Efeitos do debilitamento dos músculos oblíquos na correção cirúrgica da esotropia

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, 2016.

Dynamics of Granular Crystals with Elastic-Plastic Contacts

We study the behavior of granular crystals subjected to impact loading that creates plastic deformation at the contacts between constituent particles. Granular crystals are highly periodic arrangements of spherical particles, arranged into densely packed structures resembling crystals. This special class of granular materials has been shown to have unique dynamics with suggested applications in impact protection. However, previous work has focused on very low amplitude impacts where every contact point can be described using the Hertzian contact law, valid only for purely elastic deformation. In this thesis, we extend previous investigation of the dynamics of granular crystals to significantly higher impact energies more suitable for the majority of applications. Additionally, we demonstrate new properties specific to elastic-plastic granular crystals and discuss their potential applications as well. We first develop a new contact law to describe the interaction between particles for large amplitude compression of elastic-plastic spherical particles including a formulation for strain-rate dependent plasticity. We numerically and experimentally demonstrate the applicability of this contact law to a variety of materials typically used in granular crystals. We then extend our investigation to one-dimensional chains of elastic-plastic particles, including chains of alternating dissimilar materials. We show that, using the new elastic-plastic contact law, we can predict the speed at which impact waves with plastic dissipation propagate based on the material properties of the constituent particles. Finally, we experimentally and numerically investigate the dynamics of two-dimensional and three-dimensional granular crystals with elastic-plastic contacts. We first show that the predicted wave speeds for 1D granular crystals can be extended to 2D and 3D materials. We then investigate the behavior of waves propagating across oblique interfaces of dissimilar particles. We show that the character of the refracted wave can be predicted using an analog to Snell's law for elastic-plastic granular crystals and ultimately show how it can be used to design impact guiding "lenses" for mitigation applications.

Une mémoire oublieuse : théorie et pratique de l'énonciation de l'acteur chez Larry Tremblay, Daniel Danis et Christian Lapointe

Prenant appui sur l’occultation de la mémoire verbale par la théorie théâtrale actuelle, le présent mémoire questionne l’exercice mémoriel des acteurs contemporains à partir de la dialectique mémoire/oubli dans les théories et pratiques de l’énonciation de Larry Tremblay, de Daniel Danis et de Christian Lapointe. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse aux fondements de l’énonciation privilégiés par les praticiens dans leurs discours théoriques – Le crâne des théâtres (Tremblay), « La mémoire intime au théâtre » (Danis), « Petit guide de l’apparition à l’usage de ceux qu’on ne voit pas » (Lapointe) –, plus précisément à la valeur accordée à la mémorisation verbale. Le deuxième s’attache à montrer que les textes dramatiques des auteurs-metteurs en scène – The Dragonfly of Chicoutimi (Tremblay), Mille anonymes (Danis), Sepsis (Lapointe) – engagent aussi un rapport oblique à l’apprentissage par cœur. Enfin, le troisième cherche à définir la notion de mémoire oublieuse à la lumière de laquelle les théories et les pratiques de Tremblay, de Danis et de Lapointe peuvent être analysées ainsi qu’à en identifier certaines conséquences dans leurs mises en scène.

Long-term efficacy of orthokeratology contact lens wear in controlling the progression of childhood myopia

Purpose: The primary outcome of this study is to compare the axial length growth of white European myopic children wearing orthokeratology contact lenses (OK) to a control group (CT) over a 7-year period. Methods: Subjects 6–12 years of age with myopia −0.75 to −4.00DS and astigmatism ≤1.00DC were prospectively allocated OK or distance single-vision spectacles (SV) correction. Measurements of axial length (Zeiss IOLMaster), corneal topography, and cycloplegic refraction were taken at 6-month intervals over a 2-year period. Subjects were invited to return to the clinic approximately 5 years later (i.e., 7 years after the beginning of the study) for assessment of their ocular refractive and biometric components. The CT consisted of 4 SV and 12 subjects who switched from SV to soft contact lens wear after the initial 2 years of SV lens wear. Changes in axial length relative to baseline over a 7-year period were compared between groups. Results: Fourteen and 16 subjects from the OK and CT groups, respectively, were examined 6.7 ± 0.5 years after the beginning of the study. Statistically significant changes in the axial length were found over time and between groups (both p <0.001), but not for the time*group interaction (p = 0.125). The change in the axial length for the OK group was 22% (p = 0.328), 42% (p = 0.007), 40% (p = 0.020), 41% (p = 0.013), and 33% (p = 0.062) lower than the CT group following 6, 12, 18, 24, and 84 months of lens wear, respectively. Conclusion: A trend toward a reduction in the rate of axial elongation of the order of 33% was found in the OK group in comparison to the CT group following 7 years of lens wear.

