Using phospholipid Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films as matrix for urease immobilization

The immobilization of enzymes in organized two-dimensional matrices is a key requirement for many biotechnological applications. In this paper, we used the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique to obtain controlled architectures of urease immobilized in solid supports, whose physicochemical properties were investigated in detail. Urease molecules were adsorbed at the air-water interface and incorporated into Langmuir monolayers of the phospholipid dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG). Incorporation of urease made DPPG monolayers more flexible and caused the reduction of the equilibrium and dynamic elasticity of the film. Urease and DPPG-urease mixed monolayers could be transferred onto solid substrates, forming LB films. A close packing arrangement of urease was obtained, especially in the mixed LB films, which was inferred with nanogravimetry and electrochemistry measurements. From the blocking effect of the LB films deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates, the electrochemical properties of the LB films pointed to a charge transport controlled by the lipid architecture. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biomimetic biosensor based on lipidic layers containing tyrosinase and lutetium bisphthalocyanine for the detection of antioxidants

This paper describes the preparation of a biomimetic Langmuir-Blodgett film of tyrosinase incorporated in a lipidic layer and the use of lutetium bisphthalocyanine as an electron mediator for the voltammetric detection of phenol derivatives, which include one monophenol (vanillic acid), two diphenols (catechol and caffeic acid) and two triphenols (gallic acid and pyrogallol). The first redox process of the voltammetric responses is associated with the reduction of the enzymatically formed o-quinone and is favoured by the lutetium bisphthalocyanine because significant signal amplification is observed, while the second is associated with the electrochemical oxidation of the antioxidant and occurs at lower potentials in the presence of an electron mediator. The biosensor shows low detection limit (1.98 x 10(-6)-27.49 x 10(-6) M), good reproducibility, and high affinity to antioxidants (Km in the range of 62.31-144.87 mu M). The excellent functionality of the enzyme obtained using a biomimetic immobilisation method, the selectivity afforded by enzyme catalysis, the signal enhancement caused by the lutetium bisphthalocyanine mediator and the increased selectivity of the curves due to the occurrence of two redox processes make these sensors exceptionally suitable for the detection of phenolic compounds. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Catecholase and DNase activities of copper(II) complexes containing phenolate-type ligands

Three new homodinuclear complexes containing substituted phenolate-type ligands based on the N(5)O(2) donor (2-(N,N-Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl)-6-(N`,N`-(2-hydroxybenzyl)(2-pyridylmethyl))aminomethyl)-4-methylphenol (H(2)L-H) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Potentiometric titration studies in 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol show that all three complexes exhibit a common {Cu(II)(mu-phenoxo)(mu-OH)Cu(II)(OH)} core in solution. Kinetic studies on the oxidation reaction of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol revealed that the catalytic activity of the metal complexes increases toward the ligand containing an electron-donating group. In addition, these complexes also carried out DNA cleavage by hydrolytic and oxidative pathways. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Aminoacetone, a putative endogenous source of methylglyoxal, causes oxidative stress and death to insulin-producing RINm5f cells

Aminoacetone (AA), triose phosphates, and acetone are putative endogenous sources of potentially cytotoxic and genotoxic methylglyoxal (MG), which has been reported to be augmented in the plasma of diabetic patients. In these patients, accumulation of MG derived from aminoacetone, a threonine and glycine catabolite, is inferred from the observed concomitant endothelial overexpression of circulating semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases. These copper-dependent enzymes catalyze the oxidation of primary amines, such as AA and methylamine, by molecular oxygen, to the corresponding aldehydes, NH4+ ion and H2O2. We recently reported that AA aerobic oxidation to MG also takes place immediately upon addition of catalytic amounts of copper and iron ions. Taking into account that (i) MG and H2O2 are reportedly cytotoxic to insulin-producing cell lineages such as RINm5f and that (ii) the metal-catalyzed oxidation of AA is propagated by O-2(center dot-) radical anion, we decided to investigate the possible pro-oxidant action of AA on these cells taken here as a reliable model system for pancreatic beta-cells. Indeed, we show that AA (0.10-5.0 mM) administration to RINm5f cultures induces cell death. Ferrous (50-300 mu M) and Fe3+ ion (100 mu M) addition to the cell cultures had no effect, whereas Cu2+ (5.0-100 mu M) significantly increased cell death. Supplementation of the AA- and Cu2+-containing culture medium with antioxidants, such as catalase (5.0 mu M), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 50 U/mL), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 5.0 mM) led to partial protection. mRNA expression of MnSOD, CuZnSOD, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, but not of catalase, is higher in cells treated with AA (0.50-1.0 mM) plus Cu2+ ions (10-50 mu M) relative to control cultures. This may imply higher activity of antioxidant enzymes C, in RINm5f AA-treated cells. In addition, we have found that AA (0.50-1.0 mM) Plus Cu2+ (100 mu M) (i) increase RINm5f cytosolic calcium; (ii) promote DNA fragmentation; and (iii) increase the pro-apoptotic (Bax)/antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) ratio at the level of mRNA expression. In conclusion, although both normal and pathological concentrations of AA are probably much lower than those used here, it is tempting to propose that excess AA in diabetic patients may drive oxidative damage and eventually the death of pancreatic beta-cells.

