Modelo de gesti��n del conocimiento para una empresa del sector de insumos qu��micos para la industria farmac��utica, cosm��tica y de alimentos: caso Disaromas S.A.

La creaci��n de conocimiento al interior de las organizaciones es visible mediante la direcci��n adecuada del conocimiento de los individuos, sin embargo, cada individuo debe interactuar de tal manera que forme una red o sistema de conocimiento organizacional que consolide a largo plazo las empresas en el entorno en el que se desenvuelven. Este documento revisa elementos centrales acerca de la gesti��n de conocimiento visto desde varios autores y perspectivas e identifica puntos clave para dise��ar un modelo de gesti��n de conocimiento para una empresa del sector de insumos qu��micos para la industria farmac��utica, cosm��tica y de alimentos de la ciudad de Bogot��.

Determinaci��n del perfil de exposici��n potencial a contaminantes qu��micos mediante el uso de metodolog��as de evaluaci��n simplificada en trabajadores de autopartes en el barrio La Paz, Bogot�� 2015

Las actividades de mantenimiento automotriz en el sector de autopartes conlleva el uso de agentes qu��micos bajo diversas circunstancias de exposici��n, tanto en las condiciones de manipulaci��n de productos qu��micos como a las caracter��sticas propias de cada actividad de mantenimiento asociado a las tareas espec��ficas del trabajo. Tradicionalmente la evaluaci��n de contaminantes qu��micos desde la visi��n de la Higiene Ocupacional incluye la evaluaci��n cuantitativa de la exposici��n mediante t��cnicas instrumentales concretas y estandarizadas, determinando el nivel de concentraci��n en aire a la cual un trabajador se ve expuesto y que, en comparaci��n con valores l��mites permisibles (VLPs), inducen el establecimiento de medidas de control y vigilancia, seg��n el nivel de riesgo caracterizado. Sin embargo es evidente la limitaci��n de la implementaci��n de esta sistem��tica en particular en micros y peque��as empresas que carecen de los recursos suficientes para abordar la problem��tica de forma objetiva. En este contexto diversas metodolog��as de evaluaci��n cualitativa o subjetiva se han desarrollado por distintas organizaciones en el mundo con el fin de disminuir la brecha entre el establecimiento de medidas de control y la valoraci��n del riesgo, ofreciendo alternativas confiables para la toma de decisiones preventivas sin la necesidad de acudir a mediciones cuantitativas. Mediante la presente investigaci��n se pretende validar la efectividad en el uso de una herramienta de evaluaci��n simplificada del riesgo qu��mico propuesta por el INRS (Institut National de Recherche et de S��curit�� Franc��s) mediante la determinaci��n del perfil de exposici��n potencial a contaminantes qu��micos de la poblaci��n laboral de 36 almacenes de autopartes ubicados en el barrio la Paz de la ciudad de Bogot��, Colombia, divididos seg��n ��nfasis de actividades en Partes Externas, Partes El��ctricas e Inyecci��n, Partes Mec��nicas, Partes M��ltiples, a trav��s de un estudio de corte transversal. El estudio permiti�� Jerarquizar el riesgo potencial, valorar el riesgo v��a inhalatoria y d��rmica para finalmente construir el perfil de exposici��n potencial a contaminantes qu��micos de trabajadores. La informaci��n de las variables de an��lisis fue consolidada en una herramienta inform��tica dise��ada para tal fin, la cual facilito la administraci��n de los datos y su respectivo an��lisis. Con base en los hallazgos fue posible establecer los productos qu��micos que de acuerdo a las condiciones de trabajo y circunstancias de exposici��n sugieren medidas espec��ficas para la disminuci��n del riesgo potencial de acuerdo a la calificaci��n global de los agentes, permitiendo deducir la viabilidad de la aplicaci��n de herramientas de valoraci��n cualitativa para la evaluaci��n del riesgo qu��mico como estrategia de prevenci��n primaria.