Short-term and long-term changes in corneal power are not correlated with axial elongation of the eye induced by orthokeratology in children

PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between short-term and long-term changes in power at different corneal locations relative to the change in central corneal power and the 2-year change in axial elongation relative to baseline in children fitted with orthokeratology contact lenses (OK). METHODS: Thirty-one white European subjects 6 to 12 years of age and with myopia −0.75 to −4.00 DS and astigmatism ≤1.00 DC were fitted with OK. Differences in refractive power 3 and 24 months post-OK in comparison with baseline and relative to the change in central corneal power were determined from corneal topography data in eight different corneal regions (i.e., N[nasal]1, N2, T[temporal]1, T2, I[inferior]1, I2, S[superior]1, S2), and correlated with OK-induced axial length changes at two years relative to baseline. RESULTS: After 2 years of OK lens wear, axial length increased by 0.48±0.18 mm (P0.05). CONCLUSION: The reduction in central corneal power and relative increase in paracentral and pericentral power induced by OK over 2 years were not significantly correlated with concurrent changes in axial length of white European children.

Une mémoire oublieuse : théorie et pratique de l'énonciation de l'acteur chez Larry Tremblay, Daniel Danis et Christian Lapointe

Prenant appui sur l’occultation de la mémoire verbale par la théorie théâtrale actuelle, le présent mémoire questionne l’exercice mémoriel des acteurs contemporains à partir de la dialectique mémoire/oubli dans les théories et pratiques de l’énonciation de Larry Tremblay, de Daniel Danis et de Christian Lapointe. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse aux fondements de l’énonciation privilégiés par les praticiens dans leurs discours théoriques – Le crâne des théâtres (Tremblay), « La mémoire intime au théâtre » (Danis), « Petit guide de l’apparition à l’usage de ceux qu’on ne voit pas » (Lapointe) –, plus précisément à la valeur accordée à la mémorisation verbale. Le deuxième s’attache à montrer que les textes dramatiques des auteurs-metteurs en scène – The Dragonfly of Chicoutimi (Tremblay), Mille anonymes (Danis), Sepsis (Lapointe) – engagent aussi un rapport oblique à l’apprentissage par cœur. Enfin, le troisième cherche à définir la notion de mémoire oublieuse à la lumière de laquelle les théories et les pratiques de Tremblay, de Danis et de Lapointe peuvent être analysées ainsi qu’à en identifier certaines conséquences dans leurs mises en scène.

Phenomenological model of visual acuity

We propose in this work a model for describing visual acuity (VV) as a function of defocus and pupil diameter. Although the model is mainly based on geometrical optics, it also incorporates nongeometrical effects phenomenologically. Compared to similar visual acuity models, the proposed one considers the effect of astigmatism and the variability of best corrected VV among individuals; it also takes into account the accommodation and the “tolerance to defocus,” the latter through a phenomenological parameter. We have fitted the model to the VV data provided in the works of Holladay et al. and Peters, showing the ability of this model to accurately describe the variation of VV against blur and pupil diameter. We have also performed a comparison between the proposed model and others previously published in the literature. The model is mainly intended for use in the design of ophthalmic compensations, but it can also be useful in other fields such as visual ergonomics, design of visual tests, and optical instrumentation.

Validade estrutural e concorrente das escalas de integração social no ensino superior e de suporte relacional extra-universitário

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

Avaliação da atividade muscular do vasto medial oblíquo em diferentes exercícios

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Fisioterapia

Using a modified Nordmore grid for by-catch reduction in the Portuguese crustacean-trawl fishery

