Grain dormancy QTL identified in a doubled haploid barley population derived from two non-dormant parents

Grain dormancy provides protection against pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in cereals. Composite interval mapping and association analyses were performed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing grain dormancy in a doubled haploid (DH) barley population (ND24260 x Flagship) consisting of 321 lines genotyped with DArT markers. Harvest-ripe grain collected from three field experiments was germinated over a 7-day period to determine a weighted germination index for each line. DH lines displaying moderate to high levels of grain dormancy were identified; however, both parental lines were non-dormant and displayed rapid germination within the first two days of testing. Genetic analysis identified two QTL on chromosome 5H that were expressed consistently in each of the three environments. One QTL (donated by Flagship) was located close to the centromeric region of chromosome 5H (qSDFlag), accounting for up to 15% of the phenotypic variation. A second QTL with a larger effect (from ND24260) was detected on chromosome 5HL (qSDND), accounting for up to 35% of the phenotypic variation. qSDFlag and qSDND displayed an epistatic interaction and DH lines that had the highest levels of grain dormancy carried both genes. We demonstrate that qSDND in the ND24260 9 Flagship DH population is positioned proximal and independent to the well-characterised SD2 region that is associated with both high levels of dormancy and inferior malt quality. This indicates that it should be possible to develop cultivars that combine acceptable malting quality and adequate levels of grain dormancy for protection against PHS by utilizing these alternate QTL.

Non-Abelian monopoles break color. I. Classical mechanics

Monopoles which are sources of non-Abelian magnetic flux are predicted by many models of grand unification. It has been argued elsewhere that a generic transformation of the "unbroken" symmetry group H cannot be globally implemented on such monopoles for reasons of topology. In this paper, we show that similar topological obstructions are encountered in the mechanics of a test particle in the field of these monopoles and that the transformations of H cannot all be globally implemented as canonical transformations. For the SU(5) model, if H is SU(3)C×U(1)em, a consequence is that color multiplets are not globally defined, while if H is SU(3)C×SU(2)WS×U(1)Y, the same is the case for both color and electroweak multiplets. There are, however, several subgroups KT, KT′,… of H which can be globally implemented, with the transformation laws of the observables differing from group to group in a novel way. For H=SU(3)C×U(1)em, a choice for KT is SU(2)C×U(1)em, while for H=SU(3)C×SU(2)WS×U(1)Y, a choice is SU(2)C×U(1)×U(1)×U(1). The paper also develops the differential geometry of monopoles in a form convenient for computations.

Evidence for Non-coordinated synthesis of 5 S RNA in the thermophilic fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus

Analysis of ribosomes and the post ribosomal supernatant fraction of actively growing cells ofThermomyces lanuginosus showed the presence of free 5 S RNA in the supernatant fraction. This 5 S RNA was identical to the ribosomal 5 S RNA in its electrophoretic mobility on 10% Polyacrylamide gel and in its base composition. 5 S RNA from both the sources gave evidence for the presence of diphosphate at the 5’ end. Most of the 5 S RNA that appeared in the cytoplasm was that transported from the nucleus during the isolation. This could be prevented by the use of a hexylene glycol-HEPES buffer.

Non-Abelian monopoles break color. II. Field theory and quantum mechanics

Many grand unified theories (GUT's) predict non-Abelian monopoles which are sources of non-Abelian (and Abelian) magnetic flux. In the preceding paper, we discussed in detail the topological obstructions to the global implementation of the action of the "unbroken symmetry group" H on a classical test particle in the field of such a monopole. In this paper, the existence of similar topological obstructions to the definition of H action on the fields in such a monopole sector, as well as on the states of a quantum-mechanical test particle in the presence of such fields, are shown in detail. Some subgroups of H which can be globally realized as groups of automorphisms are identified. We also discuss the application of our analysis to the SU(5) GUT and show in particular that the non-Abelian monopoles of that theory break color and electroweak symmetries.

Relationship Between the Levels of Non-structural Carbohydrates, Digging Date, Nursery-growing Environment, and Chilling in Strawberry Transplants in a Subtropical Environment

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of time of digging and nursery-growing environment on the levels of non-structural carbohydrates in 'Festival' strawberry transplants (Fragaria xananassa) over 2 years in southeastern Queensland, Australia. We were interested in determining whether there was a strong relationship between the potential productivity of this material and reserves in the plants. First, bare-rooted plants were obtained from Stanthorpe in southern Queensland from early March to mid-April/late April. Second, bare-rooted plants were sourced from Stanthorpe (a warm-growing area) or from Toolangi in Victoria (a cool-growing area). In Year 1 of the experiments, the nursery material from the different treatments was grown at Nambour in southeastern Queensland and fruit yield determined. The total weight of nonstructural carbohydrates/plant increased as digging was delayed and was higher in the plants from Stanthorpe than the plants from Toolangi. Plants dug on 17 Mar. in Year 1 had higher weights of non-structural carbohydrates [292 mg/plant dry weight (DW)] than plants dug on 3 Mar. (224 mg/plant) and higher early yield to the end of June or to the end of July and higher total yield to mid-October adjusted by the length of the growing season for the different treatments. Plants dug on 1 Apr. (408 mg/plant) or on 13 Apr. (445 mg/plant) had higher reserves than the plants dug on 17 Mar. but lower yields. Only the differences in yields between the plants dug on 3 Mar. and 17 Mar. reflected the differences in carbohydrates. The stock from Stanthorpe had greater reserves (408 mg/plant) than the stock from Toolangi (306 mg/plant) but similar yields in Year 1 possibly because of poorer flowering in the nursery plants. It was concluded that carbohydrate reserves in transplants only partially reflect their productivity in this environment.