trans, trans-2,4-decadienal induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress

Lipid peroxidation produces a large number of reactive aldehydes as secondary products. We have previously shown that the reaction of cytochrome c with trans,trans-2, 4-decadienal (DDE), an aldehyde generated as a product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes, results in the formation of adducts. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that His-33, Lys-39, Lys-72 and Lys-100 in cytochrome c were modified by DDE. In the present work, we investigated the effect of DDE on isolated rat liver mitochondria. DDE (162 mu M) treatment increases the rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Extensive mitochondrial swelling upon treatment with DDE (900 nM-162 mu M) was observed by light scattering and transmission electron microscopy experiments. DDE-induced loss of inner mitochondrial membrane potentials, monitored by safranin O fluorescence, was also observed. Furthermore, DDE-treated mitochondria showed an increase in lipid peroxidation, as monitored by MDA formation. These results suggest that reactive aldehydes promote mitochondrial dysfunction.

Serum amyloid A induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and proliferation of fibroblast

Serum amyloid A (SAA) levels are elevated highly in acute phase response and elevated slightly and persistently in chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. Given that fibroblasts exert profound effects on progression of inflammatory chronic diseases, the aim of this study was to investigate the response of fibroblasts to SAA. A dose-dependent increase in O(2)(-) levels was observed by treatment of fibroblasts with SAA (r = 0.99 and P <= 0.001). In addition, the expression of p47-phox was up-regulated by SAA (P < 0.001) and diphenyliodonium (DPI), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor, reduced the release of O(2)(-) by 50%. Also, SAA raised fibroblast proliferation (P < 0.001) and this effect was completely abolished by the addition of anti-oxidants (P < 0.001). These findings support the notion that, in chronic inflammatory sites, SAA activated fibroblast proliferation and ROS production.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae coq10 null mutants are responsive to antimycin A

Deletion of COQ10 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae elicits a respiratory defect characterized by the absence of cytochrome c reduction, which is correctable by the addition of exogenous diffusible coenzyme Q(2). Unlike other coq mutants with hampered coenzyme Q(6) (Q(6)) synthesis, coq10 mutants have near wild-type concentrations of Q(6). In the present study, we used Q-cycle inhibitors of the coenzyme QH(2)-cytochrome c reductase complex to assess the electron transfer properties of coq10 cells. Our results show that coq10 mutants respond to antimycin A, indicating an active Q-cycle in these mutants, even though they are unable to transport electrons through cytochrome c and are not responsive to myxothiazol. EPR spectroscopic analysis also suggests that wild-type and coq10 mitochondria accumulate similar amounts of Q(6) semiquinone, despite a lower steady-state level of coenzyme QH(2)-cytochrome c reductase complex in the coq10 cells. Confirming the reduced respiratory chain state in coq10 cells, we found that the expression of the Aspergillus fumigatus alternative oxidase in these cells leads to a decrease in antimycin-dependent H(2)O(2) release and improves their respiratory growth.