Relaci��n entre el desarrollo de sistemas de control de gesti��n y los recursos y capacidades caso : Teleperformance Colombia

Siguiendo un marco te��rico integrado por varios autores entorno a los sistemas de control de gesti��n a lo largo de varias d��cadas, este trabajo pretende estudiar y contrastar la relaci��n entre el desarrollo de dichos sistemas y los recursos y capacidades. Para tal fin, se desarroll�� un estudio de caso en Teleperformance Colombia (TC), una empresa dedicada a prestaci��n de servicio de tercerizaci��n de procesos o business process outsourcing. En el estudio se establecieron dos variables para evaluar el desarrollo de sistema de control de gesti��n: el dise��o y el uso. A su vez, para cada uno de ellos, se definieron los indicadores y preguntas que permitieran realizar la observaci��n y posterior an��lisis. De igual manera, se seleccionaron los recursos y capacidades m��s importantes para el desarrollo del negocio: innovaci��n, aprendizaje organizacional y capital humano. Sobre estos se valid�� la existencia de relaci��n con el SCG implementado en TC. La informaci��n obtenida fue analizada y contrastada a trav��s de pruebas estad��sticas ampliamente utilizadas en este tipo de estudios en las ciencias sociales. Finalmente, se analizaron seis posibles relaciones de las cuales, solamente se ratific�� el relacionamiento positivo entre uso de sistema de control gesti��n y el recurso y capacidad capital humano. El resto de relacionamientos, refutaron los planteamientos te��ricos que establec��an cierta influencia de los sistemas de control de gesti��n sobre recursos y capacidades de innovaci��n y aprendizaje organizacional.

Se��or presidente no creo en vos; se��or polic��a no temo de voz. Represi��n estatal y paramilitar y pr��cticas juveniles en los barrios Alameda, Brisas, Anita y Almendros

El estudio sobre la juventud y su relaci��n con pr��cticas realizadas en los espacios p��blicos, especialmente la calle, ha tenido un renovado inter��s durante las ��ltimas d��cadas. Estos debates se han vuelto relevantes en cuanto que los j��venes parecen ocupar un lugar primordial en las escenas cotidianas de violencia, en particular los j��venes de sectores populares. A trav��s de un proceso etnogr��fico de car��cter sistem��tico y sostenido en el tiempo identifico y explico las distintas interacciones de los j��venes en los espacios p��blicos de cuatro barrios populares, centrando el an��lisis en las distintas formas de negociaci��n con los actores armados, especialmente con la polic��a y el paramilitarismo. Lo que argumento es que hacer presencia en los espacios p��blicos, especialmente en la calle, termina por constituir en una opci��n de vida a trav��s de los cuales fomentan una beligerancia social y pol��tica de resistencia pero ante todo como m��todo que les permite proponer alternativas de existencia, por dem��s no violentas, frente a la violencia generalizada de la polic��a y el paramilitarismo. El problema radica en que muchas de las expresiones de algunos j��venes terminan por reproducir los mecanismos de violencia del que son v��ctimas, aspecto que es identificado, por quienes acuden a la violencia, como una forma de reclamar un lugar en la comunidad, a permitirse ser reconocidos y escuchados y a sobrevivir en medio de una simultaneidad de violencias que cotidianamente los atropella y les vulnera los derechos. La violencia de estos j��venes es una forma de no permitir que las esperanzas se diluyan, aunque parad��jicamente tambi��n les puede quitar la vida

Fatiga del reanimador y calidad de las compresiones tor��cicas en ni��os con y sin v��a a��rea asegurada

Introducci��n: La calidad de las compresiones tor��cicas tiene importancia durante la reanimaci��n pedi��trica y se ve afectada por diversos factores como la fatiga del reanimador, esta puede verse condicionada por las caracter��sticas de las compresiones establecidas seg��n la presencia o ausencia de un dispositivo avanzado en la v��a a��rea determinando la interrupci��n continuidad de las mismas. En este estudio se realiz�� una simulaci��n cl��nica, evaluando la presencia de fatiga del reanimador frente a pacientes con y sin dispositivo avanzado de la v��a a��rea. Metodolog��a: Se incluyeron 12 participantes, quienes realizaron compresiones tor��cicas a un simulador cl��nico, tanto para el caso de la maniobra 1 correspondiente a ciclos interrumpidos con el fin de proporcionar ventilaciones, como para el caso de la maniobra 2 en la que la actividad fue continua. Se midieron calidad de compresiones, VO2 max y fatiga mediante escala de Borg RPE 6-20. Resultados: La calidad de las compresiones disminuy�� en ambos grupos despu��s del minuto 2 y m��s r��pidamente cuando fueron ininterrumpidas. La fatiga se increment�� cuando las compresiones fueron continuas. Discusi��n: Se evidencia una relaci��n directamente proporcional del aumento de la fatiga en relaci��n al tiempo de reanimaci��n e inversamente proporcional entre la calidad de las compresiones y la sensaci��n de cansancio, en especial despu��s del minuto 2. Un tiempo de 2 minutos podr��a ser el tiempo ideal para lograr compresiones de calidad y para realizar el reemplazo de la persona que realiza las compresiones.

