASB detergents

Understanding the membrane solubilization process and finding effective solubilizing agents are crucial challenges in biochemical research. Here we report results on the interaction of the novel linear alkylamido propyl dimethyl amino propanosulfonate detergents, ASB-14 and ASB-16, with human erythrocyte membranes. An estimation of the critical micelle concentration of these zwitterionic detergents (ASB-14 = 100 µM and ASB-16 = 10 µM) was obtained using electron paramagnetic resonance. The amount of proteins and cholesterol solubilized from erythrocytes by these detergents was then determined. The hemolytic activities of the ASB detergents were assayed and the detergent/lipid molar ratios for the onset of hemolysis (Re sat) and total lysis (Re sol) were calculated, allowing the determination of the membrane binding constants (Kb). ASB-14 presented lower membrane affinity (Kb = 7050 M-1) than ASB-16 (Kb = 15610 M-1). The amount of proteins and cholesterol solubilized by both ASB detergents was higher while Re sat values (0.22 and 0.08 detergent/lipid for ASB-14 and ASB-16, respectively) were smaller than those observed with the classic detergents CHAPS and Triton X-100. These results reveal that, besides their well-known use as membrane protein solubilizers to enhance the resolution of two dimensional electrophoresis/mass spectrometry, ASB-14 and ASB-16 are strong hemolytic agents. We propose that the physicochemical properties of ASB detergents determine their membrane disruption efficiency and can help to explain the improvement in the solubilization of membrane proteins, as reported in the literature.

Proteomic analysis of cytosolic proteins associated with petite mutations in Candida glabrata

The incidence of superficial or deep-seated infections due to Candida glabrata has increased markedly, probably because of the low intrinsic susceptibility of this microorganism to azole antifungals and its relatively high propensity to acquire azole resistance. To determine changes in the C. glabrata proteome associated with petite mutations, cytosolic extracts from an azole-resistant petite mutant of C. glabrata induced by exposure to ethidium bromide, and from its azole-susceptible parent isolate were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins of interest were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting or sequence tagging using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Tryptic peptides from a total of 160 Coomassie-positive spots were analyzed for each strain. Sixty-five different proteins were identified in the cytosolic extracts of the parent strain and 58 in the petite mutant. Among the proteins identified, 10 were higher in the mutant strain, whereas 23 were lower compared to the parent strain. The results revealed a significant decrease in the enzymes associated with the metabolic rate of mutant cells such as aconitase, transaldolase, and pyruvate kinase, and changes in the levels of specific heat shock proteins. Moreover, transketolase, aconitase and catalase activity measurements decreased significantly in the ethidium bromide-induced petite mutant. These data may be useful for designing experiments to obtain a better understanding of the nuclear response to impairment of mitochondrial function associated with this mutation in C. glabrata.

Specific alterations in plasma proteins during depressed, manic, and euthymic states of bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common psychiatric mood disorder affecting more than 1-2% of the general population of different European countries. Unfortunately, there is no objective laboratory-based test to aid BD diagnosis or monitor its progression, and little is known about the molecular basis of BD. Here, we performed a comparative proteomic study to identify differentially expressed plasma proteins in various BD mood states (depressed BD, manic BD, and euthymic BD) relative to healthy controls. A total of 10 euthymic BD, 20 depressed BD, 15 manic BD, and 20 demographically matched healthy control subjects were recruited. Seven high-abundance proteins were immunodepleted in plasma samples from the 4 experimental groups, which were then subjected to proteome-wide expression profiling by two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomic results were validated by immunoblotting and bioinformatically analyzed using MetaCore. From a total of 32 proteins identified with 1.5-fold changes in expression compared with healthy controls, 16 proteins were perturbed in BD independent of mood state, while 16 proteins were specifically associated with particular BD mood states. Two mood-independent differential proteins, apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 and Apo L1, suggest that BD pathophysiology may be associated with early perturbations in lipid metabolism. Moreover, down-regulation of one mood-dependent protein, carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA-1), suggests it may be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive episodes in BD. Thus, BD pathophysiology may be associated with early perturbations in lipid metabolism that are independent of mood state, while CA-1 may be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive episodes.