Antioxidant effect of functionalized alkyl-organotellurides: a study in vitro

We evaluated the in vitro antioxidant effect of alkyl-organotellurides A-D on lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation in rat liver homogenates. The thiol oxidase and thiol peroxidase-like activities of compounds were investigated. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) activity was determined in rat liver homogenates. Compounds A-D protected against lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(2+)/EDTA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). According to the confidence limits of the IC(50) values of compounds A-D, the IC(50) values for organotellurides followed the order: C (0.30 mu M) <= B (0.40 mu M) < D (0.68 mu M) < A (2.90 mu M), for Fe(2+)/EDTA, and B (0.21 mu M) <= C (0.33 mu M) < D (0.43 mu M) < A (1.21 mu M) for SNP-induced lipid peroxidation. Compounds A-D reduced protein carbonyl content to control levels. The results demonstrated an inverse correlation between thiol oxidase and delta-ALA-D activities. This study supports an antioxidant effect of organotellurides A-D on rat liver.

Micro/nanostructured carbon composite modified with a hybrid redox mediator and enzymes as a glucose biosensor

A carbon micro/nanostructured composite based on cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) grown onto a carbon felt has been found to be an efficient matrix for enzyme immobilization and chemical signal transduction. The obtained CSCNT/felt was modified with a copper hexacyanoferrate/polypyrrole (CuHCNFe/Ppy) hybrid mediator, and the resulting composite electrode was applied to H(2)O(2) detection, achieving a sensitivity of 194 +/- 15 mu A mmol(-1) L. The results showed that the CSCNT/felt matrix significantly increased the sensitivity of CuHCNFe/Ppy-based sensors compared to those prepared on a felt unrecovered by CSCNTs. Our data revealed that the improved sensitivity of the as-prepared CuHCNFe/Ppy-CSCNT/felt composite electrode can be attributed to the electronic interactions taking place among the CuHCNFe nanocrystals, Ppy layer and CSCNTs. In addition, the presence of CSCNTs also seemed to favor the dispersion of CuHCNFe nanocrystals over the Ppy matrix, even though the CSCNTs were buried under the conducting polymer layer. The CSCNT/felt matrix also enabled the preparation of a glucose biosensor whose sensitivity could be tuned as a function of the number of glucose oxidase (GOx) layers deposited through a Layer-by-Layer technique with an sensitivity of 11 +/- 2 mu A mmol(-1) L achieved at 15 poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride)/GOx bilayers. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical Behavior of biosensor by determination the catechol and phenolic compounds using the enzyme PPO

An electrochemical biosensor using poly-phenol oxidasa (PPO) was constructed for the determination of phenolic compounds. The PPO employed with enzyme, it was obtained from Archontophoenix Cunninghamiana. The biosensor showed range of linearity in the range of 1 x 10(-3) to 1 x 10(-4) mol/L and a detection limit of 1 x 10(-4) mol/L. The optimal pH was 6,7 in medium phosphate buffer. The lifetime of the biosensors was 1 months, stored in phosphate buffer solution 0.1 mol/L to ambient temperature.

Development of Highly Selective Enzymatic Devices Based on Deposition of Permselective Membranes on Aligned Nanowires

We describe a simple and efficient strategy to fabricate enzymatic devices based on the deposition of glucose oxidase on aligned and highly oriented CoNiMo metallic nanowires. CoNiMo nanowires with an average diameter of 200 nm and length of 50 mu m were electrodeposited on Au-covered alumina substrates via electrodeposition, using alumina membranes as templates. Enzyme-modified electrodes were fabricated via enzyme immobilization using a cross-linker. To minimize nonspecific reactions in the presence of interfering agents, a permselective membrane composed of poly(vinylsulfonic acid) and polyamidoamine dendrimer was deposited via electrostatic interaction. The formation of hydrogen peroxide as a product of the enzymatic reaction was monitored at low overpotential, 0.0 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The detection limit was estimated at 22 mu M under an applied potential of 0.0 V. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant determined from the Lineweaver-Burke plot was 2 mM.