Food and Indoor Air Isolated Bacillus Non-Protein Toxins: : Structures, Physico-Chemical Properties and Mechanisms of Effects on Eukaryotic Cells

We report here the structures and properties of heat-stable, non-protein, and mammalian cell-toxic compounds produced by spore-forming bacilli isolated from indoor air of buildings and from food. Little information is available on the effects and occurrence of heat-stable non-protein toxins produced by bacilli in moisture-damaged buildings. Bacilli emit spores that move in the air and can serve as the carriers of toxins, in a manner similar to that of the spores of toxic fungi found in contaminated indoor air. Bacillus spores in food cause problems because they tolerate the temperatures applied in food manufacture and the spores later initiate growth when food storage conditions are more favorable. Detection of the toxic compounds in Bacillus is based on using the change in mobility of boar spermatozoa as an indicator of toxic exposure. GC, LC, MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance NMR spectroscopy were used for purification, detection, quantitation, and analysis of the properties and structures of the compounds. Toxicity and the mechanisms of toxicity of the compounds were studied using boar spermatozoa, feline lung cells, human neural cells, and mitochondria isolated from rat liver. The ionophoric properties were studied using the BLM (black-lipid membrane) method. One novel toxin, forming ion channels permeant to K+ > Na+ > Ca2+, was found and named amylosin. It is produced by B. amyloliquefaciens isolated from indoor air of moisture-damaged buildings. Amylosin was purified with an RP-HPLC and a monoisotopic mass of 1197 Da was determined with ESI-IT-MS. Furthermore, acid hydrolysis of amylosin followed by analysis of the amino acids with the GS-MS showed that it was a peptide. The presence of a chromophoric polyene group was found using a NMR spectroscopy. The quantification method developed for amylosin based on RP-HPLC-UV, using the macrolactone polyene, amphotericin B (MW 924), as a reference compound. The B. licheniformis strains isolated from a food poisoning case produced a lipopeptide, lichenysin A, that ruptured mammalian cell membranes and was purified with a LC. Lichenysin A was identified by its protonated molecules and sodium- and potassium- cationized molecules with MALDI-TOF-MS. Its protonated forms were observed at m/z 1007, 1021 and 1035. The amino acids of lichenysin A were analyzed with ESI-TQ-MS/MS and, after acid hydrolysis, the stereoisomeric forms of the amino acids with RP-HPLC. The indoor air isolates of the strain of B. amyloliquefaciens produced not only amylosin but also lipopeptides: the cell membrane-damaging surfactin and the fungicidal fengycin. They were identified with ESI-IT-MS observing their protonated molecules, the sodium- and potassium-cationized molecules and analysing the MS/MS spectra. The protonated molecules of surfactin and fengycin showed m/z values of 1009, 1023, and 1037 and 1450, 1463, 1493, and 1506, respectively. Cereulide (MW 1152) was purified with RP-HPLC from a food poisoning strain of B. cereus. Cereulide was identified with ESI-TQ-MS according to the protonated molecule observed at m/z 1154 and the ammonium-, sodium- and potassium-cationized molecules observed at m/z 1171, 1176, and 1192, respectively. The fragment ions of the MS/MS spectrum obtained from the protonated molecule of cereulide at m/z 1154 were also interpreted. We developed a quantification method for cereulide, using RP-HPLC-UV and valinomycin (MW 1110, which structurally resembles cereulide) as the reference compound. Furthermore, we showed empirically, using the BLM method, that the emetic toxin cereulide is a specific and effective potassium ionophore of whose toxicity target is especially the mitochondria.

Approximate analysis of coupled non-linear non-conservative systems subjected to step-function excitation

The paper deals with the approximate analysis of non-linear non-conservative systems oftwo degrees of freedom subjected to step-function excitation. The method of averaging of Krylov and Bogoliubov is used to arrive at the approximate equations for amplitude and phase. An example of a spring-mass-damper system is presented to illustrate the method and a comparison with numerical results brings out the validity of the approach.

Identification of a class of non-linear systems

This paper considers the on-line identification of a non-linear system in terms of a Hammerstein model, with a zero-memory non-linear gain followed by a linear system. The linear part is represented by a Laguerre expansion of its impulse response and the non-linear part by a polynomial. The identification procedure involves determination of the coefficients of the Laguerre expansion of correlation functions and an iterative adjustment of the parameters of the non-linear gain by gradient methods. The method is applicable to situations involving a wide class of input signals. Even in the presence of additive correlated noise, satisfactory performance is achieved with the variance of the error converging to a value close to the variance of the noise. Digital computer simulation establishes the practicability of the scheme in different situations.

On the non-existence of hydrodynamic solution of surface plasmons at the bimetallic interface

It is shown that for an abrupt bimetallic interface a hydrodynamic solution for interface plasmons does not exist. It appears that this result is valid irrespective of the choice of of the additional boundary condition, thereby suggesting a careful look at the use of usual hydrodynamic equations for a bimetallic interface.