Temperamental Dimension and Anxiety Problems in a Clinical Sample of Three- to Six-year old Children: A Study of Variables

In the last few years, many researchers have studied the presence of common dimensions of temperament in subjects with symptoms of anxiety. The aim of this study is to examine the association between temperamental dimensions (high negative affect and activity level) and anxiety problems in clinical preschool children. A total of 38 children, ages 3 to 6 years, from the Infant and Adolescent Mental Health Center of Girona and the Center of Diagnosis and Early Attention of Sabadell and Olot were evaluated by parents and psychologists. Their parents completed several screening scales and, subsequently, clinical child psychopathology professionals carried out diagnostic interviews with children from the sample who presented signs of anxiety. Findings showed that children with high levels of negative affect and low activity level have pronounced symptoms of anxiety. However, children with anxiety disorders do not present different temperament styles from their peers without these pathologies

Attention and selection behavior on ���universal search��� result pages

The ISO norm line 9241 states some criteria for ergonomics of human system interaction. In markets with a huge variety of offers and little possibility of differentiation, providers can gain a decisive competitive advantage by user oriented interfaces. A precondition for this is that relevant information can be obtained for entrepreneurial decisions in this regard. To test how users of universal search result pages use those pages and pay attention to different elements, an eye tracking experiment with a mixed design has been developed. Twenty subjects were confronted with search engine result pages (SERPs) and were instructed to make a decision while conditions ���national vs. international city��� and ���with vs. without miniaturized Google map��� were used. Different parameters like fixation count, duration and time to first fixation were computed from the eye tracking raw data and supplemented by click rate data as well as data from questionnaires. Results of this pilot study revealed some remarkable facts like a vampire effect on miniaturized Google maps. Furthermore, Google maps did not shorten the process of decision making, Google ads were not fixated, visual attention on SERPs was influenced by position of the elements on the SERP and by the users��� familiarity with the search target. These results support the theory of Amount of Invested Mental Effort (AIME) and give providers empirical evidence to take users��� expectations into account. Furthermore, the results indicated that the task oriented goal mode of participants was a moderator for the attention spent on ads. Most important, SERPs with images attracted the viewers��� attention much longer than those without images. This unique selling proposition may lead to a distortion of competition on markets.

Voices from the aid 'chain': The personal dynamics of care

This paper uses a simplified model of the aid 'chain' to explore some causes and consequences of breakdown in communication. Although the rhetoric of Northern-based donors is awash with words such as 'partnership' and 'inclusion' when dealing with their Southern-based partners, the situation in practice is different. Unequal power relationships sometimes result in donor imposition of Perspectives and values. It is our contention, based on a collective experience of fifty-four years in a Nigerian-based non-governmental development organization (NGDO), the Diocesan Development Services (DDS), that much of the driving force behind the successes and problems faced by the institution was founded on relationships that evolved between individuals. In order to understand why things happened the way they did it is necessary to begin with the human element that cannot be condensed into objects or categories. While injudicious donor interference bad damaging repercussions, our experience suggests that care and consideration flow throughout the aid chain and actions are not malevolent. Breakdowns can be attributed to a number of factors, with the over-riding one being pressures operating at the personal level that emanate from within the institution itself and the larger community. The paper analyses three experiences using institutional ethnography theory and methodologies as a basis. Examples taken address the influence key donor personnel had in the function of DDS, and how these changed with time. The mission, policies and even procedures of the donor did not change markedly over thirty-two years, but each changing desk officer had their own philosophy and approach and a different interpretation of their own institutional policies. Hence while the 'macro' has an influence it is mediated via individual interpretation. In our view, the importance of people-people relationships is particularly understated in development literature where emphasis gravitates towards the aggregate and global.