The importance of heat against antinutritional factors from Chenopodium quinoa seeds

Chenopodium quinoa seeds have high protein content. The nutritional value of quinoa is superior compared with traditional cereals. Its essential amino acid composition is considered next to the ideal, and its quality matches that of milk proteins. In this study, the seed storage proteins from Chenopodium quinoa were extracted, fractionated, partially purified, and characterized. The structural characterization was performed by Tricine-SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis, and it confirmed the presence of proteins of molecular weight of 30 and 7kDa, probably corresponding to lectins and trypsin inhibitors, respectively. The functional characterization of these proteins evidenced their activity as antinutritional factors due to their in vitro digestibility. Quinoa proteins have an excellent amino acid composition with many essential amino acids. In vitro digestibility evaluation indicated that heat-treated samples showed a more complete digestion than the native state samples. Quinoa seeds can be an important cereal in human diet after adequate heat treatment.

Response curves of deterministic and probabilistic cellular automata in one and two dimensions

One of the most important problems in the theory of cellular automata (CA) is determining the proportion of cells in a specific state after a given number of time iterations. We approach this problem using patterns in preimage sets - that is, the set of blocks which iterate to the desired output. This allows us to construct a response curve - a relationship between the proportion of cells in state 1 after niterations as a function of the initial proportion. We derive response curve formulae for many two-dimensional deterministic CA rules with L-neighbourhood. For all remaining rules, we find experimental response curves. We also use preimage sets to classify surjective rules. In the last part of the thesis, we consider a special class of one-dimensional probabilistic CA rules. We find response surface formula for these rules and experimental response surfaces for all remaining rules.

The Influence of Male Diet on Life History Traits of Female Mosquitoes

In the field, mosquitoes characteristically feed on sugars soon after emergence and intermittently during their adult lives. Sugar meals are commonly derived from plant nectar and homopteran honeydew, and without them, adults can only survive for a few days on larval reserves. In addition to sugar, females of most species rely on blood for the initiation and maintenance of egg development; thus their reproductive success depends to some extent on the availability of blood hosts. Males, on the other hand, feed exclusively on sugars. Consequently, their sexual maturation and reproductive success is largely dependent upon access to sugar sources. Plant nectar and homopteran honeydew are the two main sugar sources utilized by mosquitoes in the wild. Previous laboratory studies had shown that differences between nectar sources can affect the survivorship and biting frequency of disease vectoring mosquitoes. However, little is known on how sugar composition influence the reproductive processes in male mosquitoes. Male mosquitoes transfer accessory gland proteins and other hormones to their mates along with sperm during mating. In the female, these seminal fluid constituents exert their influence on reproductive genes that control ovulation and vitellogenesis. The present study tests the hypothesis that the mates of males consuming different sugar meals will exhibit varying levels of induction of vitellogenin (a gene which regulates the expression of egg yolk precursor proteins). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate how each sugar meal indirectly influences vitellogenin mRNA abundance in female Anopheles stephensi following mating. Results indicate that mates of nectar-fed males exhibit 2-fold greater change in vitellogenin expression than the mates of honeydew-fed males. However, this response did not occur in non-blood fed controls. These findings suggest that the stimulatory effect of mating on vitellogenesis in blood meal-reliant (i.e. anautogenous) mosquitoes may only be synergistic in nature. The present study also sought to compare the potential fitness costs of mating incurred by females that do not necessarily require a blood meal to initiate a reproductive cycle (i.e., exhibit autogeny). Females of the facultatively autogenous mosquito, Culex molestus were allowed to mate with males sustained on either nectar or honedyew. Mean lifetime fecundity and survivorship of females under the two different mating regimes were then recorded. Additionally, one-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to verify the transfer of male accessory gland proteins to the sperm storage organs of females during mating.While there was no significant difference in survival between the test treatments, the mates of nectar-fed males produced 11% more eggs on average than mates of honeydew-fed males. However, additional data are needed to justify the extrapolation of these findings to natural settings. These findings prompt further investigation as the differences caused by diet variation in males may be reflected across other life history traits such as mating frequency and insemination capacity.