By-catch and discards are a common problem to all fisheries. Recent studies of the Portuguese crustacean-trawl fishery show that discards average 70% of the total catch. This situation poses a threat not only to the management of target and commercial fish by-catch species stocks, but also in terms of the ecosystem impact of the discarded species whose survival is generally low. Previous attempts to address this problem by using oblique separator mesh panels associated with square-mesh windows, or square-mesh windows alone, provided encouraging results, but these are unlikely to have commercial applicability at present. Therefore, we tested the efficiency of a modified Nordmore grid in excluding some of the most captured non-commercial by-catch species, such as the blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, and the boarfish, Capros aper, evaluating simultaneously the losses of the crustacean target species (rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris, Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus and red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus) and commercially valuable fish by-catch. A total of 41 valid hauls were carried out during 2001, and 15 in 2002 on board the R/V "Noruega". Results from both years varied considerably, with higher by-catch exclusion rates, in weight, registered in the second survey (73-74 and 48-63% for blue whiting and boarfish, respectively). The corresponding percentage reduction for target species was 8-15% for the Norway lobster, 4-9% for rose shrimp and 7-10% for red shrimp. The level of exclusion of the non-commercial by-catch is encouraging, although short-term loss of Norway lobster, where the escapees comprised larger individuals, raises some concern with regards to fishers' acceptance of mandatory use of grids. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The optical properties of metamaterials

This thesis studies the parametric investigation, polarisation dependence and characterization of fishnet structure at near infrared wavelengths. Detailed simulations are performed to understand the behaviour of the structure at near infrared and optical wavelengths. Simulations are performed to obtain negative refractive index of the fishnet structure formed from nanoimprint lithography (NIL) by taking into account the effect of substrate and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) beneath it. Two different structures have been designed and fabricated of varying dimensions using NIL and their resonant wavelength measured in the near infrared at 1.45 µm and 1.88 µm. Simulations suggest that a negative refractive index real part with the magnitude -0.24 is found at 1.53 µm and this decrease to a maximum magnitude of -0.57 at 1.9 µm. The PMMA and suppressed pillars are here responsible for the increasing material losses and limiting the value of negative refractive index. An analytical approach has been suggested to characterise fishnet structures at oblique incidence. The expressions for an absorbing medium are rewritten for an alternative definition of refractive index. The expressions are initially validated for a dielectric slab and a metal film. These results provide the possibility that this proposal may yield a general algorithm for obtaining the complex reflection and transmission coefficients for artificial structures. FDTD simulations have been extensively used in this thesis to understand the optical metamaterials and their characterization.

Índice acumulativo de riesgo (nice) como prueba diagnóstica con base en tomografía corneal por elevación en la prevención de ectasia corneal post-lasik

Antecedentes La ectasia corneal post-lasik (ECPL) es una complicación infrecuente, pero devastadora en la cirugía lasik (queratomileusis asistida con éxcimer láser) para el tratamiento de la miopía con o sin astigmatismo. Con base en la tomografía corneal por elevación por imágenes de Scheimpflug (Sistema Pentacam HR, Oculus Wetzlar, Alemania), se propone un novedoso índice acumulativo de riesgo para ser utilizado como prueba diagnóstica de tamizaje y así prevenir esta complicación. Metodología Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, de corte transversal tipo pruebas diagnósticas, con el fin de evaluar las características operativas del índice NICE teniendo como estándar de referencia el módulo de Belin-Ambrosio (Pentacam HR) utilizando un modelo de regresión logística binaria, tablas de contingencia y estimando el área bajo la curva ROC. Resultados Se evaluaron 361 ojos de los cuales el 59,3% provenían de pacientes de sexo femenino, la edad media global fue de 30 años (RIC 11,0). El modelo logístico binario aplicado se construyó con base en cuatro variables independientes cuantitativas (K2, PAQUI, EP e I-S) y una cualitativa (SEXO), y se determinó su relación con la variable dependiente, NICE (puntaje final). Las variables predictoras fueron estadísticamente significativas clasificando adecuadamente el 92,9% de los ojos evaluados según presencia o ausencia de riesgo. El coeficiente de Nagelkerke fue de 74,4%. Conclusiones El índice acumulativo de riesgo NICE es una herramienta diagnóstica novedosa en la evaluación de candidatos a cirugía refractiva lasik para prevenir la ectasia secundaria.