Foods derived from animals: the impact of animal nutrition on their nutritive value and ability to sustain long-term health

Foods derived from domestic animals are a significant source of nutrients in the UK diet. However, certain aspects of some animal-derived foods, notably levels of saturated fatty acids, have given rise to concerns that these foods may contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome and other conditions. However, the composition of the many animal-derived foods is not constant and can often be enhanced by manipulating the nutrition of the animal. This paper reviews these possibilities with particular attention to lipids, and draws attention to the fact that milk in particular, contains a number of compounds which may, for example, exert anti-carcinogenic effects. It is clear that the role of animal nutrition in creating foods closer to the optimum composition for long-term human health will not only be more relevant in the future, but will be vital in attempts to improve the health of the human population.

Evaluating the role of environmental quality in the sustainable rural economic development of England

The issue of the sustainable development of rural economies in England has recently received considerable attention. This is because many of the poorest areas in the country are rural, often of high environmental quality, but suffering from high unemployment and a lack of services and facilities. The rapid decline in agricultural incomes and in-migration of affluent urban workers since 1990 has exacerbated economic inequality in such areas. A number of factors have the potential to drive rural development and this paper applies, and considers, the feasibility of a method from the USA for combining economic and environmental variables in a regional growth model to examine the hypothesis that environmental quality is an important determinant of sustainable rural development in England. The model output suggests that, although environmental quality does play a role in sustainable rural development in England there are other, more important, factors driving development. These include business and communications infra-structure, the degree and opportunities for commuting and underlying employment prospects. The robustness and limitations of the method for combining economic and environmental variables is discussed in relation to the spatial interrelatedness of Local Authority Districts in England, and conclusions are drawn about areas for refinement and improvement of the method.

Measuring construction industry competitiveness: A holistic approach

The link between competitiveness and sustained prosperity of a nation, industry or firm, is a well established argument and serves as the basis for making policy decisions and directing strategic change. The importance of construction industry competitiveness is currently receiving considerable attention from countries such as Finland, Sweden and the UK. This paper critically reviews the existing measures of competitiveness, challenges productivity and profitability as the dominant measures of construction industry competitiveness and introduces a more holistic set of measures that addresses the needs of investors, employees, clients and overall society. The research also reports upon the application of this more holistic set of measures for measuring competitiveness and presents results for the Swedish construction industry. The paper principally sets out to present the preliminary findings of an ongoing research project, which will eventually compare the competitiveness of the Swedish construction industry with that of Finland and the UK.

Divided attention, selective attention and drawing: processing preferences in Williams syndrome are dependent on the task administered

The visuo-spatial abilities of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) have consistently been shown to be generally weak. These poor visuo-spatial abilities have been ascribed to a local processing bias by some [R. Rossen, E.S. Klima, U. Bellugi, A. Bihrle, W. Jones, Interaction between language and cognition: evidence from Williams syndrome, in: J. Beitchman, N. Cohen, M. Konstantareas, R. Tannock (Eds.), Language, Learning and Behaviour disorders: Developmental, Behavioural and Clinical Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1996, pp. 367-392] and conversely, to a global processing bias by others [Psychol. Sci. 10 (1999) 453]. In this study, two identification versions and one drawing version of the Navon hierarchical processing task, a non-verbal task, were employed to investigate this apparent contradiction. The two identification tasks were administered to 21 individuals with WS, 21 typically developing individuals, matched by non-verbal ability, and 21 adult participants matched to the WS group by mean chronological age (CA). The third, drawing task was administered to the WS group and the typically developing (TD) controls only. It was hypothesised that the WS group would show differential processing biases depending on the type of processing the task was measuring. Results from two identification versions of the Navon task measuring divided and selective attention showed that the WS group experienced equal interference from global to local as from local to global levels, and did not show an advantage of one level over another. This pattern of performance was broadly comparable to that of the control groups. The third task, a drawing version of the Navon task, revealed that individuals with WS were significantly better at drawing the local form in comparison to the global figure, whereas the typically developing control group did not show a bias towards either level. In summary, this study demonstrates that individuals with WS do not have a local or a global processing bias when asked to identify stimuli, but do show a local bias in their drawing abilities. This contrast may explain the apparently contrasting findings from previous studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Who knows best? Awareness of divided attention difficulty in a neurological rehabilitation setting