The effect of oxygen and parenteral nutrition on the redox potential and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants

Introduction: Le supplément d’oxygène et la nutrition parentérale (NP) sont les deux sources majeures de stress oxydant chez le nouveau-né. Lors de la détoxification des oxydants, le potentiel redox du glutathion s’oxyde. Notre hypothèse est que le supplément d’oxygène et la durée de la NP sont associés à un potentiel redox plus oxydé et à une augmentation de la sévérité de la dysplasie bronchopulmonaire (DBP). Patients et Méthodes: Une étude observationnelle prospective incluant des enfants de moins de 29 semaines d’âge gestationnel. Les concentrations sanguines de GSH et GSSG à jour 6-7 et à 36 semaines d’âge corrigé étaient mesurées par électrophorèse capillaire et le potentiel redox était calculé selon l’équation de Nernst. La sévérité de la DBP correspondait à la définition du NICHD. Résultats: Une FiO2≥ 25% au 7ième jour de vie ainsi que plus de 14 jours de NP sont significativement associés à un potentiel redox plus oxydé et à une DBP plus sévère. Ces relations sont indépendantes de l’âge de gestation et de la gravité de la maladie initiale. La corrélation entre le potentiel redox et la sévérité de la DBP n’est pas significative. La durée de la NP était responsable de 15% de la variation du potentiel redox ainsi que de 42% de la variation de la sévérité de la DPB. Conclusion: Ces résultats suggèrent que l’oxygène et la NP induisent un stress oxydant et que les stratégies visant une utilisation plus judicieuse de l’oxygène et de la NP devraient diminuer la sévérité de la DBP.

Étude sur l'utilisation de liquides ioniques à base imidazolium pour l'extraction sélective de phosphopeptides

La phosphorylation des protéines constitue l’une des plus importantes modifications post-traductionnelles (PTMs) et intervient dans de multiples processus physiologiques tels, la croissance, la différenciation cellulaire, l’apoptose, etc. En dépit de son importance, l’analyse des phosphoprotéines demeure une tâche difficile en raison de leur nature dynamique (car la phosphorylation des protéines est un processus réversible) et de leur faible abondance relative. En effet, la détermination des sites de phosphorylation est souvent difficile car les phosphopeptides sont souvent difficiles à détecter par des méthodes d’analyse chromatographique classique et par spectrométrie de masse (MS). De récentes études ont démontré que les nombreuses méthodes d’enrichissement de phosphopeptides existantes ne sont pas complètes, et que le nombre total de phosphopeptides détectés ne chevauchent pas complètement ces méthodes. C’est pour cela qu’il existe une nécessité de combler les lacunes des méthodes d’enrichissement existantes afin d’avoir des analyses phosphoprotéomiques plus complètes. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé les liquides ioniques (LI), plus particulièrement les sels d’imidazolium, comme une technique d’enrichissement alternative, dans le but de favoriser une extraction sélective de phosphopeptides présents en solution. Les sels d’imidazolium ont donc été utilisés en raison de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques "facilement" ajustables selon la nature des substituants sur le noyau imidazolium et la nature de l’anion. Les sels de monoimidazolium et de bis-imidazolium possédant respectivement des chaînes linéaires à 4, 12 et 16 atomes de carbone et ayant différents anions ont été synthétisés et utilisés pour effectuer des extractions liquide-liquide et solide-liquide des phosphopeptides en solution. Dans un premier temps, des extractions liquide-liquide ont été réalisées en utilisant un liquide ionique (LI) ayant une chaine linéaire de 4 atomes de carbone. Ces extractions réalisées avec le bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide de 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-NTf2) et l’hexafluorophosphate de 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-PF6) n’ont pas montré une extraction notable du PPS comparativement au PN. Dans un deuxième temps, des extractions solide-liquide ont été réalisées en fonctionnalisant des particules solides avec des sels d’imidazolium possédant des chaines linéaires de 12 ou 16 atomes de carbone. Ces extractions ont été faites en utilisant un phosphopentapeptide Ac-Ile-pTyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2 (PPS) en présence de 2 analogues acides non-phosphorylés. Il a été démontré que les sels d’imidazolium à chaine C12 étaient meilleurs pour extraire le PPS que les deux autres peptides PN (Ac-Ile-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2) et PE (Ac-Glu-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2) L’électrophorèse capillaire (CE) et la chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (LC-MS) ont été utilisées pour quantifier le mélange des trois peptides avant et après extraction ; dans le but de mesurer la sélectivité et l’efficacité d’extraction de ces peptides par rapport à la composition chimique du liquide ionique utilisé.