TARDI VARISCAN DEFORMATION IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA; A LATE FEATURE IN THE LAURASIA-GONDWANA DEXTRAL COLLISION

The Late Variscan deformation event in Iberia, is characterized by an intraplate deformation regime induced by the oblique collision between Laurentia and Gondwan. This episode in Iberia is characterized by NNE-SSW strike-slip faults, which are considered by the classic works as sinistral strike-slips. However, the absence of Mesozoic formations constraining the age of this sinistral kinematics, led some authors to consider it as the result of Alpine reworking. Structural studies in Almograve and Ponta Ruiva sectors (SW Portugal), not only shows that NNE-SSW faults presents a clear sinistral kinematics and are occasionally associated with E-W dextral shears, but also that this kinematics is related to the late deformation episodes of Variscan Orogeny. In Almograve sector, the late Variscan structures are characterized by NNE-SSW sinistral kink-bands, spatially associated with E-W dextral faults. These structures are contemporaneous and affect the previously deformed Carboniferous units. The Ponta Ruiva Sector constrains the age of deformation because the E-W dextral shears affect the Late Carboniferous (late Moscovian) units, but not the overlying Triassic series. The new exposed data shows that the NNE-SSW and the E-W faults are dynamically associated and results from the same deformation event. The NNE-SSW sinistral faults could be considered as second order dominoes structures related with first order E-W dextral shears, related with Laurasia-Gondwana collision during Late Carboniferous-Permian Times.

Ship performance modelling for least-CO2 emission routes

Decarbonization of maritime transport requires immediate action. In the short term, ship weather routing can provide greenhouse gas emission reductions, even for existing ships and without retrofitting them. Weather routing is based on making optimal use of both envi- ronmental information and knowledge about vessel seakeeping and performance. Combining them at a state-of-the-art level and making use of path planning in realistic conditions can be challenging. To address these topics in an open-source framework, this thesis led to the development of a new module called bateau , and to its combination with the ship routing model VISIR. bateau includes both hull geometry and propulsion modelling for various vessel types. It has two objectives: to predict the sustained speed in a seaway and to estimate the CO2 emission rate during the voyage. Various semi-empirical approaches were used in bateau to predict the ship hydro- and aerodynamical resistance in both head and oblique seas. Assuming that the ship sails at a constant engine load, the involuntary speed loss due to waves was estimated. This thesis also attempted to clarify the role played by the actual representation of the sea state. In particular, the influence of the wave steepness parameter was assessed. For dealing with ships with a greater superstructure, the wind added resistance was also estimated. Numerical experiments via bateau were conducted for both a medium and a large-size container ships, a bulk-carrier, and a tanker. The simulations of optimal routes were carried out for a feeder containership during voyages in the North Indian Ocean and in the South China Sea. Least-CO2 routes were compared to the least-distance ones, assessing the relative CO2 savings. Analysis fields from the Copernicus Marine Service were used in the numerical experiments.

Radiation characteristics enhancement of planar structures using metasurfaces

In this thesis, the focus is on utilizing metasurfaces to improve radiation characteristics of planar structures. The study encompasses various aspects of metasurface applications, including enhancing antenna radiation characteristics and manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves, such as polarization conversion and anomalous reflection. The thesis introduces the design of a single-port antenna with dual-mode operation, integrating metasurfaces. This antenna serves as the front-end for a next-generation tag, functioning as a position sensor with identification and energy harvesting capabilities. It operates in the lower European Ultra-Wideband (UWB) frequency range for communication/localization and the UHF band for wireless energy reception. The design aims for a low-profile stack-up that remains unaffected by background materials. Researchers worldwide are drawn to metasurfaces due to their EM wave manipulation capabilities. The thesis also demonstrates how a High-Impedance Surface (HIS) can enhance the antenna's versatility through metasurface application, including conformal design using 3D-printing technology, ensuring adaptability for various deformation and tracking/powering scenarios. Additionally, the thesis explores two distinct metasurface applications. One involves designing an angularly stable super-wideband Circular Polarization Converter (CPC) operating from 11 to 35GHz with an impressive relative impedance bandwidth of 104.3%. The CPC shows a stable response even at oblique incidences up to 40 degrees, with a Peak Cross-Polarization Ratio (PCR) exceeding 62% across the entire band. The second application focuses on an Intelligent Reflective Surface (IRS) capable of redirecting incoming waves in unconventional directions. Tunability is achieved through an artificially developed ferroelectric material (HfZrO) and distributed capacitive elements (IDC) to fine-tune impedance and phase responses at the meta-atom level. The IRS demonstrates anomalous reflection for normal incident waves. These innovative applications of metasurfaces offer promising advancements in antenna design, EM wave manipulation, and versatile wireless communication systems.