Copper hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles modified electrodes: A versatile tool for biosensors

Copper hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles of about 30 nm in size have been prepared by the sonochemical irradiation of a mixture of aqueous potassium ferricyanide and copper chloride solutions. The nanoparticles were immobilized onto fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes by using the electrostatic deposition layer-by-layer technique (LbL), obtaining electroactive films with electrocatalytic properties towards H2O2 reduction, providing higher currents than those observed for electrodeposited bulk material, even in electrolytes containing NH4+, Na+ and K+. The nanoparticles assembly was used as mediator in a glucose biosensor by immobilizing glucose oxidase enzyme by both, cross-linking and LbL. techniques. Sensitivities obtained were dependent on the immobilization method ranging from 1.23 mu A mmol(-1) L cm(-2) for crosslinking to 0.47 mu A mmol(-1) L cm(-2) for LbL; these values being of the same order than those obtained with electrodes where the amount of enzyme used is much higher. Moreover, the linear concentration range where the biosensors can operate was 10 times higher for electrodes prepared with the LbL immobilization method than with the conventional crosslinking one. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Immobilization of Catalysts of Biological Interest on Porous Oxidized Silicon Surfaces

The present paper deals with the immobilization of redox mediators and proteins onto protected porous silicon surfaces to obtain their direct electrochemical reactions and to retain their bioactivities. This paper shows that MP-11 and viologens are able to establish chemical bonds with 3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane-modified porous silicon surface. The functionalization of the surfaces have been fully characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to examine the immobilization of these mediators onto the solid surface. Amperometric and open circuit potential measurements have shown the direct electron transfer between glucose oxidase and the electrode in the presence of the viologen mediator covalently linked to the 3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane (APTES)-modified porous silicon surfaces.

Efeito dos ácidos D-2-hidroxiglutárico e L-2-hidroxiglutárico sobre vários parâmetros do metabolismo energético em cérebro, músculo esquelético e músculo cardíaco de ratos

As acidúrias L-2-hidroxiglutárica (LHGA) e D-2-hidroxiglutárica (DHGA) são distúrbios neurometabólicos hereditários caracterizados por extenso e severo dano cerebral, ocasionando predominantemente convulsões, coma e atrofia cerebral. Na LHGA, as lesões cerebrais ocorrem principalmente no cerebelo enquanto a maior parte do cérebro é afetada na DHGA. Além disso, hipotonia, fraqueza e hipotrofia muscular, bem como cardiomiopatia têm sido observadas nos pacientes afetados por essas acidemias orgânicas, com maior freqüência na DHGA. Bioquimicamente, ocorre acúmulo tecidual dos ácidos L- 2-hidroxiglutárico (LGA) e D-2-hidróxiglutárico (DGA), respectivamente, na LHGA e na DHGA. Além disso, elevadas concentrações urinárias de lactato, 2-cetoglutarato e outros metabólitos do ciclo de Krebs têm sido descritas em pacientes acometidos por essas patologias, sugerindo uma disfunção mitocondrial. mitocondrial. Tendo em vista que a etiopatogenia da disfunção tecidual nesses pacientes é desconhecida, o presente trabalho investigou o efeito in vitro dos ácidos LGA e DGA sobre diversos parâmetros do metabolismo energético celular. Inicialmente, avaliamos o efeito dos ácidos DGA e LGA sobre a utilização de glicose e produção de CO2 em homogeneizados e fatias de córtex cerebral. Verificamos que o DGA reduziu significativamente tanto o consumo de glicose quanto a produção de CO2 pelo córtex cerebral, enquanto o LGA não demonstrou efeito sobre esses parâmetros. Além disso, o DGA inibiu significativamente a atividade da citocromo c oxidase em homogeneizado de córtex cerebral de ratos (35-95%), de forma dose-dependente, sem alterar a atividade dos demais complexos da cadeia respiratória. A inibição verificada foi do tipo acompetitiva. Por outro lado, o LGA não alterou a atividade de nenhum dos complexos enzimático estudados. Posteriormente, avaliamos o efeito in vitro dos ácidos DGA e LGA sobre a atividade da creatina quinase (CK) em homogeneizado total e nas frações citosólica e mitocondrial de tecido cerebral, muscular esquelético e cardíaco de ratos. Os resultados mostraram que o DGA inibiu significativamente a atividade das isoformas mitocondrial e citosólica da CK em preparações de córtex cerebral, músculo esquelético de cardíaco. Por outro lado, tanto DGA quanto LGA inibiram seletivamente a isoforma mitocondrial em preparações de cerebelo. Estudos cinéticos mostraram um perfil não competitivo de inibição com relação à fosfocreatina para ambos os ácidos nos tecidos estudados. Além IV disso, observamos também que o efeito inibitório de ambos os ácidos foi totalmente revertido por glutationa reduzida, sugerindo uma modificação causada pelos metabólitos sobre os grupos sulfidrila, essenciais para a atividade da enzima. Nossos resultados sugerem que a inibição significativa causada pelo DGA sobre as atividades da citocromo c oxidase e da creatina quinase no córtex cerebral, assim como nos músculos cardíaco e esquelético poderiam explicar, ao menos em parte, a fisiopatogenia da disfunção neurológica e anormalidades estruturais no sistema nervoso central, bem como a mitocondriopatia esquelética e a cardiomiopatia presente nos pacientes afetados por DHGA. Por outro lado, é possível que a inibição seletiva da creatina quinase mitocondrial provocada pelo LGA em cerebelo possa estar associada à degeneração cerebelar característica dos pacientes com LHGA.