A study of chymotrypsin immobilization conditions for improved peptide mapping

La cartographie peptidique est une technique de grande importance utilisée lors de l’identification des protéines et la caractérisation des modifications post-traductionnelles des protéines. Deux méthodes sont utilisées afin de couper les protéines en peptides pour la cartographie : les méthodes chimiques et les méthodes enzymatiques. Dans ce projet, l’enzyme chymotrypsine a été utilisée pour l’hydrolyse (la digestion) des liens peptidiques. Cependant, l’autoprotéolyse des enzymes peut augmenter la complexité des échantillons, rendant ainsi ardue l’obtention de pics résolus suite à l’apparition de pics non-désirés dans la carte peptidique. Par conséquent, nous avons utilisé la réticulation des enzymes protéolytiques par réaction avec le glutaraldéhyde (GA) donnant une enzyme insoluble afin de réduire l’autoprotéolyse. L’immobilisation de la chymotrypsine par GA a été effectuée selon une méthode rapportée précédemment par le groupe Waldron. L’électrophorèse capillaire (CE) couplée à l’absorption UV-visible a été utilisée pour la séparation et la détection de peptides et pour obtenir ainsi une cartographie peptidique. Deux tampons différents ont été évalués afin d’obtenir les meilleures conditions pour la digestion de substrats protéiques par la chymotrypsine libre (soluble) ou la GAchymotrypsine et l’analyse par CE. Les cartes des peptides autoprotéolytiques ont été comparées entre les deux formats de chymotrypsine. Afin d’améliorer la cartographie peptidique, nous avons évalué trois méthodes de conditionnement du capillaire CE et deux méthodes pour stopper la digestion. Le bicarbonate d’ammonium s’est avéré être le tampon optimal pour la digestion en solution et l’utilisation d’un bain d’acétone et de glace sèche s’est avérée être la méthode optimale pour stopper la digestion. Une solution de SDS, 25 mM, dans l’étape de rinçage a été utilisée après chaque analyse CE et a permis d’améliorer la résolution des cartes peptidiques. La comparaison entre l’autoprotéolyse de la chymotrypsine libre et de celle immobilisé par GA a été effectuée par des tests utilisant une gamme de six différentes combinaisons de conditions afin d’évaluer le temps (30 et 240 min) et la température de digestion (4, 24 et 37°C). Dans ces conditions, nos résultats ont confirmé que le GA-chymotrypsine réduit l’autoprotéolyse par rapport à l’enzyme libre. La digestion (à 37°C/240 min) de deux substrats modèles par la chymotrypsine libre et immobilisée en fonction de la température de dénaturation du substrat a été étudiée. iii Avant la digestion, les substrats (l’albumine de sérum bovine, BSA, et la myoglobine) ont été dénaturés par chauffage pendant 45 min à trois températures différentes (60, 75 et 90°C). Les résultats ont démontré que la dénaturation par chauffage du BSA et de la myoglobine n’a pas amélioré la cartographie peptidique pour la GA-chymotrypsine, tandis que la digestion de ceux-ci en présence de la chymotrypsine libre a amélioré de façon quantifiable à des températures élevées. Ainsi, le chauffage du substrat à 90°C avec l’enzyme soluble facilite le dépliement partiel du substrat et sa digestion limitée, ce qui a été mieux pour la myoglobine que pour la BSA.

Finite-size scaling analysis of the avalanches in the three-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising model with metastable dynamics

A numerical study is presented of the third-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising model at T=0 driven by an external field. Standard synchronous relaxation dynamics is employed to obtain the magnetization versus field hysteresis loops. The focus is on the analysis of the number and size distribution of the magnetization avalanches. They are classified as being nonspanning, one-dimensional-spanning, two-dimensional-spanning, or three-dimensional-spanning depending on whether or not they span the whole lattice in different space directions. Moreover, finite-size scaling analysis enables identification of two different types of nonspanning avalanches (critical and noncritical) and two different types of three-dimensional-spanning avalanches (critical and subcritical), whose numbers increase with L as a power law with different exponents. We conclude by giving a scenario for avalanche behavior in the thermodynamic limit.