Objective: To explore whether patients relearning to walk after acquired brain injury and showing cognitive-motor interference were aware of divided attention difficulty; whether their perceptions concurred with those of treating staff. Design: Patients and neurophysiotherapists (from rehabilitation and disabled wards) completed questionnaires. Factor analyses were applied to responses. Correlations between responses, clinical measures and experimental decrements were examined. Results: Patient/staff responses showed some agreement; staff reported higher levels of perceived difficulty; responses conformed to two factors. One factor (staff/patients alike) reflected expectations about functional/motor status and did not correlate with decrements. The other factor (patients) correlated significantly with dual-task motor decrement, suggesting some genuine awareness of difficulty (cognitive performance prioritized over motor control). The other factor (staff) correlated significantly with cognitive decrement (gait prioritized over sustained attention). Conclusions: Despite some inaccurate estimation of susceptibility; patients and staff do exhibit awareness of divided attention difficulty, but with a limited degree of concurrence. In fact, our results suggest that patients and staff may be sensitive to different aspects of the deficit. Rather than 'Who knows best?', it is a question of 'Who knows what?.

Phylogeny and metabolic scaling in mammals

The scaling of metabolic rates to body size is widely considered to be of great biological and ecological importance, and much attention has been devoted to determining its theoretical and empirical value. Most debate centers on whether the underlying power law describing metabolic rates is 2/3 (as predicted by scaling of surface area/volume relationships) or 3/4 ("Kleiber's law"). Although recent evidence suggests that empirically derived exponents vary among clades with radically different metabolic strategies, such as ectotherms and endotherms, models, such as the metabolic theory of ecology, depend on the assumption that there is at least a predominant, if not universal, metabolic scaling exponent. Most analyses claimed to support the predictions of general models, however, failed to control for phylogeny. We used phylogenetic generalized least-squares models to estimate allometric slopes for both basal metabolic rate (BMR) and field metabolic rate (FMR) in mammals. Metabolic rate scaling conformed to no single theoretical prediction, but varied significantly among phylogenetic lineages. In some lineages we found a 3/4 exponent, in others a 2/3 exponent, and in yet others exponents differed significantly from both theoretical values. Analysis of the phylogenetic signal in the data indicated that the assumptions of neither species-level analysis nor independent contrasts were met. Analyses that assumed no phylogenetic signal in the data (species-level analysis) or a strong phylogenetic signal (independent contrasts), therefore, returned estimates of allometric slopes that were erroneous in 30% and 50% of cases, respectively. Hence, quantitative estimation of the phylogenetic signal is essential for determining scaling exponents. The lack of evidence for a predominant scaling exponent in these analyses suggests that general models of metabolic scaling, and macro-ecological theories that depend on them, have little explanatory power.

Crosstalk with insulin and dependence on PI3K/Akt/mTOR rather than MAPK pathways in upregulation of basal growth following long-term oestrogen deprivation in three human breast cancer cell lines

Background: MCF-7, T-47-D, ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell lines are dependent on oestrogen for growth but can adapt to grow during long-term oestrogen deprivation. This serves as a model for identification of therapeutic targets in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Methods: An overlooked complication of this model is that it involves more than non-addition of oestrogen, and inadequate attention has been given to separating molecular events associated with each of the culture manipulations. Results: Insulin and oestradiol were shown to protect MCF-7 cells against upregulation of basal growth, demonstrating a crosstalk in the growth adaptation process. Increased phosphorylation of p44/42MAPK and c-Raf reflected removal of insulin from the medium and proliferation of all three cell lines was inhibited to a lesser extent by PD98059 and U0126 following long-term oestrogen/insulin withdrawal, demonstrating a reduced dependence on the MAPK pathway. By contrast, long-term oestrogen/insulin deprivation did not alter levels of phosphorylated Akt and did not alter the dose-response of growth inhibition with LY294002 in any of the three cell lines. The IGF1R inhibitor picropodophyllin inhibited growth of all MCF-7 cells but only in the long-term oestrogen/insulin-deprived cells was this paralleled by reduction in phosphorylated p70S6K, a downstream target of mTOR. Long-term oestrogen/insulin-deprived MCF-7 cells had higher levels of phosphorylated p70S6K and developed increased sensitivity to growth inhibition by rapamycin. Conclusions: The greater sensitivity to growth inhibition by rapamycin in all three cell lines following long-term oestrogen/insulin deprivation suggests rapamycin-based therapies might be more effective in breast cancers with acquired oestrogen resistance. Keywords Akt, breast cancer cells, endocrine resistance, insulin, MAPK, MCF-7 cells, mTOR, oestrogen, oestrogen-deprived, PI3K, picropodophyllin, rapamycin, T-47-D cells, ZR-75-1 cells