Efeito da administração de arginina sobre o metabolismo energético em cérebro de ratos adultos

A hiperargininemia é um erro inato do ciclo da uréia causado pela deficiência na atividade da arginase hepática. Esta doença é caracterizada bioquimicamente pelo acúmulo tecidual de arginina (Arg). Retardo mental e outras alterações neurológicas, cujos mecanismos são ainda desconhecidos, são sintomas comuns em pacientes hiperargininêmicos. O óxido nítrico (NO) é gerado em todas as células do sistema nervoso central (SNC) pela enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS), a qual, na presença de oxigênio molecular, tetraidrobiopterina e outros cofatores, catalisa a conversão de Arg em NO e citrulina. Em condições normais, o NO desempenha importante papel fisiológico no SNC, como por exemplo, na liberação de neurotransmissores e expressão gênica. Quando há formação excessiva, o NO torna-se um importante mediador de neurotoxicidade Trabalhos realizados em nosso laboratório mostraram que a administração aguda de Arg em ratos diminui a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase e aumenta o estresse oxidativo cerebral. Outros estudos mostraram que a administração de Arg prejudica a memória em ratos. Estes resultados foram prevenidos pelo Nϖ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), um inibidor competitivo da NOS, sugerindo que a administração de Arg altera estes parâmetros através do NO e/ou estresse oxidativo. Considerando que a administração de Arg aumenta o estresse oxidativo e que estudos mostram que o NO inibe a cadeia de transporte de elétrons provavelmente comprometendo a produção de energia, no presente trabalho, nós investigamos o efeito da administração aguda de Arg sobre alguns parâmetros do metabolismo energético (produção de CO2, captação de glicose, produção de lactato e atividades da succinato desidrogenase, complexo II e IV da cadeia respiratória) em hipocampo de ratos. Também testamos o efeito do L-NAME sobre os efeitos produzidos pela Arg Ratos adultos de 60 dias foram tratados com uma única injeção intraperitoneal de Arg, de acordo com o protocolo estabelecido por Buchmann e colaboradores (1996). A dose de Arg (0,8 g/Kg) usada atinge níveis plasmáticos semelhantes àqueles encontrados em pacientes hiperargininêmicos (1,5 mM). Os resultados do presente trabalho mostraram que a administração de Arg aumentou significativamente a produção de lactato e diminuiu a produção de CO2 e a captação de glicose, bem como as atividades da succinato desidrogenase e do complexo II, e que a injeção simultânea de L-NAME preveniu estes efeitos, exceto a produção de CO2 e a produção de lactato. No entanto, não houve alteração na atividade da citocromo c oxidase (complexo IV). Se estes achados também ocorrerem em humanos, pode-se presumir que a Arg prejudica o metabolismo energético, possivelmente através da geração de radicais livres induzida pela formação de NO e/ou da formação de poliaminas, contribuindo assim para a disfunção cerebral observada na hiperargininemia.