Covalently Interconnected Three- Dimensional Graphene Oxide Solids

The creation of three-dimensionally engineered nanoporous architectures via covalently interconnected nanoscale building blocks remains one of the fundamental challenges in nanotechnology. Here we report the synthesis of ordered, stacked macroscopic three-dimensional (3D) solid scaffolds of graphene oxide (GO) fabricated via chemical cross-linking of two-dimensional GO building blocks. The resulting 3D GO network solids form highly porous interconnected structures, and the controlled reduction of these structures leads to formation of 3D conductive graphene scaffolds. These 3D architectures show promise for potential applications such as gas storage; CO2 gas adsorption measurements carried out under ambient conditions show high sorption capacity, demonstrating the possibility of creating new functional carbon solids starting with two-dimensional carbon layers

Heterochromatin und epigenetische Kontrolle der Centromere in Dictyostelium discoideum

Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) is an evolutionarily conserved protein required for formation of a higher-order chromatin structures and epigenetic gene silencing. The objective of the present work was to functionally characterise HP1-like proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum, and to investigate their function in heterochromatin formation and transcriptional gene silencing. The Dictyostelium genome encodes three HP1-like proteins (hcpA, hcpB, hcpC), from which only two, hcpA and hcpB, but not hcpC were found to be expressed during vegetative growth and under developmental conditions. Therefore, hcpC, albeit no obvious pseudogene, was excluded from this study. Both HcpA and HcpB show the characteristic conserved domain structure of HP1 proteins, consisting of an N-terminal chromo domain and a C-terminal chromo shadow domain, which are separated by a hinge. Both proteins show all biochemical activities characteristic for HP1 proteins, such as homo- and heterodimerisation in vitro and in vivo, and DNA binding activtity. HcpA furthermore seems to bind to K9-methylated histone H3 in vitro. The proteins thus appear to be structurally and functionally conserved in Dictyostelium. The proteins display largely identical subnuclear distribution in several minor foci and concentration in one major cluster at the nuclear periphery. The localisation of this cluster adjacent to the nucleus-associated centrosome and its mitotic behaviour strongly suggest that it represents centromeric heterochromatin. Furthermore, it is characterised by histone H3 lysine-9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), which is another hallmark of Dictyostelium heterochromatin. Therefore, one important aspect of the work was to characterise the so-far largely unknown structural organisation of centromeric heterochromatin. The Dictyostelium homologue of inner centromere protein INCENP (DdINCENP), co-localized with both HcpA and H3K9me2 during metaphase, providing further evidence that H3K9me2 and HcpA/B localisation represent centromeric heterochromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that two types of high-copy number retrotransposons (DIRS-1 and skipper), which form large irregular arrays at the chromosome ends, which are thought to contain the Dictyostelium centromeres, are characterised by H3K9me2. Neither overexpression of full-length HcpA or HcpB, nor deletion of single Hcp isoforms resulted in changes in retrotransposon transcript levels. However, overexpression of a C-terminally truncated HcpA protein, assumed to display a dominant negative effect, lead to an increase in skipper retrotransposon transcript levels. Furthermore, overexpression of this protein lead to severe growth defects in axenic suspension culture and reduced cell viability. In order to elucidate the proteins functions in centromeric heterochromatin formation, gene knock-outs for both hcpA and hcpB were generated. Both genes could be successfully targeted and disrupted by homologous recombination. Surprisingly, the degree of functional redundancy of the two isoforms was, although not unexpected, very high. Both single knock-out mutants did not show any obvious phenotypes under standard laboratory conditions and only deletion of hcpA resulted in subtle growth phenotypes when grown at low temperature. All attempts to generate a double null mutant failed. However, both endogenous genes could be disrupted in cells in which a rescue construct that ectopically expressed one of the isoforms either with N-terminal 6xHis- or GFP-tag had been introduced. The data imply that the presence of at least one Hcp isoform is essential in Dictyostelium. The lethality of the hcpA/hcpB double mutant thus greatly hampered functional analysis of the two genes. However, the experiment provided genetic evidence that the GFP-HcpA fusion protein, because of its ability to compensate the loss of the endogenous HcpA protein, was a functional protein. The proteins displayed quantitative differences in dimerisation behaviour, which are conferred by the slightly different hinge and chromo shadow domains at the C-termini. Dimerisation preferences in increasing order were HcpA-HcpA << HcpA-HcpB << HcpB-HcpB. Overexpression of GFP-HcpA or a chimeric protein containing the HcpA C-terminus (GFP-HcpBNAC), but not overexpression of GFP-HcpB or GFP-HcpANBC, lead to increased frequencies of anaphase bridges in late mitotic cells, which are thought to be caused by telomere-telomere fusions. Chromatin targeting of the two proteins is achieved by at least two distinct mechanisms. The N-terminal chromo domain and hinge of the proteins are required for targeting to centromeric heterochromatin, while the C-terminal portion encoding the CSD is required for targeting to several other chromatin regions at the nuclear periphery that are characterised by H3K9me2. Targeting to centromeric heterochromatin likely involves direct binding to DNA. The Dictyostelium genome encodes for all subunits of the origin recognition complex (ORC), which is a possible upstream component of HP1 targeting to chromatin. Overexpression of GFP-tagged OrcB, the Dictyostelium Orc2 homologue, showed a distinct nuclear localisation that partially overlapped with the HcpA distribution. Furthermore, GFP-OrcB localized to the centrosome during the entire cell cycle, indicating an involvement in centrosome function. DnmA is the sole DNA methyltransferase in Dictyostelium required for all DNA(cytosine-)methylation. To test for its in vivo activity, two different cell lines were established that ectopically expressed DnmA-myc or DnmA-GFP. It was assumed that overexpression of these proteins might cause an increase in the 5-methyl-cytosine(5-mC)-levels in the genomic DNA due to genomic hypermethylation. Although DnmA-GFP showed preferential localisation in the nucleus, no changes in the 5-mC-levels in the genomic DNA could be detected by capillary electrophoresis.

Discrimination between organically and conventionally grown winter wheat by means of holistic and selected analytical methods

Die Verordnung des Europäischen Rates (EC) 834/2007 erkennt das Recht des Konsumenten auf eine Entscheidung basierend auf vollständiger Information bezüglich der enthaltenen Zutaten im Produkt und deren Herkunft (Qualität der Verarbeitung). Die primäre Kennzeichnungsverordnung betont „organische“ Produktionsstandards ebenso wie die Notwendigkeit zur Kontrolle und Aufsicht. Jedoch ist zurzeit keine validierte Methode zur analytischen Diskriminierung zwischen „organischer“ und „konventioneller“ Herkunft von angebotenen Lebensmitteln verfügbar. Das Ziel der Dissertationsarbeit war die Überprüfung der Möglichkeit mit ausgewählten analytischen und holistischen Methoden zwischen organisch und konventionell angebautem Weizen objektiv zu unterscheiden. Dies beinhaltete die Bestimmung des Gesamtstickstoff (Protein) nach Dumas, zweidimensionale Fluoreszenzdifferenz Gelelektrophorese (2D DIGE) und die Kupferchloridkristallisation. Zusätzlich wurde die Anzahl der Körner pro Ähre (Kornzahl) bestimmt. Alle Bestimmungen wurden an rückverfolgbaren in den Jahren 2005 – 2007 in Belgien gesammelten Proben des Winterweizen (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Cubus) durchgeführt. Statistisch signifikante (p < 0.05) Unterschiede wurden innerhalb der untersuchten Probengruppen sowohl in der Kornzahl, dem Gesamtsticksoff (Eiweißgehalt), als auch in der Gesamtausbeute gefunden, wobei in den meisten Fällen die konventionellen Proben höhere Kornzahlen und Gesamtsticksoff (Eiweißgehalte) aufwiesen. Eine mit der 2D DIGE kompatible Probenvorbereitungsmethode für Winterweizen wurde entwickelt und auf einen internen Winterweizenstandard sowie die entsprechenden Proben angewendet. Die organischen Proben waren im Vergleich mit den konventionellen Gegenstücken in allen Fällen durch eine kleinere Anzahl von signifikant (p < 0.05) stärker exprimierten Proteinspots gekennzeichnet. Gewisse Tendenzen in Richtung der Bevorzugung bestimmter Regionen von stärker ausgeprägten Proteinspots auf aufeinanderfolgenden 2D Abbildungen in Abhängigkeit von der landwirtschaftlichen Methode konnten zwar beobachtet werden, jedoch konnte kein universelles Markerprotein zur Unterscheidung von konventionell und biologisch angebautem Winterweizen identifiziert werden. Die rechnergestützte Verarbeitung der digitalisierten Kristallisierungsbilder mittels multivariater statistischer Analyse und der Regression partieller kleinster Quadrate ermöglichte eine 100%ig korrekte Vorhersage der landwirtschaftlichen Methode unbekannter Proben sowie der Beschreibung der Kristallisierungsbilder. Diese Vorhersage bezieht sich nur auf den hier verwendeten Datensatz (Proben einer Sorte von drei Standorten über zwei Jahre) und kann nicht ohne weiteres übertragen (generalisiert) werden. Die Ergebnisse deuten an, dass die Quantifizierung der beschriebenen Parameter ein hohes Potential zur Lösung der gestellten Aufgabe besitzt.

Magnetic interactions between transition metal impurities and clusters mediated by low-dimensional metallic hosts: A first principles theoretical investigation

The magnetic properties and interactions between transition metal (TM) impurities and clusters in low-dimensional metallic hosts are studied using a first principles theoretical method. In the first part of this work, the effect of magnetic order in 3d-5d systems is addressed from the perspective of its influence on the enhancement of the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). In the second part, the possibility of using external electric fields (EFs) to control the magnetic properties and interactions between nanoparticles deposited at noble metal surfaces is investigated. The influence of 3d composition and magnetic order on the spin polarization of the substrate and its consequences on the MAE are analyzed for the case of 3d impurities in one- and two-dimensional polarizable hosts. It is shown that the MAE and easy- axis of monoatomic free standing 3d-Pt wires is mainly determined by the atomic spin-orbit (SO) coupling contributions. The competition between ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AF) order in FePtn wires is studied in detail for n=1-4 as a function of the relative position between Fe atoms. Our results show an oscillatory behavior of the magnetic polarization of Pt atoms as a function of their distance from the magnetic impurities, which can be correlated to a long-ranged magnetic coupling of the Fe atoms. Exceptionally large variations of the induced spin and orbital moments at the Pt atoms are found as a function of concentration and magnetic order. Along with a violation of the third Hund’s rule at the Fe sites, these variations result in a non trivial behavior of the MAE. In the case of TM impurities and dimers at the Cu(111), the effects of surface charging and applied EFs on the magnetic properties and substrate-mediated magnetic interactions have been investigated. The modifications of the surface electronic structure, impurity local moments and magnetic exchange coupling as a result of the EF-induced metallic screening and charge rearrangements are analysed. In a first study, the properties of surface substitutional Co and Fe impurities are investigated as a function of the external charge per surface atom q. At large inter-impurity distances the effective magnetic exchange coupling ∆E between impurities shows RKKY-like oscillations as a function of the distance which are not significantly affected by the considered values of q. For distances r < 10 Å, important modifications in the magnitude of ∆E, involving changes from FM to AF coupling, are found depending non-monotonously on the value and polarity of q. The interaction energies are analysed from a local perspective. In a second study, the interplay between external EF effects, internal magnetic order and substrate-mediated magnetic coupling has been investigated for Mn dimers on Cu(111). Our calculations show that EF (∼ 1eV/Å) can induce a switching from AF to FM ground-state magnetic order within single Mn dimers. The relative coupling between a pair of dimers also shows RKKY-like oscillations as a function of the inter-dimer distance. Their effective magnetic exchange interaction is found to depend significantly on the magnetic order within the Mn dimers and on their relative orientation on the surface. The dependence of the substrate-mediated interaction on the magnetic state of the dimers is qualitatively explained in terms of the differences in the scattering of surface electrons. At short inter-dimer distances, the ground-state configuration is determined by an interplay between exchange interactions and EF effects. These results demonstrate that external surface charging and applied EFs offer remarkable possibilities of manipulating the sign and strength of the magnetic coupling of surface supported nanoparticles.

Learning Three-Dimensional Shape Models for Sketch Recognition

Artifacts made by humans, such as items of furniture and houses, exhibit an enormous amount of variability in shape. In this paper, we concentrate on models of the shapes of objects that are made up of fixed collections of sub-parts whose dimensions and spatial arrangement exhibit variation. Our goals are: to learn these models from data and to use them for recognition. Our emphasis is on learning and recognition from three-dimensional data, to test the basic shape-modeling methodology. In this paper we also demonstrate how to use models learned in three dimensions for recognition of two-dimensional sketches of objects.